1. Photosynthesis: the big picture
Let’s start by examining the diagram to your left.
Photosynthesis means “making with light.” So in order for photosynthesis to happen, you need a light source. For almost all of the photosynthesis that happens on Earth, that light source is the sun (1). But you can also use an artificial light source, like the ones in my classroom (at right).
Here’s what plants, algae, and some bacteria do with light’s energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms can take the gas carbon dioxide (CO2, represented by “2”) and combine it with water (H2O, represented by “3”) to create sugars and other carbohydrates (represented by the plant at “4”). Oxygen gas (O2, at “5”) is released as a waste product.
Carbohydrates include foods like sugars and starches, and also plant fibers. Here’s a bit more information about these products of photosynthesis.
- Sugar: The principal sugar produced by photosynthesis is glucose, which has the chemical formula C6H12O6. Plants can covert glucose into other sugary substances, such as table sugar, maple syrup, or fructose (the sugar found in apples and many other fruits).
- Starch: Plant cells can take glucose molecules and combine them to form starch. Starch is found in plant parts like potatoes and yams (which are underground stems) and in seeds like beans, corns, rice, and wheat.
- Plant fibers: Plant cells can combine glucose molecules to form cellulose, which is the basis of plant fibers. Cellulose makes up the cell walls of plants. Cellulose is the main substance in materials likr wood, paper, and cotton.
A quick way to summarize what’s above is to say that plants use photosynthesis to feed themselves. That idea relates to a confusion that many people have. The confusion is connected to what’s commonly called “plant food.” Plant food is fertilizer. It provides nutrients that plants need to be healthy. But in the same way that you couldn’t survive on a diet of vitamins, a plant couldn’t survive on plant food. Plants don’t eat plant food. They don’t eat anything. Just give them light, carbon dioxide, and water, and they’ll feed themselves. As they do that, they’ll release oxygen.
There’s a special term for organisms that feed themselves through photosynthesis. These organisms are photoautotrophic (from “photo,” which means “light; ” “auto, which means “self;” and “trophic” which means “feeding.”). Despite the fact that you can make yourself breakfast, lunch or dinner, you are not an autotroph. You have to ingest other things in order to get the materials and energy you need to stay alive. That makes you (along with all the other animals, the fungi, and many other organisms) a heterotroph (from “hetero, which means “other;” and trophic).
Let’s pull all of this together with a quiz.
[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Photosynthesis Big Picture, HS, 2021″]
[h] Photosynthesis, the big picture: Checking Understanding
[i]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] Photosynthesis means
[c]IGJyZWFraW5nIHdpdGggbGlnaHQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXaGF0IGRvZXMgJiM4MjIwO3N5bnRoZXNpcyYjODIyMTsgbWVhbi7CoA==[Qq]
[c]IG1ha2luZyB3 aXRoIGxpZ2h0[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2U6IFBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIG1lYW5zICYjODIyMDttYWtpbmcgd2l0aCBsaWdodC4mIzgyMjE7[Qq]
[q]
[l]carbohydrate
[f*] Good!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]water
[f*] Great!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]oxygen
[f*] Good!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]carbon dioxide
[f*] Good!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]light
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[q] In the diagram below, carbon dioxide is represented by
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID I=
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgJiM4MjIwOzImIzgyMjE7IGlzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgY291bGQgcmVwcmVzZW50IGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBlbnRlcmluZyBpbnRvIHRoZSBsZWF2ZXMgb2YgYSBwbGFudC4=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, oxygen is represented by
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID U=[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iISAmIzgyMjA7NSYjODIyMTsgaXMgb3h5Z2VuLg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgY291bGQgcmVwcmVzZW50IGEgZ2FzIGxlYXZpbmcgdGhlIGxlYXZlcyBvZiBhIHBsYW50Lg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, water is represented by
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID M=[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2VseSBkb25lISAmIzgyMjA7MyYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB3YXRlci4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgY291bGQgcmVwcmVzZW50IGEgbGlxdWlkIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBlbnRlcmluZyB0aGUgcm9vdHMgb2YgYSBwbGFudC4=[Qq]
[q] [hangman] are the food group that plants make by photosynthesis. This group includes sugars, starches and cellulose.
[c]IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXM=
[q] Plants are “photoautotrophic.” The “photo” means [hangman]. The “auto” means [hangman], and trophic means [hangman].
[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]
[c]IHNlbGY=[Qq]
[c]IGZlZWRlcg==[Qq]
[/qwiz]
2. Where does photosynthesis happen?
As mentioned above, there are three major groups of organisms who carry out photosynthesis1.
1. Cyanobacteria: As you might expect from their name, the cyanobacteria are a type of bacteria. Their cells are prokaryotic. That means that they’re small, and they lack the nucleus and other specialized internal structures that are found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and a few other groups of mostly single-celled organisms).
Cyanobacteria have been performing photosynthesis for 3.5 billion years. They’re the basis of many food chains. You should be very grateful to these organisms, because they’re the ones who created the Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere. How? Through photosynthesis, which releases oxygen gas as a waste product.
2. Photosynthetic Protists and Algae. Protists is a loose grouping of species that are eukaryotic, but which are not plants, animals or fungi. Members of this group include single-celled algae like euglena (shown at right). Euglena is microscopic, and commonly found in lakes and ponds. Seaweed and kelp also members of this group.
3. Plants. The photosynthetic organisms that we are most familiar with are plants That includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, apples trees, wheat, and orchids.
Leaves. In plants, photosynthesis mostly occurs in leaves.
The image below shows a cross-section of a leaf. While leaves can be highly varied in their structure, here are the key things to know.
The structure of a leaf is a trade-off between three things that any plant needs to do.
- Maximize the surface area that it can expose to the sun’s light,
- Minimize water loss.
- Allow CO2 in and O2 out, and
The first is achieved by a leaf’s flat, thin shape.
The second is achieved by protective cells that plants have on their upper and lower surface. These cells are called the epidermis (at 2 and 5) , which is the same name used to refer to the outer layer of your skin. In plants, the epidermal cells secrete a layer of protective wax (at 1), which helps minimize water loss.
To achieve the third, the bottom waxy layer is interrupted by pores called stomata (7). These pores allow oxygen to leave the leaf, and carbon dioxide to enter.
Veins (at 4) bring water into the leaf and transport the sugars made by the leaf to the rest of the plant.
The cells that are responsible for doing most of the photosynthesizing are in the middle layer of the leaf (indicated by 8). Each of these cells contain many chloroplasts (at 3 above, and again at right. ).
Chloroplasts. The chloroplast is what actually does photosynthesis. An astonishing evolutionary fact is that chloroplasts are descended from cyanobacteria that took up residence inside other cells about 1.8 billion years ago. These cells evolved into plants and algae. So it’s not incorrect to say that the only organisms that do photosynthesis are cyanobacteria (but that a lot of those cyanobacteria now live inside plants and algae).
For context, look at the cartoon image at left of a single plant cell. One chloroplast is shown at 10, and another one is shown at the top left. Keep in mind that a typical cell in the middle layer of a leaf would have many chloroplasts, each of which would be absorbing carbon dioxide and water, combining them to form sugars, and releasing oxygen as a waste product. The sugar and oxygen would be released by the chloroplast into the cytoplasm of the cell (at 3). The cell would put the carbohydrates to use for energy and raw materials for growth.
Since chloroplasts are the key to what happens during photosynthesis, it’s useful to think of the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis just in relationship to this organelle. In the diagram to the right, “1” is carbon dioxide, “3” is water, “2” is sugar that’s released , and “4” is oxygen. The energy that’s powering the process is indicated by “5,” the sun.
3. Where Photosynthesis Happens: Checking Understanding
Let’s pull all of this together by answering a few questions.
[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Where PSN Happens (HS)”]
[h] Where Photosynthesis Happens: Checking Understanding
[q labels = “top”]
[l]carbon dioxide
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]glucose
[f*] Good!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]oxygen
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]water
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[q multiple_choice=”true”] Cyanobacteria have been performing photosynthesis for about 3.5 __________ years.
[c]IHRob3VzYW5k[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXkgbW9yZS4=[Qq]
[c]IG1pbGxpb24=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXkgbW9yZS4=[Qq]
[c]IGh1bmRyZWQgbWlsbGlvbg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgb2ZmIGJ5IGFib3V0IDEwIHRpbWVzLg==[Qq]
[c]IGJpbG xpb24=[Qq]
[f]IFllcyEgQ3lhbm9iYWN0ZXJpYSBoYXZlIGJlZW4gcGVyZm9ybWluZyBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBmb3IgYWJvdXQgMy41IGJpbGxpb24geWVhcnMu[Qq]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] Most of the Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere was created by the photosynthetic activity of
[c]IGN5YW5vYm FjdGVyaWE=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ3lhbm9iYWN0ZXJpYSwgb3ZlciBiaWxsaW9ucyBvZiB5ZWFycywgY3JlYXRlZCB0aGUgRWFydGgmIzgyMTc7cyBveHlnZW4gcmljaCBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]
[c]IEFsZ2Fl[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBbGdhZSBoYXZlIG9ubHkgYmVlbiBvbiBlYXJ0aCBmb3IgYWJvdXQgMS44IGJpbGxpb24geWVhcnMuIENob29zZSBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGJlZW4gb24gRWFydGggbXVjaCBsb25nZXIu[Qq]
[c]IFBsYW50cw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQbGFudHMgaGF2ZSBvbmx5IGV4aXN0ZWQgZm9yIGFib3V0IDQwMCBtaWxsaW9uIHllYXJzLiBDaG9vc2Ugc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiZWVuIGhlcmUgb24gRWFydGggZm9yIG11Y2ggbG9uZ2VyLg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, the protective waxy layer is indicated by number
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID E=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVGhlIHByb3RlY3RpdmUgd2F4eSBsYXllciBpcyBpbmRpY2F0ZWQgYnkgbnVtYmVyIDEu[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBpdCYjODIxNztzIHRoZSBvdXRlcm1vc3QgbGF5ZXIgb2YgdGhlIGxlYWYsIGJvdGggb24gdGhlIGJvdHRvbSBhbmQgdGhlIHRvcC4=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, the chloroplasts are indicated by
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID M=[Qq]
[f]IFdheSB0byBnby4gTnVtYmVyICYjODIyMDszJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyBhIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0Lg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdHMgYXJlIHN0cnVjdHVyZXMgdGhhdCBhcmUgZm91bmQgaW5zaWRlIG9mIGNlbGxzLiBXaGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBpbnNpZGUgYSBsYXJnZXIgY2VsbC4=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, oxygen leaves and carbon dioxide enters through
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID c=[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiAmIzgyMjA7NyYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoZSBzdG9tYXRhLCB0aHJvdWdoIHdoaWNoIG94eWdlbiBsZWF2ZXMgdGhlIGxlYWYgYW5kIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGVudGVycy4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBpdCYjODIxNztzIHRoZSBvdXRlcm1vc3QgbGF5ZXIgb2YgdGhlIGxlYWYsIGJvdGggb24gdGhlIGJvdHRvbSBhbmQgdGhlIHRvcC4=[Qq]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] Which number is pointing to a chloroplast?
[c]IDU=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgYSBwYXJ0IHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBncmVlbi4=[Qq]
[c]IDY=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGZvciBhIHBhcnQgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGdyZWVuLg==[Qq]
[c]IDg=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIG51Y2xldXMuIFlvdSYjODIxNztyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciB0aGUgRS5SLg==[Qq]
[c]ID Ew[Qq]
[f]IFRlcnJpZmljLiAxMCBpcyBhIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0Lg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, glucose released into the cytoplasm would be at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID I=
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gJiM4MjIwOzImIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgZ2x1Y29zZSByZWxlYXNlZCBpbnRvIGEgY2VsbC4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IFk=[Qq]
[q] The green spheres inside the cells shown below are
[hangman]
[c]IGNobG9yb3BsYXN0cw==[Qq]
[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
4. Photosynthesis: The equation; its relationship to respiration, carbon fixation, and oxygen
The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is
- 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
In plain English, that says that in a reaction powered by light energy, six carbon dioxide molecules are combined with six water molecules, to make one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
Photosynthesis is the complement of what happens during life’s other great energy-related process, cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, organisms (including plants) convert the chemical energy in carbohydrates into a molecule called ATP. ATP is what living things use to power cellular processes (repair, reproduction, etc.),
Here’s the formula for respiration
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Note that while photosynthesis creates sugar and oxygen, cellular respiration consumes sugar and oxygen. The inputs of one process are the outputs for the other.
Photosynthesis happens in a cell part, the chloroplast, that once was an independent bacterial cell. Astonishingly, the same is true of cellular respiration. It mostly occurs in a cell part called a mitochondrion. Mitochondria (plural) were once independent bacterial cells that about 1.8 billion years ago took up residence inside a larger cell. Ever since, the descendants of that larger cell have provided the mitochondria with food and shelter. In return, the mitochondria have churned out ATP. This partnership is the basis for all complex life — including human life. Your cells aren’t just cells. Each cell is a community of many mitochondria living inside a larger cell.
That’s also true of plan cells, which harbor not only mitochondria, but also chloroplasts.
The diagram below shows how photosynthesis and respiration are linked. The diagram is bit oversimplified (especially on the bottom part, but it’s a very good big-picture diagram to know. Here’s how it works.
Number 1 shows the sun, the ultimate source of all energy in living things. Using the sun’s light energy, chlroplasts (shown at “2”) combine water (at “7”) with carbon dioxide (at “6”) to create the simple sugar glucose (at “3”). Oxygen (at “4”) is released as a waste product of photosynthesis.
The products of photosynthesis are the inputs for cellular respiration. The reality is somewhat more complicated, but the bottom of the diagram show glucose and oxygen entering a mitochondrion (indicated by number “5”). Through cellular respiration, the mitochondrion uses the chemical energy in glucose to make ATP (at 8). The waste products of cellular respiration are water and carbon dioxide, which are the inputs for photosynthesis
This is great circle of life.
To conclude and review, here reasons why you should care about photosynthesis
- Food: The food we eat comes to us from photosynthesis, either directly (if we eat a plant) or indirectly (if we eat an animal that eats a plant).
- Carbon fixation: Photosynthesis takes a gas, carbon dioxide, and makes it into solid carbohydrates. This is called carbon fixation. Since we are what we eat, that means that the carbon atoms that make up our body were all, at some point, carbohydrates in plants, produced through photosynthesis. Look at your hand and think about that: all of those atoms were once in a plant. At some point, every carbon atom that’s in your body was once a carbon dioxide molecule floating in the air. Look at your hand again, and think about that: all of those carbon atoms were once carbon dioxide gas molecules floating around in the air.
-
Earth’s atmosphere has oxygen because of photosynthesis Oxygen: The early Earth had a different atmosphere than the atmosphere we have today: it was oxygen-free. Now, Earth’s atmosphere is about 21% oxygen. This oxygen was put there by photosynthesizing bacteria. Think about that the next time you take a breath. That oxygen you’re taking in is only there because of photosynthesis.
5. Photosynthesis: cumulative quiz
Got it? In this tutorial, we’ve reviewed
- The overall reaction for photosynthesis
- Where photosynthesis occurs (in plants, in leave, in chloroplasts)
- The notion of carbon fixation
- The importance of photosynthesis (producing food and oxygen).
- The reciprocal nature of the photosynthesis and respiration.
[qwiz style=”width: 700px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-PSN, inputs and outputs (HS)”]
[h] Photosynthesis: cumulative quiz
[i]
[q]Hint: in number 3, name the specific substance.
[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNobG9yb3BsYXN0[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24=[Qq]
[c]IEFUUA==[Qq]
[q] Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
glucose+ [hangman] → ATP + carbon dioxide + water
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]
[q] In photosynthesis:
[hangman] + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]
[q] In photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + [hangman] + light energy → glucose + oxygen
[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]
[q] In photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water + light [hangman] → glucose + oxygen
[c]IGVuZXJneQ==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]
[q] This question requires you to be very specific.
In photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water + light energy → [hangman] + oxygen
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]
[q] In photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + [hangman]
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]
[q] Carbon [hangman] is the name for the process by which carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is changed from a gas into the solid form that makes up plants and animals.
[c]IGZpeGF0aW9u[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]
[q] Carbon fixation is the name for the process by which [hangman] in the atmosphere is changed from a gas into the solid form that makes up plants and animals.
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]
[q] Carbon fixation is the name for the process by which carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is changed from a [hangman] into the solid form that makes up plants and animals.
[c]IGdhcw==[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[q] What process is responsible for the oxygen gas that makes up twenty one percent of the atmosphere.
[hangman]
[c]IHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lz[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[q] All of the [hangman] we eat can be traced to carbohydrate that was produced by photosynthesis.
[c]IGZvb2Q=[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[q] Photosynthesis involves transforming [hangman] energy into chemical energy.
[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[q] The answer begins with a “g!”
The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert the chemical energy in [hangman] into the chemical energy of ATP.
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[q labels = “top”]
[l]ATP
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]carbon dioxide
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]chloroplast
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]glucose
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]light
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]mitochondria
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]oxygen
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]water
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[q labels = “top”]
The energy for all life is provided by the ______ . Within plant cells, organelles called ____________ take up ______________ (a gas) and _________. Through the process of _______________, ____________ create the sugar _________ and release _________ as a by-product. In both plant and animal cells, ____________ take in________ (gas) and __________. During cellular ___________, mitochondria will produce ______, and release the gas ______________ and __________. These, in turn, become the inputs for ______________.
[l]ATP
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]carbon dioxide
[f*] Good!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]chloroplasts
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]glucose
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]mitochondria
[f*] Good!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]oxygen
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]photosynthesis
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]respiration
[f*] Good!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]sun
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]water
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[q]The correct chemical equation for cellular respiration is
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6CO2 + energy(ATP) → 6CO2 + 6O2
[c]IE M=Ng==SA==[Qq]12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[c]IDZDTw==Mg==ICsgNkg=[Qq]2O → Energy (light) + C6H12O6 + 6O2
[c]IDZIMg==TyArIDZP[Qq]2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiwgYW5kIHJlbGVhc2VzIGVuZXJneSwgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIGFuZCB3YXRlci4=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gYmVnaW5zIHdpdGggZ2x1Y29zZSwgY29tYmluZXMgaXQgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4sIGFuZCByZWxlYXNlcyBlbmVyZ3ksIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLCBhbmQgd2F0ZXIu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiwgYW5kIHJlbGVhc2VzIGVuZXJneSwgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIGFuZCB3YXRlci4gVGhpcyBlcXVhdGlvbiwgYnkgdGhlIHdheSwgaXMgdGhlIGNvcnJlY3QgZXF1YXRpb24gZm9yIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLiBJZiB5b3UgcmV2ZXJzZSB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24sIHlvdeKAmWxsIGhhdmUgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIGZvciBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiwgYW5kIHJlbGVhc2VzIGVuZXJneSwgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIGFuZCB3YXRlci4=
[q]The function of cellular respiration is to produce
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[c]IEFU UA==[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIHdhc3RlIHByb2R1Y3RzIG9mIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGxvb2sgZm9yIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIHByb2R1Y2VzIHRoYXQgZW5hYmxlcyB0aGUgY2VsbCB0byBkbyBzb21lIHdvcmsu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIHRoZSBmdWVsIGZvciBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBsb29rIGZvciBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiBwcm9kdWNlcyB0aGF0IGVuYWJsZXMgdGhlIGNlbGwgdG8gZG8gc29tZSB3b3JrLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgYSByZXF1aXJlZCBpbnB1dCBmb3IgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFlvdeKAmXJlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIGFuIG91dHB1dC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBsb29rIGZvciBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiBwcm9kdWNlcyB0aGF0IGVuYWJsZXMgdGhlIGNlbGwgdG8gZG8gc29tZSB3b3JrLg==[Qq]
[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUuIFByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgQVRQIGlzIHRoZSBnb2FsIG9mIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLiBJdOKAmXMgdGhlIG1vbWVudCB0byBtb21lbnQgZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSB3aXRoaW4gY2VsbHMsIGFuZCBpdOKAmXMgd2hhdCBlbmFibGVzIGNlbGxzIHRvIGdldCB3b3JrIGRvbmUu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIHdhc3RlIHByb2R1Y3RzIG9mIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGxvb2sgZm9yIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIHByb2R1Y2VzIHRoYXQgZW5hYmxlcyB0aGUgY2VsbCB0byBkbyBzb21lIHdvcmsu
[q]Cellular respiration requires
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLg==[Qq]
[c]IG94eW dlbi4=[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVyLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBSZXNwaXJhdGlvbiBjcmVhdGVzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIChhbmQgZG9lc27igJl0IHJlcXVpcmUgaXQpLg==[Qq]
[f]IFdheSB0byBnby4gUmVzcGlyYXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgb3h5Z2Vu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBwcm9kdWNlZCBieSByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyBhbiBvdXRwdXQsIG5vdCBhbiBpbnB1dC4=
[q type=”multiple_choice”]The equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (light) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 is for
[c]IGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9u[Qq]
[c]IHBob3Rvc3 ludGhlc2lz[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBJbiBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiwgZ2x1Y29zZSBpcyBjb21iaW5lZCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiB0byBwcm9kdWNlIEFUUCwgd2l0aCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBhbmQgd2F0ZXIgcHJvZHVjZWQgYXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3QuIFRoZSBlcXVhdGlvbiBhYm92ZSBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBiZWluZyBjb21iaW5lZCB3aXRoIHdhdGVyIHRvIGNyZWF0ZSBnbHVjb3NlLCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBiZWluZyByZWxlYXNlZCBhcyBhIGJ5cHJvZHVjdC4gV2hhdCBwcm9jZXNzIGNyZWF0ZXMgZ2x1Y29zZT8gQXMgYSBoaW50LCBub3RlIHRoYXQgbGlnaHQgZHJpdmVzIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBUaGUgZXF1YXRpb24gYWJvdmUgc2hvd3MgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpczogY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgYmVpbmcgY29tYmluZWQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgZ2x1Y29zZSwgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4gYmVpbmcgcmVsZWFzZWQgYXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qu[Qq]
[q]The energy that powers photosynthesis comes from
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGxp Z2h0[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLiBUaGUgZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgaXMgYnVpbHQgaW50byB0aGUgd29yZCDigJhwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcy7igJkg4oCYUGhvdG/igJkgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHdoYXQ/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIFRoZSBlbmVyZ3kgc291cmNlIGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBpcyBidWlsdCBpbnRvIHRoZSB3b3JkIOKAmHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLuKAmSDigJhQaG90b+KAmSByZWZlcnMgdG8gd2hhdD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIG5vdCBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIHByb2R1Y3RzLiBUaGUgZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgaXMgYnVpbHQgaW50byB0aGUgd29yZCDigJhwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcy7igJkg4oCYUGhvdG/igJkgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHdoYXQ/[Qq]
[f]IFllcyEgTGlnaHQgZW5lcmd5IGlzIHdoYXQgZHJpdmVzIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMu[Qq]
[q]The correct chemical equation for photosynthesis is
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6CO2 + energy(ATP) → 6CO2 + 6O2
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[c]IDZD Tw==Mg==ICsgNkg=Mg==TyArIEVuZXJneShsaWdodCkg[Qq]→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
[c]IDZIMg==TyArIDZPMsKg[Qq]→ 6CO2 + 6H2O
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gYWJvdmUgc2hvd3MgZ2x1Y29zZSBiZWluZyBjb21iaW5lZCB3aXRoIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLiBJbiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaXMgY29tYmluZWQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgZ2x1Y29zZSwgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4gcmVsZWFzZWQgYXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBJbiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaXMgY29tYmluZWQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgZ2x1Y29zZSwgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4gcmVsZWFzZWQgYXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qu[Qq]
[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBJbiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaXMgY29tYmluZWQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgZ2x1Y29zZSwgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4gcmVsZWFzZWQgYXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBhbmQgd2F0ZXIsIGFuZCBjb21iaW5lcyB0aG9zZSBpbnB1dHMgdG8gY3JlYXRlIGdsdWNvc2UsIHdpdGggb3h5Z2VuIHJlbGVhc2VkIGFzIGEgYnlwcm9kdWN0Lg==[Qq]
[q]The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in a plant cell is
[c]IHRoZSB2YWN1b2xl[Qq]
[c]IHRoZSBjaGxv cm9wbGFzdA==[Qq]
[c]IHRoZSBudWNsZXVz[Qq]
[c]IHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9u[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdmFjdW9sZeKAmXMgcm9sZSBpcyBzdG9yYWdlIG9mIHdhdGVyIGFuZCBvdGhlciBzdWJzdGFuY2VzLiBGb3IgYSBoaW50IGFib3V0IHRoZSBvcmdhbmVsbGUgdGhhdCBkb2VzIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLCB0aGluayBvZiB0aGUgZ3JlZW4gcGlnbWVudCDigJhjaGxvcm9waHlsbC7igJkgV2hpY2ggb3JnYW5lbGxlIGhhcyBhIHNpbWlsYXIgc291bmQ/[Qq]
[f]IFdheSB0byBnbyEgVGhlIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0LCB3aGljaCBnZXRzIGl0cyBuYW1lIGZyb20gdGhlIHBpZ21lbnQgY2hsb3JvcGh5bGwsIGlzIHRoZSBvcmdhbmVsbGUgdGhhdCBjYXJyaWVzIG91dCBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcy4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbnVjbGV1cyBpcyB0aGUgY2VsbOKAmXMgY29udHJvbCBjZW50ZXIuIEZvciBhIGhpbnQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIG9yZ2FuZWxsZSB0aGF0IGRvZXMgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIHRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSBncmVlbiBwaWdtZW50IOKAmGNobG9yb3BoeWxsLuKAmSBXaGljaCBvcmdhbmVsbGUgaGFzIGEgc2ltaWxhciBzb3VuZD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhIHBsYXkgYSBrZXkgcm9sZSBpbiBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gRm9yIGEgaGludCBhYm91dCB0aGUgb3JnYW5lbGxlIHRoYXQgZG9lcyBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgdGhpbmsgb2YgdGhlIGdyZWVuIHBpZ21lbnQg4oCYY2hsb3JvcGh5bGwu4oCZIFdoaWNoIG9yZ2FuZWxsZSBoYXMgYSBzaW1pbGFyIHNvdW5kPw==[Qq]
[q]From a plant’s perspective, the purpose of photosynthesis is production of
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0 ZSAoZ2x1Y29zZSk=[Qq]
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEZyb20gYSBwbGFudOKAmXMgcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUsIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGFib3V0IG1ha2luZyBmb29kLiBXaGljaCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgaXMgYSBmb29kPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMaWdodCBpcyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgZHJpdmVzIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLiBGcm9tIGEgcGxhbnTigJlzIHBlcnNwZWN0aXZlLCBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBpcyBhYm91dCBtYWtpbmcgZm9vZC4gV2hpY2ggc3Vic3RhbmNlIGlzIGEgZm9vZD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEZyb20gYSBwbGFudOKAmXMgcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUsIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGFib3V0IG1ha2luZyBmb29kLiBXaGljaCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgaXMgYSBmb29kPw==[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2Qgd29yay4gRnJvbSBhIHBsYW504oCZcyBwZXJzcGVjdGl2ZSwgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgaXMgYWJvdXQgbWFraW5nIGZvb2Q7IHRoYXQgZm9vZCBpcyBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUsIHR5cGljYWxseSBnbHVjb3NlLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIFdoaWxlIHdl4oCZcmUgdmVyeSBncmF0ZWZ1bCBmb3IgcGxhbnRzIGZvciBjcmVhdGluZyBveHlnZW4sIGl04oCZcyBub3QgdGhlIGdvYWwgb2YgdGhlIHByb2Nlc3MuIEZyb20gYSBwbGFudOKAmXMgcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUsIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGFib3V0IG1ha2luZyBmb29kLiBXaGljaCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgaXMgYSBmb29kPw==[Qq]
[q]The carbon that photosynthesis puts into carbohydrates comes from
[c]IGNhcmJvbi BkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]
[c]IEFUUA==[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIENhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGlzIHRoZSBzb3VyY2Ugb2YgdGhlIGNhcmJvbiB0aGF0IHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIHB1dHMgaW50byBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMaWdodCBpcyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgZHJpdmVzIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLiBGb3IgdGhlIHNvdXJjZSBvZiB0aGUgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMsIGxvb2sgZm9yIHRoZSBjaG9pY2UgdGhhdCBpcyBib3RoIGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgYW5kIHdoaWNoIGhhcyB0aGUgZWxlbWVudCBjYXJib24gaW4gaXQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBVFAgaXMgYW4gZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSBmb3IgY2VsbHMsIGJ1dCBpdOKAmXMgbm90IGEgY2FyYm9uIHNvdXJjZS4gRm9yIHRoZSBzb3VyY2Ugb2YgdGhlIGNhcmJvbiB0aGF0IGdvZXMgaW50byBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzLCBsb29rIGZvciB0aGUgY2hvaWNlIHRoYXQgaXMgYm90aCBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBoYXMgdGhlIGVsZW1lbnQgY2FyYm9uIGluIGl0Lg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIG5vdCB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSBvciBjYXJib24gc291cmNlLiBGb3IgdGhlIHNvdXJjZSBvZiB0aGUgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMsIGxvb2sgZm9yIHRoZSBjaG9pY2UgdGhhdCBpcyBib3RoIGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgYW5kIHdoaWNoIGhhcyB0aGUgZWxlbWVudCBjYXJib24gaW4gaXQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEZvciB0aGUgc291cmNlIG9mIHRoZSBjYXJib24gdGhhdCBnb2VzIGludG8gY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcywgbG9vayBmb3IgdGhlIGNob2ljZSB0aGF0IGlzIGJvdGggYW4gaW5wdXQgZm9yIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLCBhbmQgd2hpY2ggaGFzIHRoZSBlbGVtZW50IGNhcmJvbiBpbiBpdC4=[Qq]
[q ]Photosynthesis has changed our atmosphere by adding
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IG94eW dlbg==[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVyIHZhcG9y[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyByZW1vdmVzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGZyb20gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUuIFdoYXQgZ2FzIGRvZXMgaXQgYWRkIHRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2UhIFBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIHJlc3BvbnNpYmxlIGZvciB0aGUgdW5pcXVlLCBveHlnZW4tcmljaCBhdG1vc3BoZXJlIG9mIG91ciBwbGFuZXQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEFsc28sIG9uIG91ciB3YXRlci1yaWNoIHdvcmxkLCBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBoYXNu4oCZdCBhbHRlcmVkIHRoZSBhbW91bnQgb2Ygd2F0ZXIgdmFwb3IgaW4gdGhlIGFpci4gV2hhdCBnYXMgaXMgYW4gb3V0cHV0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzPw==[Qq]
[q]A photosynthesizing plant is placed in a sealed chamber from which no air can enter or leave. The lights are kept continuously on, and the plant is provided with enough water. If the level of gases in the chamber is measured, which of the following should be true?
[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gZG93biwgYW5kIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVscyBnbyB1cC4=[Qq]
[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gdXAsIGFuZCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBsZXZlbHMgZ28gdXAu[Qq]
[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gdXAsIGFuZCBjYX Jib24gZGlveGlkZSBsZXZlbHMgZ28gZG93bi4=[Qq]
[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gZG93biwgYW5kIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVscyBnbyBkb3duLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyByZW1vdmVzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGZyb20gdGhlIGFpciwgYW5kIGFkZHMgb3h5Z2VuLiBIb3cgd291bGQgdGhpcyBhZmZlY3QgZ2FzIGxldmVscyBpbiB0aGUgY2hhbWJlcj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBZb3XigJlyZSByaWdodCBhYm91dCBveHlnZW4gbGV2ZWxzLCBidXQgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgcmVtb3ZlcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBhaXIuIEhvdyB3b3VsZCB0aGlzIGFmZmVjdCBnYXMgbGV2ZWxzIGluIHRoZSBjaGFtYmVyPw==[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2Qgam9iISBQaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyByZW1vdmVzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGZyb20gdGhlIGFpciwgYW5kIGFkZHMgb3h5Z2VuLiBUaGF0IHdpbGwgY2F1c2UgdGhlIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVsIHRvIGZhbGwsIGFuZCB0aGUgb3h5Z2VuIGxldmVsIHRvIHJpc2Uu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBZb3XigJlyZSByaWdodCBhYm91dCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYnV0IHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFkZHMgb3h5Z2VuIHRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLiBIb3cgd291bGQgdGhpcyBhZmZlY3QgZ2FzIGxldmVscyBpbiB0aGUgY2hhbWJlcj8=[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, which number shows a mitochondrion?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID U=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIHN1bi4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZWZlcnMgdG8gYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdC4=[Qq]
[f]IFdheSB0byBnbyEgTnVtYmVyIDUgc2hvd3MgYSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uLg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, number 4 would have to be
[c]IG94eW dlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]wqB3YXRlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFllcyEgTnVtYmVyIDQgaXMgYSBnYXMgdGhhdOKAmXMgY29taW5nIG91dCBvZiBhIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0LiBUaGUgZ2FzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCB3b3VsZCBoYXZlIHRvIGJlIG94eWdlbi4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBnb2VzIElOIHRvIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0cy4gTnVtYmVyIDQgc2hvd3MgYSBnYXMgbGVhdmluZyBhIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0LiBXaGljaCBnYXMgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3Q/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzIGEgZ2FzLCBhbmQgZ2x1Y29zZSBpcyBhIHNvbGlkLiBIb3dldmVyLCB5b3XigJlyZSBvbiB0aGUgcmlnaHQgdHJhY2ssIGluc29mYXIgYXMgeW914oCZcmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3Igb25lIG9mIHRoZSBvdXRwdXRzIG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciA0IGlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjb21pbmcgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QuIFdhdGVyIGlzIGEgbGlxdWlkIHRoYXQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QuIFdoYXQgZ2FzIGRvZXMgYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCByZWxlYXNlPw==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, number 6 would have to be
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbi BkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]wqB3YXRlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QgKDIpLCBhbmQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uICg1KS4gTnVtYmVyIHNpeCBpcyBhIGdhcyB0aGF0IGlzIGFuIGlucHV0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBhbiBvdXRwdXQgb2YgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgd2hpY2ggZ29lcyBpbnRvIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0cyBhcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBvZiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgYW5kIGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiBhcyBhIHdhc3RlIHByb2R1Y3Qgb2YgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24u[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIGEgc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gKDUpLiBOdW1iZXIgc2l4IGlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQgaXMgYW4gaW5wdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGFuIG91dHB1dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gV2hhdCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgY291bGQgcGxheSB0aG9zZSB0d28gcm9sZXM/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHRoZSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCAoMiksIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gKDUpLiBOdW1iZXIgc2l4IGlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQgaXMgYW4gaW5wdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGFuIG91dHB1dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gV2hhdCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgY291bGQgcGxheSB0aG9zZSB0d28gcm9sZXM/[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, number 7 would have to be
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IHdh dGVy[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgc2hvd24gYXQgNC4gSXTigJlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QgKDIpLCBhbmQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uICg1KS4gV2hhdCBsaXF1aWQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA2LiBXaGF0IGxpcXVpZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIGEgc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24uIEl04oCZcyBzaG93biBhdCAzLiBXaGF0IGxpcXVpZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2Qgd29yay4gV2F0ZXIgaXMgdGhlIGxpcXVpZCB0aGF0IGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiAod2hpY2ggb2NjdXJzIGluIHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uKSBhbmQgd2hpY2ggZ29lcyBpbnRvIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzICh3aGljaCBvY2N1cnMgaW4gdGhlIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0KS4=[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, ATP would have to be
[c]IDYgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQ=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZS4gQVRQIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkIGluIGEgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiBkdXJpbmcgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gKGFuZCBpdOKAmXMgbm90IGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyk=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNyBpcyB3YXRlci4gQVRQIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkIGluIGEgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiBkdXJpbmcgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gKGFuZCBpdOKAmXMgbm90IGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyk=[Qq]
[f]IE5pY2VseSBkb25lLiBOdW1iZXIgOCBpcyBBVFAuIEFUUCBpcyBwcm9kdWNlZCBpbiBhIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gZHVyaW5nIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIChhbmQgaXTigJlzIG5vdCBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMp[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA3LiBBVFAgaXMgcHJvZHVjZWQgaW4gYSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uIGR1cmluZyBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiAoYW5kIGl04oCZcyBub3QgYW4gaW5wdXQgZm9yIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzKQ==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBveHlnZW4uIEFUUCBpcyBwcm9kdWNlZCBpbiBhIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gZHVyaW5nIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIChhbmQgaXTigJlzIG5vdCBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMp[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, number 3 would have to be
[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGdsdW Nvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgc2hvd24gYXQgNC4gSXTigJlzIHRoZSBnYXMgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCAoMiksIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gKDUpLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNvbGlkIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA2LiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNvbGlkIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[f]IFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByaWdodC4gR2x1Y29zZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCAzLiBJdOKAmXMgdGhlIHNvbGlkIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLCBhbmQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uIGZvciBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA3LiBOdW1iZXIgMyBhIHNvbGlkIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, number 4 would have to be
[c]IG94eW dlbg==[Qq]
[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]
[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]
[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2QhIE94eWdlbiBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA0LiBJdOKAmXMgdGhlIGdhcyB0aGF0IGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiBhIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0ICgyKSwgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiAoNSku[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA2LiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhIGdhcyB0aGF0IGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGJ5IGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIHNob3duIGF0IDMuIEl04oCZcyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5LXJpY2ggc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gZm9yIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhIGdhcyB0aGF0IGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGJ5IGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA3LiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhIGdhcyB0aGF0IGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGJ5IGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]
[/qwiz]
Links
Notes
- There are a few variations on the type of photosynthesis we discussed above. Some of these produce sulfur instead of oxygen. These are beyond the scope of this course, but you can read about them here at Biology LibreTexts or here at Wikipedia.