1. Watch this video
2. Study this summary
Introduction
For AP Biology students, the most important aspects of biotechnology to know about include:
- Artificially created recombinant DNA that combines the DNA of two (or more) species.
- Techniques for manipulating DNA, including
- Gel electrophoresis (AKA DNA fingerprinting)
- PCR, a technique for replicating DNA
- DNA sequencing.
Recombinant DNA
- Recombinant DNA, in the context of biotechnology, is DNA that contains sequences from more than one species (e.g., bacterial DNA combined with human DNA).
- How it’s created:
- Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences (restriction sites), creating fragments with sticky ends (exposed single strands, ready to form hydrogen bonds).
- DNA fragments with complementary sticky ends will bind through forming hydrogen bonds
- Use DNA ligase to create sugar-phosphate bonds, joining fragments into recombinant DNA.
Creating Recombinant Plasmids
- Process:
- Extract a plasmid from bacteria and cut it with restriction enzymes.
- Use the same restriction enzymes to cut a human gene (introns removed: see below).
- Combine the plasmid and human gene; sticky ends bind via hydrogen bonds.
- Use DNA ligase to seal the bonds, forming a recombinant plasmid.
- Insert the plasmid into bacteria through bacterial transformation.
- Example: Bacteria engineered to produce human insulin.
Solving the Problem of Introns When Making Recombinant DNA
- Problem: Eukaryotic genes (including human genes) can’t be directly combined with bacterial DNA to create functional gene products. That’s because eukaryotic genes contain introns, and direct expression of a gene containing an intron would create a nonfunctional protein.
- Introns have to be removed from the eukaryotic gene before the gene is combined with bacterial DNA. How can this be done?
- Solutions:
- Reverse-engineering: Working from the amino acid sequence of the finished protein, use the genetic code to determine a DNA sequence that would code for that protein.
- Using mRNA: Extract mRNA from a cell producing that proteins. In mRNA, the introns have already been removed. Then use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to create complementary DNA (cDNA) from the mRNA.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Definition: Technique to sort DNA fragments by size and charge. Commonly known as “DNA Fingerprinting.”
- Process:
- DNA is placed in a gel within an electric field.
- Negatively charged DNA moves towards the positive electrode; smaller fragments travel farther.
- Use: Analyze DNA fragment patterns for forensics, genetic studies, or restriction mapping.
Restriction Site Mapping Analysis
- Definition: Mapping the locations of restriction sites on a DNA molecule.
- Example: Cutting a plasmid with restriction enzymes to produce fragments of specific sizes, which are then analyzed via gel electrophoresis.
- Use: Restriction mapping analysis can be used to confirm the identity of plasmids and the structure of plasmids. It’s also a very common test question on the AP Bio exam (and teacher made tests).
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Definition: A cell-free method for cloning DNA in a test tube.
- Requirements:
- DNA sample for cloning
- Primers: short segments of RNA that bind to the start of a DNA sample and allow DNA polymerase to start synthesizing new DNA.
- Heat-resistant DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase is the enzyme that replicates DNA. It needs to be heat resistant because the method involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling.
- Free nucleotides. As, Ts, Cs, and Gs for making new DNA.
- Steps:
- Heat the sample DNA to separate into single strands.
- Cool to allow primers to bind.
- DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA.
- Repeat
- Outcome: Each cycle doubles DNA quantity; 30 cycles yield a billionfold amplification.
- Applications: Forensics, research, and diagnostics.
DNA Sequencing
- Definition: Determining the precise order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in DNA.
- How it’s done: You don’t need to know it for AP Bio. But if you’re interested, go to this tutorial
- Uses:
- Identify proteins an organism can produce.
- Infer evolutionary relationships.
- Analyze cancer mutations.
- Study and monitor viral variants (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
- Forensics: Identify suspects, exonerate individuals, and resolve paternity disputes.
3. Master these flashcards
[qdeck qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, APBVP”]
[h]Biotechnology (AP Biology Topic 6.8)
[q]What is recombinant DNA?
[a]DNA combined from more than sources. While recombinant DNA happens naturally (such as the recombinant chromosomes get formed during meiosis), in the context of biotechnology it involves DNA from multiple species, such as bacterial DNA combined with human DNA.
[q]How is recombinant DNA created?
[a]1. Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, creating fragments with sticky ends.
2. Sticky ends form hydrogen bonds with complementary sequences.
3. Use DNA ligase to join fragments into recombinant DNA.
[q]What are the steps involved in creating a recombinant plasmid?
[a]1. Extract a plasmid from bacteria and cut it with restriction enzymes.
2. Cut a human gene (introns removed) with the same restriction enzymes.
3. Combine plasmid and human gene; sticky ends bind via hydrogen bonds.
4. Use DNA ligase to seal the bonds, forming a recombinant plasmid.
5. Insert the plasmid into bacteria via transformation.
[q]Give an example of recombinant DNA used in medicine.
[a]Bacteria engineered to produce human insulin.
[q]Why must introns be removed before transferring a human gene to bacteria?
[a]Bacteria cannot remove the introns, so leaving them in would lead to a nonfunctional protein.
[q]What are two methods to remove introns for recombinant DNA?
[a]1. Reverse-engineering the DNA sequence using the protein’s amino acid sequence.
2. Extracting mRNA from cells that produce the desired protein and using reverse transcriptase to create complementary DNA (cDNA).
[q]What is gel electrophoresis?
[a]A technique used to sort DNA fragments by size and charge.
[q]How does gel electrophoresis work?
[a]1. DNA is placed in a gel within an electric field.
2. Negatively charged DNA moves towards the positive electrode.
3. Smaller fragments travel farther through the gel.
4. RESULT: Fragments are sorted by size.
[q]What is restriction mapping?
[a]Mapping the locations of restriction sites on a DNA molecule by analyzing fragment patterns using gel electrophoresis.
[q]What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?
[a]A cell-free method for cloning DNA in a test tube.
[q]What are the requirements for PCR?
[a]1. DNA sample
2. RNA Primers
3. Heat-resistant DNA polymerase
4. Free nucleotides
[q]What are the steps of PCR?
[a]1. Heat DNA to separate strands.
2. Cool to allow primers to bind.
3. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA.
4. REPEAT: Each cycle doubles the DNA quantity.
[q]What is DNA sequencing?
[a]Determining the precise order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in DNA.
[q]What are some uses of DNA sequencing?
[a]1. Identifying proteins an organism can produce.
2. Inferring evolutionary relationships.
3. Analyzing cancer mutations.
4. Monitoring viral variants (e.g., SARS-CoV-2).
5. Forensics, including identifying suspects and resolving paternity disputes.
[x][restart]
[/qdeck]
4. Tackle these quizzes
4.1. Genetic Engineering
[qwiz random = “true” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA, APBVP”]
[h]Genetic Engineering
[i]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter represents the main bacterial chromosome?
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[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, which letter represents an unmodified plasmid?
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[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter represents a human gene, such as the gene for insulin?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG Y=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGh1bWFuIGluc3VsaW4gZ2VuZSBpcyBhdCAmIzgyMjA7Zi4mIzgyMjE7[Qq]
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[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, a plasmid with recombinant DNA is shown at
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[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates the reproduction of genetically engineered bacterial offspring?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
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[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates the production of a genetically engineered protein (such as insulin)?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
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[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q]DNA that is a combination of DNA from two different sources is called [hangman] DNA.
[c]cmVjb21iaW5hbnQ=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, a restriction site is shown at letter
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE I=[Qq]
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[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, a restriction enzyme is shown at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
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[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, “sticky ends” are shown at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE U=[Qq]
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[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, DNA ligase is shown at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE k=[Qq]
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[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, completed recombinant DNA is shown at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
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[c]ICo=[Qq]
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[q] DNA made from RNA using reverse transcriptase is known as [hangman] DNA.
[c]IGNvbXBsZW1lbnRhcnk=[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] The enzyme responsible for creating sugar-phosphate bonds between DNA fragments is/are
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[q multiple_choice=”true”] The enzyme that can synthesize DNA from an RNA template is
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[q multiple_choice=”true”] The enzyme that can cut DNA into fragments is
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[q] In the diagram below, recombinant DNA first appears at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG Y=[Qq]
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[q] In the diagram below, the first occurrence of a transgenic organism is at
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG c=[Qq]
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[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
4.2. Gel Electrophoresis
[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Gel Electrophoresis, APBVP”]
[h]Gel Electrophoresis
[q] What’s the smallest fragment in the gel shown below?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID Y=[Qq]
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[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
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[q] What’s the largest fragment in the gel shown below?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID E=[Qq]
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[q] Assuming that all three samples below consist of linear DNA (not a circular plasmid) and were exposed to the same restriction enzyme, which sample had one restriction site?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE I=[Qq]
[f]TmljZTogU2FtcGxlIEIgd2FzIGN1dCBpbnRvIHR3byBmcmFnbWVudHMuIFRoYXQgbWVhbnMgdGhhdCB0aGUgRE5BIGluIHNhbXBsZSBCIGhhZCBvbmUgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZSwgYW5kIGEgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gZW56eW1lIG1hZGUgYSBjdXQgYXQgdGhhdCBzaXRlLCBkaXZpZGluZyB0aGUgRE5BIGludG8gdHdvIGZyYWdtZW50cy4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiB0aGUgRE5BIGhhcyBvbmUgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZSwgaXQmIzgyMTc7bGwgYmUgY3V0IGludG8gdHdvIGZyYWdtZW50cy4=[Qq]
[q] Assuming that all three samples below consist of linear DNA (not a circular plasmid) which sample had two restriction sites?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE M=[Qq]
[f]R3JlYXQgam9iOiBTYW1wbGUgQyB3YXMgY3V0IGludG8gdGhyZWUgZnJhZ21lbnRzLiBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhlIEROQSBpbiBzYW1wbGUgQyBoYWQgdHdvIHJlc3RyaWN0aW9uIHNpdGVzLiBUaGUgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gZW56eW1lIG1hZGUgYSBjdXQgYXQgZWFjaCBvZiB0aG9zZSBzaXRlcywgZGl2aWRpbmcgdGhlIEROQSBpbnRvIHRocmVlIGZyYWdtZW50cy4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiB0aGUgRE5BIGhhcyBvbmUgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZSwgaXQmIzgyMTc7bGwgYmUgY3V0IGludG8gdHdvIGZyYWdtZW50cy4gSWYgaXQgaGFzIHR3byByZXN0cmljdGlvbiBzaXRlcywgaXQmIzgyMTc7bGwgYmUgY3V0IGludG8gdGhyZWUgZnJhZ21lbnRzLg==[Qq]
[q] Assuming that all three samples below consist of linear DNA (not a circular plasmid) which sample had no restriction sites for that restriction enzyme?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE E=[Qq]
[f]VGVycmlmaWMuIFNhbXBsZSBBIGlzIG9uZSBmcmFnbWVudCwgcmVwcmVzZW50ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGxpbmUgYXQgMS4gVGhhdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoZSBETkEgaW4gc2FtcGxlIEEgaGFkIG5vIHJlc3RyaWN0aW9uIHNpdGVzLCBhbmQgd2FzbiYjODIxNzt0IGN1dCBhcGFydC4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiB0aGUgRE5BIGhhcyBhbnkgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZXMsIGl0JiM4MjE3O2xsIGJlIGN1dCBpbnRvIHNtYWxsZXIgZnJhZ21lbnRzLiBJZiBpdCByZW1haW5zIG9uZSBwaWVjZSB0aGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgbm90aGluZyBjdXQgaXQgYXBhcnQu[Qq]
[/qwiz]
4.3. Plasmid Mapping
[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Plasmid Mapping, APBVP”]
[h]Restriction Sites and Restriction Fragments in Plasmid DNA
[i]
[q] If the plasmid below is treated with EcoRI and HindIII, the result will be [hangman] restriction fragment(s). The shorter one will be [hangman] bp long, and the longer one will be [hangman] bp long.
[c]IDI=[Qq]
[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]
[c]IDUwMA==[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[c]IDM1MDA=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]
[q] If the plasmid below is treated with BamH I and HindIII, the result will be [hangman] restriction fragment(s). The shorter one will be [hangman] bp long, and the longer one will be [hangman] bp long.
[c]IDI=[Qq]
[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]
[c]IDE1MDA=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]
[c]IDI1MDA=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]
[q multiple_choice = “true] The image to the left, below, shows a 20 kb plasmid with several restriction sites. The image on the right shows the results of electrophoresis following various combinations of restriction enzymes. Which lane shows the gel that would result if the plasmid were digested with BamH I?
[c]IEHCoCDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]IELCoCDC oCDCoMKg[Qq][c]IEM=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2luZ2xlIGxpbmUgaW4gbGFuZSAmIzgyMjA7QSYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoYXQgb25seSBvbmUgZnJhZ21lbnQgd291bGQgcmVzdWx0IGFuZCB0aGF0IHRoaXMgZnJhZ21lbnQgd291bGQgYmUgMjAga2IgaW4gc2l6ZS4gSWYgeW91IGN1dCB0aGlzIHBsYXNtaWQgd2l0aCBCYW1IMSwgeW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIG1ha2UgMyBjdXRzLiBOb3csIGp1c3QgZmlndXJlIG91dCBob3cgYmlnIGVhY2ggb2YgdGhlIGZyYWdtZW50cyB3b3VsZCBiZSwgYW5kIHlvdSYjODIxNztsbCBoYXZlIHlvdXIgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ3V0dGluZyB0aGlzIHBsYXNtaWQgd2l0aCBCYW1ISSB3aWxsIHJlc3VsdCBpbiB0aHJlZSBmcmFnbWVudHMsIGFuZCB0aGV5JiM4MjE3O2xsIGJlIDExIGtiLCA2IGtiLCBhbmQgMyBLYiBpbiBzaXplLCB3aGljaCBpcyBqdXN0IHdoYXQgaXMgc2hvd24gaW4gdGhpcyBnZWwu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSBhcmUgdGhyZWUgbGluZXMgaW4gbGFuZSBDLCBhbmQgb25lIG9mIHRob3NlIGNvbnNpc3RzIG9mIHR3byBmcmFnbWVudHMuIFRoZSBmaXJzdCBsaW5lIGNvbnNpc3RzIG9mIGEgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gZnJhZ21lbnQgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIDgga2IgbG9uZzsgdGhlIHNlY29uZCBoYXMgYSBmcmFnbWVudCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgNiBrYiBsb25nLCBhbmQgdGhlIHRoaXJkIGNvbnNpc3RzIG9mIHR3byBmcmFnbWVudHMsIGJvdGggb2Ygd2hpY2ggYXJlIDMga2IuIFdoaWNoIGVuenltZXMgd291bGQgcHJvZHVjZSB0aGF0IHBhdHRlcm4gb2YgZnJhZ21lbnRzPw==[Qq]
[q multiple_choice = “true] The image to the left, below, shows a 20 kb plasmid with several restriction sites. The image on the right shows the results of electrophoresis following various combinations of restriction enzymes. Which lane shows the gel that would result if the plasmid were digested with EcoRI?
[c]IEHCoCDC oCDCoA==[Qq][c]IELCoCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]IEM=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5pY2UgSm9iISBUaGUgc2luZ2xlIGxpbmUgaW4gbGFuZSAmIzgyMjA7QSYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoYXQgb25seSBvbmUgZnJhZ21lbnQgd291bGQgcmVzdWx0IGFuZCB0aGF0IHRoaXMgZnJhZ21lbnQgd291bGQgYmUgMjAga2IgaW4gc2l6ZS4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG9ubHkgb25lIHJlc3RyaWN0aW9uIHNpdGUgcmVjb2duaXplZCBieQ==IEVjbw==IFJJLiBJZiB0aGUgcGxhc21pZCBpcyBjdXQgb3ZlciBhdCB0aGF0IHBvaW50LCBob3cgbWFueSBmcmFnbWVudHMgd291bGQgcmVzdWx0Pw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSBhcmUgdGhyZWUgbGluZXMgaW4gbGFuZSBDLCBhbmQgb25lIG9mIHRob3NlIGNvbnNpc3RzIG9mIHR3byBmcmFnbWVudHMuIEJ1dCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG9ubHkgb25lIHJlc3RyaWN0aW9uIHNpdGUgcmVjb2duaXplZCBieQ==IEVjbw==IFJJLiBJZiB0aGUgcGxhc21pZCBpcyBjdXQgb3ZlciBhdCB0aGF0IHBvaW50LCBob3cgbWFueSBmcmFnbWVudHMgd291bGQgcmVzdWx0Pw==[Qq]
[q multiple_choice = “true] The image to the left, below, shows a 20 kb plasmid with several restriction sites. The image on the right shows the results of electrophoresis following various combinations of restriction enzymes. Which lane shows the gel that would result if the plasmid were digested with Bam HI and EcoRI?
[c]IEHCoCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]IELCoCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]IE M=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2luZ2xlIGxpbmUgaW4gbGFuZSAmIzgyMjA7QSYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoYXQgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBvbmx5IG9uZSBmcmFnbWVudCBhbmQgdGhhdCB0aGlzIGZyYWdtZW50IHdvdWxkIGJlIDIwIGtiIGluIHNpemUuIEhvdyBjb3VsZCB0aGF0IG9jY3VyIGlmIGJvdGggQmFtIEhJIA==YW5kIA==[Qq]Eco R I were used to digest the plasmid?
[f]IE5vLiBMYW5lIEIgaW5kaWNhdGVzIG9uZSBmcmFnbWVudCBvZiAxMSBrYiwgYSBzZWNvbmQgb2YgNiBrYiwgYW5kIGEgM3JkIG9mIDMga2Iu[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVGhlcmUgYXJlIHRocmVlIGxpbmVzIGluIGxhbmUgQywgYW5kIG9uZSBvZiB0aG9zZSBjb25zaXN0cyBvZiB0d28gZnJhZ21lbnRzLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZXhhY3RseSB3aGF0IHlvdSYjODIxNztkIGV4cGVjdCBpZiBib3RowqA=QmFtIEhJIA==YW5kIA==[Qq]Eco R I were used to digest the plasmid.
[/qwiz]
4.4. PCR
[qwiz random = “true” style=”width: 650px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-PCR, APBVP”]
[h]PCR
[i]
[q] In the diagram below, which number or letter indicates the target DNA that’s about to be amplified?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG E=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgTGV0dGVyICYjODIyMDthJiM4MjIxOyBpcyB0aGUgdGFyZ2V0IEROQS4=[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBKdXN0IGlkZW50aWZ5IHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiZWluZyBjb3BpZWQsIGFuZCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7bGwgaGF2ZSB5b3VyIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates free nucleotides?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG I=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgTGV0dGVyICYjODIyMDtiJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyBmcmVlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzLsKg[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGZvciB0aGUgbW9ub21lcnMsIG9yIHVuaXRzLCB0aGF0IGFyZSBnb2luZyB0byBiZSB1c2VkIHRvIGJ1aWxkIG5ldyBETkEu[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number or letter indicates the primer before it binds with the template DNA?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG M=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIExldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7YyYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBhbiB1bmJvdW5kIHByaW1lci4=[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGZvciBhIHNob3J0IHN0cmluZyBvZiBudWNsZW90aWRlcyB0aGF0IHdpbGwgYmluZCBhdCB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgdGhlIHRhcmdldCBETkEu[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates the DNA after it’s been denatured?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG Q=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIExldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7ZCYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBkZW5hdHVyZWQgRE5BIChub3cgdHdvIA==c2luZ2xlIHN0cmFuZHMpLsKg[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBEZW5hdHVyYXRpb24gYnJlYWtzIHRoZSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kcyB0aGF0IGhvbGQgdGhlIGRvdWJsZSBoZWxpeCB0b2dldGhlci4gT25jZSB0aG9zZSBib25kcyBhcmUgYnJva2VuLCB3aGF0IHdpbGwgdGhlIEROQSBsb29rIGxpa2U/[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter shows a primer binding with the template DNA?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG U=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIExldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7ZSYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3MgYSBwcmltZXIgYmluZGluZyB3aXRoIHRoZSB0ZW1wbGF0ZSBETkEu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGZvciBhIHNtYWxsIHNlcXVlbmNlIG9mIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHdpdGggbnVjbGVvdGlkZXMgYXQgdGhlIDMmIzgyNDI7IGVuZCBvZiB0aGUgdGVtcGxhdGUgc3RyYW5kLg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates newly synthesized DNA?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG Y=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QhICYjODIyMDtGJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyBuZXdseSBzeW50aGVzaXplZCBETkEu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGZvciB0aGUgYXNzZW1ibHkgb2YgdGhlIGluZGl2aWR1YWwgbnVjbGVvdGlkZXMgKHNob3duIGF0ICYjODIyMDtiJiM4MjIxOykgaW50byBhIGNvbm5lY3RlZCBzdHJhbmQu[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number or letter indicates DNA polymerase?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE c=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QhICYjODIyMDtHJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyBETkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZQ==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBETkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZSBpcyB0aGUgZW56eW1lIHRoYXQgbWFrZXMgdGhlIG5ldyBETkEuIEl0IHJpZGVzIGFsb25nIGEgdGVtcGxhdGUgc3RyYW5kIG9mIEROQSBhbmQgYXR0YWNoZXMgbmV3IG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIHRvIHRoZSBncm93aW5nIHN0cmFuZC4gTG9vayBhdCBzdGVwIDMgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the diagram below, phase 1 is best described as
[c]IGRlbmF0dX JhdGlvbg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgRGVuYXR1cmF0aW9uIGJyZWFrcyB0aGUgaHlkcm9nZW4gYm9uZHMgaG9sZGluZyBETkEgdG9nZXRoZXIsIGJyZWFraW5nIHRoZSBETkEgaW50byB0d28gc2luZ2xlIHN0cmFuZHMu[Qq]
[c]IGFubmVhbGluZw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7QW5uZWFsaW5nJiM4MjIxOyBtZWFucyBzdGlja2luZyB0by4mIzgyMjE7IEluIHBoYXNlIDEsIG5vdGhpbmcmIzgyMTc7cyBzdGlja2luZy4gUmF0aGVyIGJvbmRzIGFyZSBiZWluZyBicm9rZW4u[Qq]
[c]IGVsb25nYXRpb24=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBFbG9uZ2F0aW9uIGlzIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBoYXBwZW5pbmcgaW4gc3RlcCAzLg==[Qq]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the diagram below, phase 2 is
[c]IGRlbmF0dXJhdGlvbg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBEZW5hdHVyYXRpb24gYnJlYWtzIHRoZSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kcyBob2xkaW5nIEROQSB0b2dldGhlciwgYnJlYWtpbmcgdGhlIEROQSBpbnRvIHR3byBzaW5nbGUgc3RyYW5kcy4gV2hhdCB5b3Ugc2VlIGluIHBoYXNlIHR3byBhcmUgdHdvIHRoaW5ncyBzdGlja2luZyB0b2dldGhlci4=[Qq]
[c]IGFubmVh bGluZw==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gJiM4MjIwO0FubmVhbGluZyYjODIyMTsgbWVhbnMgc3RpY2tpbmcgdG8uJiM4MjIxOyBJbiBwaGFzZSAyLCB0aGUgcHJpbWVyIGlzIHN0aWNraW5nIHRvIHRoZSB0ZW1wbGF0ZSBzdHJhbmRzLg==[Qq]
[c]IGVsb25nYXRpb24=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBFbG9uZ2F0aW9uIGlzIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBoYXBwZW5pbmcgaW4gc3RlcCAzLg==[Qq]
[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the diagram below, phase 3 is
[c]IGRlbmF0dXJhdGlvbg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBEZW5hdHVyYXRpb24gYnJlYWtzIHRoZSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kcyBob2xkaW5nIEROQSB0b2dldGhlciwgYnJlYWtpbmcgdGhlIEROQSBpbnRvIHR3byBzaW5nbGUgc3RyYW5kcy4gV2hhdCB5b3Ugc2VlIGluIHBoYXNlIHRocmVlIGludm9sdmVzIEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlIGFkZGluZyBuZXcgbnVjbGVvdGlkZXMgdGhlIEROQSBtb2xlY3VsZS4=[Qq]
[c]IGFubmVhbGluZw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7QW5uZWFsaW5nJiM4MjIxOyBtZWFucyBzdGlja2luZyB0bywmIzgyMjE7IGFuZCBpdCByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIHByaW1lciBzdGlja2luZyB0byB0aGUgdGVtcGxhdGUgc3RyYW5kLg==[Qq]
[c]IGVsb25n YXRpb24=[Qq]
[f]IFdheSB0byBHbyEgRWxvbmdhdGlvbiBpcyB3aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgaGFwcGVuaW5nIGluIHN0ZXAgMy4=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates annealing?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG M=[Qq]
[f]WWVzISBMZXR0ZXIgJiM4MjIwO2MmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgYW5uZWFsaW5nLg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7QW5uZWFsaW5nJiM4MjIxOyBtZWFucyAmIzgyMjA7c3RpY2tpbmcgdG8uJiM4MjIxOyBGaW5kIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBwcmltZXIgaXMgc3RpY2tpbmcgdG8gdGhlIEROQSB0ZW1wbGF0ZS4=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which letter indicates elongation?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IG Q=[Qq]
[f]WWVzISBMZXR0ZXIgJiM4MjIwO2QmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgZWxvbmdhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIHdoZXJlIEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlIGlzIGNyZWF0aW5nIGFuIGluY3JlYXNpbmdseSBsb25nIHN0cmFuZCBvZiBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IEROQS4=[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a primer?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID I=[Qq]
[f]TmljZSBqb2IuICYjODIyMDsyJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgcHJpbWVyLg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJpbWVyIGlzIGEgc2hvcnQgc2VxdWVuY2Ugb2Ygc2luZ2xlLXN0cmFuZGVkIEROQSB0aGF0IGJpbmRzIHdpdGggdGhlIDMmIzgyNDI7IGVuZCBvZiB0aGUgdGVtcGxhdGUgRE5BLg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to free nucleotides?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID M=[Qq]
[f]WWVzISAmIzgyMjA7MyYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBmcmVlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzLg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZnJlZSBudWNsZW90aWRlcyB3aWxsIGJlIHVzZWQgZHVyaW5nIHRoZSBlbG9uZ2F0aW9uIHBoYXNlIHRvIGNyZWF0ZSBuZXcgc3RyYW5kcyBvZiBETkEu[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to newly synthesized DNA?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID Q=[Qq]
[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiAmIzgyMjA7NCYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBuZXdseSBzeW50aGVzaXplZCBETkEu[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbmV3IEROQSBpcyB3aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgYmVpbmcgc3ludGhlc2l6ZWQgZHVyaW5nIHRoZSBlbG9uZ2F0aW9uIHBoYXNlLg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number indicates DNA polymerase?
[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]ID U=[Qq]
[f]V2F5IHRvIGdvLiBOdW1iZXIgJiM4MjIwOzUmIzgyMjE7IHNob3dzIEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlLg==[Qq]
[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]
[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]
[c]ICo=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBETkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZSBpcyB0aGUgZW56eW1lIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBzeW50aGVzaXppbmcgbmV3IEROQSBkdXJpbmcgdGhlIGVsb25nYXRpb24gcGhhc2Uu[Qq]
[/qwiz]
What’s Next?
This topic ends Unit 6 of the AP Bio Video Pathway
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