[qwiz style=”width: 650px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” quiz_timer=”true” random=”false” dataset_intro=”false” spaced_repetition=”false” use_dataset=”DNA and DNA Replication Click On Challenge Dataset” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Unit 6 DNA Click-on Challenge (v2.0)”]

[h] DNA and DNA Replication Click-On Challenge

[i] Note the timer in the top right. Your goal is accuracy and speed. A good strategy: once through slowly, then additional tries for improvement.

[/qwiz]

[qwiz style=”width: 650px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” use_dataset=”Transcription and Translation Click-on Challenge” quiz_timer=”true” random=”false” dataset_intro=”false” spaced_repetition=”false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Unit 6 Transcription and Translation Click-on Challenge (v2.0)”]

[h] Transcription and Translation Click-On Challenge

[i] Notice the timer at the top right. Your goal is to build speed and accuracy. A good strategy: once through slowly, then additional trials to climb higher in the leaderboard.

[/qwiz]

[qwiz style=”width: 650px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” quiz_timer=”true” random=”false” dataset_intro=”false” spaced_repetition=”false” use_dataset=”Operons Click-On Challenge Dataset” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Unit 6 Operons Click-on Challenge (v2.0)”]

[h] Operons Click-On Challenge

[i] Note the timer in the top right. Your goal is accuracy and speed. A good strategy: once through slowly, then additional trials for improvement.

[/qwiz]

[qwiz style=”width: 650px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” quiz_timer=”true” random=”true” spaced_repetition=”false” use_dataset=”Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Click-on Challenge Dataset” dataset_intro=”false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Unit 6 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Click-on Challenge”]

[h] Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Click-on Challenge

[i]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs (v2.0)” dataset=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs” style=”min-height: 450px width: 650px !important;”][h]Unit 6 Practice FRQs

[i]
[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3c3cc32de378″ question_number=”1″ topic=”6.1.DNA_Structure_and_Replication”] The diagram below is a representation of two fragments of DNA, each with the same nucleotide sequence, from the same species of bacterium. The fragment of DNA on the left was grown in a medium containing ¹⁴N, the most common isotope of nitrogen. The fragment on the right was grown in a medium containing ¹⁵N, a less common, radioactive isotope of nitrogen that contains an additional neutron.

Bacteria with DNA consisting of ¹⁴N were transferred to a medium consisting of ¹⁵N, and allowed to replicate once. Identify which of the diagrams below correctly shows the daughter DNA molecules that would result. Justify your answer.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElERU5USUZJQ0FUSU9OOiBUaGUgY29ycmVjdCBtb2RlbCBpcyBELg==

Cg==

SlVTVElGSUNBVElPTg==[Qq]: Model D represents the results of semi-conservative DNA replication, which is the model that Meselson and Stahl established in 1958 (Note: this historical information is not required). During DNA replication, a DNA molecule will “unzip” and free nucleotides will move in and pair up according to the base pairing rules (A bonds with T; and C bonds with G). In the scenario described above, the DNA molecule that’s unzipping will consist of ¹⁴N, but the free nucleotides coming in will contain the ¹⁵N nitrogen in their nucleotide bases. As a result, in each of the duplicated DNA molecules, one strand will consist of ¹⁴N and the paired complementary strand will consist of ¹⁵N.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3c27cec2df78″ question_number=”2″ topic=”6.1.DNA_Structure_and_Replication”] The diagram below shows a short section of a DNA molecule.

Explain the semiconservative model of DNA replication. Add a simple sketch to accompany your explanation.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSBzZW1pY29uc2VydmF0aXZlIG1vZGVsIG9mIEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiBzdGF0ZXMgdGhhdCB3aGVuIEROQSBpcyByZXBsaWNhdGVkLCBlYWNoIHN0cmFuZCBzZXJ2ZXMgYXMgYSB0ZW1wbGF0ZSBmb3IgdGhlIHN5bnRoZXNpcyBvZiBhIG5ldywgY29tcGxlbWVudGFyeSBzdHJhbmQuIEFzIGEgcmVzdWx0LCBlYWNoIGRhdWdodGVyIEROQSBtb2xlY3VsZSB3aWxsIGNvbnNpc3Qgb2YgdGhlIG9yaWdpbmFsIHN0cmFuZCBhbmQgb25lIG5ld2x5IHN5bnRoZXNpemVkIHN0cmFuZC4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3c12da57db78″ question_number=”3″ topic=”6.1.DNA_Structure_and_Replication”] The diagram below depicts semi-conservative replication of DNA.

Explain how the Meselson-Stahl experiment proved the semiconservative model to be correct.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

Cg==

Cg==

[Qq]Meselson and Stahl proved the semiconservative model to be correct by using isotopes of nitrogen to label original DNA and newly synthesized DNA in replicating E. coli cells.

First, they grew a culture of E. coli on N¹⁵(a heavy isotope of nitrogen) so that all of the nitrogen in the E. coli’s DNA was composed of this heavier isotope. Then they transferred this E. coli to an  N¹⁴  medium. Knowing that E. coli replicates itself in 20 minutes, they allowed for one replication, then used centrifugation to determine the weight of the nitrogen in the E. coli’s DNA. They found that the DNA’s weight was halfway between N¹⁴ and N¹⁵. This established that the new DNA was composed of 50% N¹⁴ and 50%, N¹⁵, which proved the conservative model of DNA replication to be incorrect. That’s because if the conservative predicted that there would still be some DNA that was all composed of N¹⁵ (DNA that was conserved), with other DNA being composed exclusively of N¹⁴ (the newly synthesized DNA).

Meselson and Stahl then let the bacteria replicate for a second generation. They found that there continued to be DNA whose weight was halfway between N¹⁴ and N¹⁵, and new DNA that was completely N¹⁴. This proved the dispersive model to be incorrect and corroborated what one would predict if DNA were semi-conservatively replicated.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3bfb91e0f378″ question_number=”4″ topic=”6.1.DNA_Structure_and_Replication”] During their work in determining the structure of DNA, Watson and Crick examined published results from three different laboratories. Each laboratory was reporting on the proportion of nucleotides in skin cells from the same organism.

Which laboratory’s results did Watson and Crick disregard? Explain why they had to disregard the results, and speculate about what might have occurred in the lab with the flawed data that caused them to have incorrect results.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3be69d75ef78″ question_number=”5″ topic=”6.1.DNA_Structure_and_Replication”] The diagram below shows the amount of DNA per cell in a dividing cell.

PART 1: Identify what kind of cell division must be occurring.

PART 2: Justify your answer.

PART 3: Explain what’s happening in each numbered stage.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[f]IFBBUlQgMTo=IFRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHNob3dzIGEgY2VsbCB1bmRlcmdvaW5nIG1laW9zaXMu

Cg==

UEFSVCAyOg==[Qq] It has to be meiosis because the cell starts with two units of DNA, and ends with 1 unit. The type of cell division that reduces the amount of DNA/cell is meiosis.

PART 3: At I we have a germ cell. II is interphase 1, which doubles the amount of DNA. In III, prophase 1 through telophase 1 are occurring, leading to the first cell division, cytokinesis 1, between III and IV. Meiosis 1 pulls homologous chromosomes apart, Now, in IV, all the steps of meiosis 2 would occur, separating the sister chromatids. In V we have cytokinesis 2, resulting in the haploid gametes in step VI.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3bcf54ff0778″ question_number=”6″ topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] You’re interviewing for a summer internship at a local research lab. During the interview, your graduate student mentor tells you that the lab has just discovered a new eukaryotic protein that’s 197 amino acids long, and that the two of you will be working on finding the gene for this protein. To check your knowledge of biology, the grad student asks, “About how big is this gene going to be?” Provide an answer, and a justification.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5PVEUgRlJPTSBNUi4gVzogdGhlIHRoaXJkIHBhcmFncmFwaCBiZWxvdyBpcyB5b3VyIG1vZGVsIGFuc3dlci4=

Cg==

[Qq]First, you think “The protein is 197 amino acids long. It takes 3 nucleotides to code for one amino acid, and 197 x 3 = 591.” But then you pause and think some more. You know that during protein synthesis, the first amino acid is methionine, which is coded for by the start codon AUG. However, this first methionine is often snipped off. So you’ll want to add three nucleotides to your total.

But don’t just blurt out “594!” Think about the end of protein synthesis, when the stop codon signals for a release factor. The stop codon is another three nucleotides, so you have to add three more nucleotides, which brings you to 597. But you don’t say that, either. You remember that this is a eukaryotic gene, and might consist of exons and introns that are excised before translation. So, your final answer is this:

“The minimum number of nucleotides that could code for a 197 amino acid polypeptide would be 597. That’s 591 nucleotides to code for the 197 amino acids, plus three for the start codon and three for the stop codon. But because this is a eukaryotic gene, it might contain introns, and we can’t tell, just from the number of amino acids in the protein, how big it is.”

With a smile, you add, “I’m really looking forward, however, to working with you to figure this out.”

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3bba60940378″ question_number=”7″ topic=”6.4.Translation”] Starting from its synthesis at a ribosome, describe the pathway of a protein (such as a protein hormone or an antibody) that is going to be secreted from the cell.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3ba56c28ff78″ question_number=”8″ topic=”6.4.Translation”] The following image shows a sequence of nucleic acid bases coding for a sequence of amino acids. The third amino acid in the sequence (lysine) has been filled in.

List the remaining amino acids in the sequence. Here’s a genetic code chart to use for reference.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG1ldGhpb25pbmUsIGFyZ2luaW5lLCBbbHlzaW5lXSB0aHJlb25pbmUsIHRyeXB0b3BoYW4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b8e23b21778″ question_number=”9″ topic=”6.4.Translation”] The following questions are based on the figure below.

PART 1: Identify whether the figure depicts a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell. Support your response with evidence from the diagram.

PART 2: Assume that letter B represents a protein, such as insulin, which is exported from cells in the pancreas. Beginning with information in a gene, describe the flow of information and matter that results in the secreted protein at B.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBBUlQgMTogVGhlIGNlbGwgaXMgZXVrYXJ5b3RpYy4gVGhlIGZpcnN0IHBpZWNlIG9mIGV2aWRlbmNlIGlzIHRoZSBwcmVzZW5jZSBvZiBhIG51Y2xldXMuIEluIGFkZGl0aW9uLCBvbmx5IGV1a2FyeW90aWMgY2VsbHMgaGF2ZSBvcmdhbmVsbGVzIHN1Y2ggYXMgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhIChub3QgbGFiZWxlZCwgYnV0IHR3byBhcmUgdmlzaWJsZSBpbiB0aGUgdG9wIGhhbGYgb2YgdGhlIGNlbGwpLCBhbmQgYW4gZW5kb21lbWJyYW5lIHN5c3RlbSAoaW5jbHVkaW5nIHRoZSByb3VnaCBFUiBhdCBBLCB2ZXNpY2xlcyBhdCBDLCBhbmQgdGhlIEdvbGdpIEFwcGFyYXR1cyBhdCBEKS4=

Cg==

UEFSVCAy[Qq]: The information for a protein like insulin would be encoded in the cell’s DNA. The DNA would be transcribed to RNA, which would be translated into protein. Because insulin is a protein destined for export, it would contain a signal peptide that would bind with a signal recognition particle, which would diffuse toward and bind with the ER membrane. The insulin polypeptide would be synthesized inside the rough ER, and then move to the Golgi for modification. A vesicle would move the insulin to the membrane, and exocytosis would release insulin out of the cell.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b792f471378″ question_number=”10″ topic=”6.5.Regulation_of_Gene_Expression”] Jacques Monod, who co-developed the operon concept (and – I can’t resist adding – was also a leader in the French Resistance to the Nazis during World War II), noticed that when E. coli bacteria were fed lactose, they were able to activate a regulatory pathway that produced lactose-digesting enzymes. When the lactose was digested, this regulatory pathway was turned off, and the enzymes for digesting lactose were no longer produced. Explain the biology behind what Monod discovered.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IChOb3RlIGZyb20gTXIuIFc6IEkmIzgyMTc7dmUgaW5jbHVkZWQgZGlhZ3JhbXMgZm9yIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlcyBvZiByZXZpZXcsIGJ1dCBhIGdvb2Qgd3JpdHRlbiBleHBsYW5hdGlvbiBpcyBmaW5lKQ==

Cg==

V2hhdCBNb25vZCAoYW5kIGhpcyBjby13b3JrZXIgRnJhbmNvaXMgSmFjb2IpIGRpc2NvdmVyZWQgd2FzIHRoZSA=bGFjIG9wZXJvbi4gQW4gb3Blcm9uIGNvbnNpc3RzIG9mIGEgc2VyaWVzIG9mIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgZ2VuZXMgKGdlbmVzIHRoYXQgY29kZSBmb3IgZW56eW1lcyBvciBzb21lIG90aGVyIHByb2R1Y3QpIHVuZGVyIHRoZSBjb250cm9sIG9mIGEgc2luZ2xlIHByb21vdGVyLg==

[Qq]

Imagine the promoter (5) as being upstream of the structural genes (7): in other words, RNA polymerase (4) will bind with the promoter, and then proceed on to the structural genes. However, between the promoter and the structural genes is an operator (6): a DNA region that allows for regulatory control. In the case of the lac operon, there’s a regulatory gene (1) that produces a regulatory protein (3). In the absence of lactose, the regulatory protein can bind with the operator in a way that blocks RNA polymerase, preventing it from transcribing the structural genes (that code for lactose-digesting enzymes). In other words, when lactose is not present, the cell won’t transcribe the structural genes or translate the resulting mRNA into protein (both of which would be a waste of energy in lactose’s absence).

However, the regulatory protein, in addition to having a site for binding with the operator, also has a site for binding with lactose (8, below).

When lactose (8) binds to this regulatory protein, it changes the regulator’s shape so that it can no longer bind with the operator. This allows RNA polymerase to move along from the promoter to transcribe the structural genes. In other words, the presence of lactose induces changes that allow for the production of lactose-digesting enzymes.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b61e6d02b78″ question_number=”11″ topic=”6.5.Regulation_of_Gene_Expression”] Bacteria require amino acids to produce proteins. For example, bacteria in a human intestine may absorb amino acids from digested food, but at times there may be a deficiency of a particular amino acid. If this is the case, the bacteria will produce the necessary amino acid themselves.

The diagram below depicts a system in bacterial cells that regulates the production of the amino acid tryptophan. This system involves two pathways (X and Y). In both pathways, tryptophan acts as a repressor.

PART 1: Describe the immediate outcome when tryptophan activates pathway X.
PART 2: In the 1950s, biologists Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod developed the concept of the operon to explain how bacterial cells were able to regulate certain biochemical pathways. Explain the operation of the trp (tryptophan) operon.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBBUlQgMTo=IFBhdGh3YXkgWCB3b3VsZCByZXN1bHQgaW4gdGhlIHN1cHByZXNzaW9uIG9mIGdlbmUgdGhyZWUsIHdoaWNoIGluIHR1cm4gd291bGQgYmxvY2sgdGhlIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgZW56eW1lIDMsIHJlc3VsdGluZyBpbiB0aGUgY2Vzc2F0aW9uIG9mIHRyeXB0b3BoYW4gc3ludGhlc2lzLg==
Cg==UEFSVCAyOg==IFRoZSA=[Qq]trp operon is a repressible operon, and it works as shown below. (Note from Mr. W: I’ve included diagrams to assist your learning, but they weren’t required in your answer.)

The trp regulatory gene creates a repressor protein (3, below). The repressor protein has two binding sites: one for tryptophan (8), and one for the operator region of the trp operon (6).

When tryptophan is present in the cell’s environment, it binds to the repressor protein, which changes shape so that it can bind to the operator region of the operon. Because the operator is just downstream of the promoter region of the operon (5), the binding of the repressor to the operator blocks RNA polymerase (4), keeping it from transcribing the structural genes (7) that synthesize tryptophan.

However, when tryptophan is absent from the cell’s environment, the repressor protein (3, below) can’t bind with the operator, allowing RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter (5) and transcribe the structural genes (which results in the production of the enzymes that synthesize tryptophan (A-E).

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b4cf2652778″ question_number=”12″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] The image below is a schematic diagram of a signal transduction pathway within a single cell. Arrows represent activation, while a “T” (which may be upside down: see the one between JNI and Bcl2 below) represents inhibition. The overall result of this pathway is apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Some of the key events that occur within this pathway are as follows: 1) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binds to and activates its specific receptor (tumor cell necrosis factor receptor, or TNFR). 2) The activated TNFR activates JNK. 3) The activated JNK activates caspases by causing mitochondria to release cytochrome C, and also by inhibiting BCl-2. BCl-2, when active, promotes cell survival by inhibiting caspases. 4) The active caspases result in DNA damage and cell death.

PART 1: Several elements of the system above have been implicated in the development of cancer. Some of these are loss of function mutations, where a previously functioning component of a cell stops working. Based on the signaling pathway shown, describe the effect of a loss of function mutation of each of the following upon apoptosis (compared with wild-type cells lacking this mutation).

* TNFR * BCl2 * Caspases

PART 2: Gain of function mutations are mutations where a cell component gains a capability that it previously lacked. Based on the schematic above, identify the component(s) of this signaling pathway that might promote cancer cell growth if they had a gain-of-function mutation that increased that component’s activity.

PART 3: Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell division. List the component(s) of the system above that may be the product of tumor suppressor genes and that would promote cancer cell growth if they had a loss-of-function mutation.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBBUlQgMWE6IA==SWYgVE5GUiBsb3N0IGl0cyBhY3Rpdml0eSwgdGhlIGNlbGwgd291bGQgcmVzcG9uZCBsZXNzIHRvIHRoZSB0dW1vciBuZWNyb3NpcyBmYWN0b3Igc2lnbmFsLiBDZWxsIGRlYXRoIHdvdWxkIERFQ1JFQVNFIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIA==Sk4gSyB0byBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWEgdG8gY3l0b2Nocm9tZSBDIHRvIGNhc3Bhc2VzIHRvIEROQSBkYW1hZ2UgdG8gY2VsbCBkZWF0aA==IHBhdGh3YXkgd291bGQgYmUgYmxvY2tlZC4g[Qq]

PART 1b: If BCl-2 lost its activity, cell death would INCREASE because the inhibitory effect of Bcl2 would be removed, allowing caspases to cause nuclear damage, leading to cell death.

PART 1c: If caspases lost their function then cell death would DECREASE because caspases cause cell death.

PART 2: If a mutation caused BCl-2 to increase its activity (gain of function mutation), it would block caspases, which would decrease cell death/apoptosis. Less cell death means higher survival rates for cancer cells, increasing cancer cell growth.

PART 3: TNFR, JNK, Caspases, and Cytochrome C released from mitochondria are all associated with apoptosis/cell death, which would decrease the spread of cancer cells. Loss of function of any of these could be associated with promoting cancer cell growth.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b37fdfa2378″ question_number=”13″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] Proto-oncogenes, when they mutate to become oncogenes, can cause cells to become cancerous.

A lysogenic virus infects a particular cell type and integrates its genome into a site that contains a proto-oncogene. This transforms the cell and increases the level of a protein X. Protein X, in turn, increases cellular proliferation (division and spread).

Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that prevent cells from becoming cancerous. A compound P is known to increase the level of tumor suppressor proteins in that cell type. A second compound, Q helps in stimulating protein Z. Protein Z has been shown to be capable of binding to X rendering it inactive.

In the graphs below, a minus sign indicates that substance P or Q was not applied to experimental cell cultures, while a plus sign indicates that substance P or Q was applied. Identify which of the following graphs correctly represents the mode of action of P and Q. Justify your response.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElERU5USUZJQ0FUSU9OOiBHcmFwaCBDIGlzIGNvcnJlY3Qu

Cg==

SlVTVElGSUNBVElPTjogUCBpbmNyZWFzZXMgdHVtb3Igc3VwcHJlc3NvciBwcm90ZWlucywgd2hpY2ggd291bGQgZGVjcmVhc2UgY2VsbCBwcm9saWZlcmF0aW9uLiA=UQ==IGluZGlyZWN0bHkgaW5hY3RpdmF0ZXMg[Qq]X. Because X increases cell proliferation, inactivating X (which is what substance Q does) should decrease cellular proliferation. Therefore a combination of P and Q should lead to the lowest amount of cellular proliferation, which is shown in the last bar of graph C. P and Q used separately should also decrease cell proliferation, which is what is shown in the second and third bars of graph C. Absence of both substances would lead to an increase in cellular proliferation, which is what is shown in the first bar of graph C.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b23098f1f78″ question_number=”14″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] The bos/seven receptor, shown below, is a receptor tyrosine kinase. This receptor is required for the differentiation of a particular cell, called R7. Like all receptor tyrosine kinases, the protein is inactive as a monomer. The binding of a ligand causes the monomeric form of the receptor to form a dimer (shown on the right). Dimerization causes phosphorylation of the receptor’s intracellular domain, activating the protein.
During protein synthesis and processing of the receptor, the extracellular domain is cleaved and a disulfide bridge forms between two cysteine amino acid residues. The disulfide bridge tethers the ligand-binding domain to the rest of the protein.

PART 1: Predict the effect of a mutation in the DNA for the receptor that resulted in changing one of the cysteine amino acid residues into an alanine. Justify your prediction.

PART 2: How would this mutation affect differentiation in cell type R7?

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBBUlQgMTo=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

Cg==

UEFSVCAyOg==[Qq] This would prevent the differentiation of the R7 cell type.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3b10692fff78″ question_number=”15″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] List four types of mutations and describe their effect upon the protein that the mutated DNA codes for.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3af6ccad3378″ question_number=”16″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] Bacteria reproduce asexually (through binary fission). Yet bacterial species can show significant genetic diversity. List and describe 4 processes that generate genetic diversity within bacteria.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

Cg==

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

Cg==

W05vdGUgdGhhdCBhbiBleGNlcHRpb25hbCBzdHVkZW50IG1pZ2h0IG1lbnRpb24gYSBmaWZ0aCBwcm9jZXNzOsKgIHRyYW5zcG9zaXRpb24uIFBpZWNlcyBvZiBETkEgY2FsbGVkIHRyYW5zcG9zb25zIGNhbiBqdW1wIGZyb20gb25lIHBvc2l0aW9uIHdpdGhpbiBhIGJhY3RlcmlhbCBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHRvIGFub3RoZXIuIFRyYW5zcG9zaXRpb24gY2FuIHJlc3VsdCBpbiBhIHRyYW5zcG9zb24gaW5zZXJ0aW5nIGl0c2VsZiB3aXRoaW4gYW5vdGhlciBnZW5lLCB3aGljaCBjYW4gYWx0ZXIgZ2VuZSBmdW5jdGlvbi4gVHJhbnNwb3NpdGlvbiwgaWYgaXQgaW52b2x2ZXMgcmVwbGljYXRpb24gb2YgdGhlIHRyYW5zcG9zb24sIGNhbiBhbHNvIGluY3JlYXNlIGJhY3RlcmlhbCBnZW5vbWUgc2l6ZS5d[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3ae42c4e1378″ question_number=”17″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] In Tay-Sachs disease, a genetic mutation in an enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A results in the build-up of a molecule called GM2 ganglioside. GM2 ganglioside buildup is toxic and ultimately fatal. Victims usually die before the age of five, and there is no treatment.

The table below shows a portion of a DNA sequence for a person with a normal version of beta-hexosaminidase A and for a person with the Tay-Sachs mutation.

	DNA nucleotide Sequence
Normal Individual	…GAGAGGTTT
A person with Tay-Sachs	…GAGGGGTTT

PART 1: Based on the DNA sequence above, list the amino acid sequence for an individual with Tay-Sachs. Use the genetic code chart below

PART 2: With reference to protein structure and amino acid chemistry, explain how the Tay-Sachs mutation affects the hexosaminidase A enzyme. Use the same chart listed above for reference.

PART 3: Part of the metabolic pathway connected with Tay-Sachs is shown below. Using this diagram, describe some of the effects of the Tay-Sachs mutation.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vdGUgdGhhdCB0aGUgdmFyaW91cyBwYXJ0cyBvZiB0aGUgYW5zd2VyIGNhbiBvY2N1ciBpbiBhbnkgb2YgdGhlIHNlY3Rpb25zIGJlbG93Lg==

Cg==

UEFSVCAxOg==[Qq] Leu-Pro-Lys

PART 2: The mutation changes only one amino acid: Serine to Proline. However, Serine (ser) has a polar side chain, while proline has a nonpolar side chain. Because a protein’s 3-D conformation (shape) is based on interactions between side chains, this single shift could change the shape of the enzyme. If this changes the enzyme’s active site, then the enzyme’s ability to break down its substrate could be affected. Since Tay-Sachs results in the buildup of a toxic substance that is normally broken down by the healthy version of the enzyme, then that is probably the molecular cause of Tay-Sachs disease.

PART 3: If the Tay-Sachs mutation has occurred and the Hex A enzyme has been affected, then it will not be able to break down the glycolipid into compound Q. Compound Q, in turn, will not be able to be converted into compounds S and T. Instead, compound Q will build up to toxic levels.

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3ac83bbf6378″ question_number=”18″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] Fungi have metabolic pathways that enable them to synthesize their own amino acids. This enables them to grow on a substance called minimal media (a gel that supports fungal growth, but which lacks any amino acids).

A mutant strain of fungus that could not grow on minimal media was discovered. This fungus was able to grow on minimal media to which all of the twenty amino acids were added. These observations are summarized in the diagram below.

In work that was done in the 1940s, George Beadle hypothesized that the abnormal fungus had a fault in a gene coding for the production of one amino acid. To determine which amino acid was involved, Beadle set up the following experiment involving 22 tubes.

Tube 1 had minimal media.
Tube 2 had minimal media, plus all 20 amino acids.
Tubes 3 to 22 had minimal media, plus one of the 20 amino acids, with each tube containing a different amino acid.

Spores from the mutant fungal strain were inoculated onto the media in each test tube

The tubes were incubated under the same conditions for several days and then examined.

Part A: Why were tubes 1 and 2 included in this experiment?

Part B: The amino acid histidine had been added to tube 12. What specific conclusion can be drawn about the mutant fungus based on this result?

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhcnQgQTogVHViZXMgMSBhbmQgMiBzZXJ2ZWQgYXMgY29udHJvbHMuIFR1YmUgMSBzaG93ZWQgdGhhdCB0aGUgbXV0YW50IGZ1bmd1cyBjb3VsZCBub3QgZ3JvdyBvbiBtaW5pbWFsIG1lZGlhLiBUdWJlIDIgc2hvd2VkIHRoYXQgdGhlIG11dGFudCBmdW5ndXMgd2FzIHZpYWJsZSB3aGVuIGdyb3duIG9uIGFsbCBhbWlubyBhY2lkcy4=

Cg==

UGFydCBCOiBUdWJlIDEyIHNob3dlZCB0aGF0IHRoZSBzaW5nbGUgbXV0YXRpb24gdGhhdCB0aGUgbXV0YW50IGZ1bmd1cyBsYWNrZWQgd2FzIHRoZSBhYmlsaXR5IHRvIHN5bnRoZXNpemUgaGlzdGlkaW5lLg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3ab347545f78″ question_number=”19″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] The diagram below illustrates the effect of a single point mutation in protein P. Protein P is normally an individual protein molecule found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. As a result of this mutation, protein P molecules will aggregate together forming chains. The binding that underlies this chain is represented by the letters M and S below. The black half-circle S represents a small hydrophobic cavity on one side of protein P. The black ball at M represents a cluster of hydrophobic R groups on the other side of protein P,

Provide a real-life example of this type of mutation and its effects. Identify the human disease with which it is associated.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGFuIGltYWdlIHNob3dpbmcgaG93IHRoaXMgd29ya3M6

Cg==

[Qq]

 

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3a99aad19378″ question_number=”20″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] In your new job at the Department of Interspecific Genetic Comparison, you’re told to use biochemical methods to compare two newly discovered bacterial species. What features might you compare?

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”false” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Practice FRQs|3a7dba42e378″ question_number=”21″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] The image below represents the pGLO plasmid, which is used both in research and in education.

As indicated, the plasmid contains a restriction site and three genes:

• amp^R: confers resistance to ampicillin, an antibiotic.
• gfp: encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP), which glows green (fluoresces) under ultraviolet (UV) light
• ara^C: encodes a protein required to promote the expression of GFP when arabinose, a disaccharide, is present

The results of a bacterial transformation experiment using the pGLO plasmid are shown in the table below.

PART 1: Explain the purpose of plates W and X.

PART 2: Explain why there is a lawn of bacteria on plate W, as opposed to only discrete colonies on plates Y and Z.

PART 3: Explain why only the bacteria on plate Z glow under ultraviolet light.

PART 4: Explain why there is no growth on plate X.

[c]IFNob3cgdGhl IGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBBUlQgMTo=IFRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIFcgaXMgdG8gc2hvdyB0aGF0IHRoZSA=RS4gY29saQ==IGJhY3RlcmlhIGFyZSBhbGl2ZSwgYW5kIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIFggaXMgdG8gZGVtb25zdHJhdGUgdGhhdCBiYWN0ZXJpYSB3aXRob3V0IHRoZSBwbGFzbWlkIGNhbiYjODIxNzt0IGdyb3cgb24gYSBwbGF0ZSB3aXRoIGFtcGljaWxsaW4u

Cg==

[Qq]PART 2: Any bacterium will grow on plate W. Because the nutrient agar has everything that E. coli needs, it grows everywhere it’s deposited (which is all over the plate). By contrast, only transformed bacteria that took up the plasmid (which contains an antibiotic resistance gene)will grow on plates with ampicillin. Because only a small proportion of the cells exposed to the plasmid will be transformed, the resulting growth will show up as discrete colonies (with every colony representing a successfully transformed cell).
PART 3: GFP is only expressed when the ara^C gene produces a regulatory protein that permits transcription of the GFP genes. araC, in turn, will only produce this regulatory protein in the presence of arabinose. While the details are somewhat more complicated, you can think of GFP as equivalent to the structural genes in an inducible operon, with arabinose as the inducer). Only plate Y has arabinose on the plate

PART 4: The bacteria on plate X are untransformed, which means they haven’t taken up the plasmid, which means that they lack the ampicillin resistance gene, and won’t grow in the presence of ampicillin.

[x][restart]
[/qwiz]

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Unit 6 Cumulative Practice Multiple Choice” dataset=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice” style=”min-height: 450px width: 650px !important;”][h]Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice Questions

[i]
[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|39903d860b78″ question_number=”1″ topic=”6.2.Replication”] The diagram below shows the amount of DNA per cell in a dividing cell. Which roman numeral would require the involvement of enzymes like DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase?

[c]IElJ IA==[Qq][c]IElJSSA=[Qq][c]IElWIA==[Qq][c]IFYg[Qq][c]IFZJ

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgRW56eW1lcyBsaWtlIEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlLCBoZWxpY2FzZSwgYW5kIGxpZ2FzZSB3b3VsZCBiZSBpbnZvbHZlZCBpbiB0aGUgc3ludGhlc2lzIG9mIEROQSB0aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgZHVyaW5nIGludGVycGhhc2UgMSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgc2hvd24gaW4gc3RlcCBJSS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBdCAmIzgyMjA7SUlJJiM4MjIxOyB0aGUgbGluZSBpcyBmbGF0LCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIHRoYXQgdGhlIGFtb3VudCBvZiBETkEgaXMgc3RheWluZyBjb25zdGFudCBvdmVyIHRpbWUuIFRoZSBlbnp5bWVzIG1lbnRpb25lZCBhYm92ZSBhcmUgYWxsIGludm9sdmVkIGluIEROQSBzeW50aGVzaXMuIFN5bnRoZXNpcyA=aW5jcmVhc2VzIHRoZSBhbW91bnQgb2YgRE5BLiBXaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIG9ubHkgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGFtb3VudCBvZiBETkEgZ29pbmcgdXA/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBdCAmIzgyMjA7SVYmIzgyMjE7IHRoZSBsaW5lIGlzIGZsYXQsIGluZGljYXRpbmcgdGhhdCB0aGUgYW1vdW50IG9mIEROQSBpcyBzdGF5aW5nIGNvbnN0YW50IG92ZXIgdGltZS4gVGhlIGVuenltZXMgbWVudGlvbmVkIGFib3ZlIGFyZSBhbGwgaW52b2x2ZWQgaW4gRE5BIHN5bnRoZXNpcy4gU3ludGhlc2lzIA==aW5jcmVhc2VzIHRoZSBhbW91bnQgb2YgRE5BLiBXaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIG9ubHkgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGFtb3VudCBvZiBETkEgZ29pbmcgdXA/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBdCAmIzgyMjA7ViYjODIyMTsgdGhlIGxpbmUgaXMgc2xvcGluZyBkb3dud2FyZCwgaW5kaWNhdGluZyB0aGF0IHRoZSBhbW91bnQgb2YgRE5BIGlzIGRlY3JlYXNpbmcgb3ZlciB0aW1lLiBUaGUgZW56eW1lcyBtZW50aW9uZWQgYWJvdmUgYXJlIGFsbCBpbnZvbHZlZCBpbiBETkEgc3ludGhlc2lzLiBTeW50aGVzaXMgaW5jcmVhc2VzIHRoZSBhbW91bnQgb2YgRE5BLiBXaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIG9ubHkgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGFtb3VudCBvZiBETkEgZ29pbmcgdXA/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBdCAmIzgyMjA7VkkmIzgyMjE7IHRoZSBsaW5lIGlzIGZsYXQsIGluZGljYXRpbmcgdGhhdCB0aGUgYW1vdW50IG9mIEROQSBpcyBzdGF5aW5nIGNvbnN0YW50IG92ZXIgdGltZS4gVGhlIGVuenltZXMgbWVudGlvbmVkIGFib3ZlIGFyZSBhbGwgaW52b2x2ZWQgaW4gRE5BIHN5bnRoZXNpcy4gU3ludGhlc2lzIA==aW5jcmVhc2VzIHRoZSBhbW91bnQgb2YgRE5BLiBXaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIG9ubHkgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGFtb3VudCBvZiBETkEgZ29pbmcgdXA/[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|39744cf75b78″ question_number=”2″ topic=”6.2.Replication”] The diagram below represents a sequence from two DNA molecules from the same species of bacteria. In an experimental protocol, the bacteria were first grown for several generations in a medium containing non-radioactive nitrogen (¹⁴N). Subsequently, a fraction of the bacteria were transferred to a medium containing radioactive nitrogen(¹⁵N).

Which of the diagrams below best represents the DNA molecules produced after the bacteria were transferred to radioactive nitrogen and then allowed to proceed through one replication cycle.

[c]IEEg[Qq][c]IEIg[Qq][c]IEMg[Qq][c]IE Q=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNb2RlbCBBIHNob3dzIHRoZSB0d28gZGF1Z2h0ZXIgc3RyYW5kcyB0aGF0IHJlc3VsdCBmcm9tIEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiBhcyBjb25zaXN0aW5nIG9mIG9uZSBkb3VibGUtc3RyYW5kZWQgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY29uc2lzdGluZyBlbnRpcmVseSBvZiBETkEgbWFkZSBmcm9tIA==^MTQ=TiAodGhlIGxpZ2h0ZXIgb25lIG9uIHRoZSBsZWZ0KSwgYW5kIHRoZSBvdGhlciBvbmUgZW50aXJlbHkgbWFkZSBvZiA=^MTU=TiAodGhlIGRhcmtlciBvbmUgb24gdGhlIHJpZ2h0KS4gQnV0IHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBub3QgaG93IEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiB3b3Jrcy4gV2hlbiBETkEgcmVwbGljYXRlcyBpdHNlbGYsIHRoZSBETkEgJiM4MjIwO3VuemlwcyYjODIyMTsgYW5kIGVhY2ggc3RyYW5kIHN1YnNlcXVlbnRseSBhY3RzIGFzIGEgdGVtcGxhdGUgZm9yIHRoZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgYSBuZXcgY29tcGxlbWVudGFyeSBzdHJhbmQuIFRoZSByZXN1bHRpbmcgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgc3RyYW5kcyB3aWxsIGVhY2ggYmUgaGFsZiBvbGQgYW5kIGhhbGYgbmV3LiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHdoaWNoIGRpYWdyYW0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGlzIGNvcnJlY3QgbW9kZWwu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNb2RlbCBCIHNob3dzIHRoZSB0d28gZGF1Z2h0ZXIgc3RyYW5kcyB0aGF0IHJlc3VsdCBmcm9tIEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiBhcyBjb25zaXN0aW5nIGVudGlyZWx5IG9mIEROQSBtYWRlIGZyb20g^MTU=Ti4gQnV0IHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBub3QgaG93IEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiB3b3Jrcy4gV2hlbiBETkEgcmVwbGljYXRlcyBpdHNlbGYsIHRoZSBETkEgJiM4MjIwO3VuemlwcyYjODIyMTsgYW5kIGVhY2ggc3RyYW5kIHN1YnNlcXVlbnRseSBhY3RzIGFzIGEgdGVtcGxhdGUgZm9yIHRoZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgYSBuZXcgY29tcGxlbWVudGFyeSBzdHJhbmQuIFRoZSByZXN1bHRpbmcgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgc3RyYW5kcyB3aWxsIGVhY2ggYmUgaGFsZiBvbGQgYW5kIGhhbGYgbmV3LiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHdoaWNoIGRpYWdyYW0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGlzIGNvcnJlY3QgbW9kZWwu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNb2RlbCBDIGhhcyB0d28ga2V5IGZlYXR1cmVzOiAxKSBJdCBzaG93cyB0aGUgdHdvIGRhdWdodGVyIHN0cmFuZHMgdGhhdCByZXN1bHQgZnJvbSBETkEgcmVwbGljYXRpb24gYXMgY29uc2lzdGluZyBvZiBhIG1peHR1cmUgb2YgRE5BIG1hZGUgZnJvbSA=^MTU=TiBhbmQg^MTQ=TiwgYW5kIGl0IHNob3dzIGVhY2ggaW5kaXZpZHVhbCBzdHJhbmQgY29uc2lzdGluZyBvZiBib3RoIA==^[Qq]15N and ¹⁴N. But that’s not how DNA replication works. When DNA replicates itself, the DNA “unzips” and each strand subsequently acts as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. The resulting daughter strands will each be half old and half new. See if you can figure out which diagram represents this correct model.

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBNb2RlbCBEIGNvcnJlY3RseSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHdoYXQgaGFwcGVucyBkdXJpbmcgRE5BIHJlcGxpY2F0aW9uLCB3aXRoIGVhY2ggZGF1Z2h0ZXIgc3RyYW5kIGNvbnNpc3Rpbmcgb2Ygb25lIG9mIHRoZSBvcmlnaW5hbCBwYXJlbnQgc3RyYW5kcyBhbmQgb25lIG5ldyBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHN0cmFuZC4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|394113f1c378″ question_number=”3″ topic=”6.2.Replication”] The diagram below represents a sequence from two DNA molecules from the same species of bacteria. In the experiment’s protocol, the bacteria were first grown for several generations in a medium containing non-radioactive nitrogen. Subsequently, a fraction of the bacteria were transferred to a medium containing radioactive nitrogen.

One of the diagrams below correctly represents the DNA molecules that would be produced after the bacteria were transferred to radioactive nitrogen and then allowed to proceed through one replication cycle.

This model is called

[c]IGNvbnNlcnZhdGl2ZQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IGRpc3BlcnNpdmU=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IHNlbWktY29u c2VydmF0aXZl[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iISBETkEgcmVwbGljYXRpb24gaXMgYmVzdCBkZXNjcmliZWQgYXMgc2VtaS1jb25zZXJ2YXRpdmU=LCBhbmQgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBzaG93biBieSBtb2RlbCBELiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYW5vdGhlciByZXByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiBvZiBzZW1pLWNvbnNlcnZhdGl2ZSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IGludGVyZHVwbGljYXRpdmU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGVuIEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGVzIGl0c2VsZiwgdGhlIEROQSAmIzgyMjA7dW56aXBzJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgZWFjaCBzdHJhbmQgc3Vic2VxdWVudGx5IGFjdHMgYXMgYSB0ZW1wbGF0ZSBmb3IgdGhlIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBhIG5ldyBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHN0cmFuZC4gVGhlIHJlc3VsdGluZyBkYXVnaHRlciBzdHJhbmRzIHdpbGwgZWFjaCBiZSBoYWxmIG9sZCBhbmQgaGFsZiBuZXcgKHdpdGggb25lIHN0cmFuZCBpbiBlYWNoIG1vbGVjdWxlIGVudGlyZWx5IG9sZCwgYW5kIG9uZSBzdHJhbmQgZW50aXJlbHkgbmV3KS4gV2hhdCYjODIxNztzIGEgbG9naWNhbCBuYW1lIGZvciB0aGlzIChjb3JyZWN0KSBtb2RlbCBvZiByZXBsaWNhdGlvbj8=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|392523631378″ question_number=”4″ topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] To answer this question, you can use this genetic code table:

The next amino acid that would result from the process below would be

[c]IGd1YW5pbmUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgdGhlIDNyZCBhbWlubyBhY2lkIGJ5IGlkZW50aWZ5aW5nIHRoZSBuZXh0IGNvZG9uLiBJdCYjODIxNztzIEFBRy4gV2hlbiB5b3UgbG9vayB1cCBBQUcgaW4gYSBnZW5ldGljIGNvZGUgdGFibGUgd2hhdCBhbWlubyBhY2lkIGRvIHlvdSBnZXQ/[Qq]

[c]IGx5c2 luZS4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVGhlIG5leHQgY29kb24gaXMgQUFHLCB3aGljaCBpcyB0cmFuc2xhdGVkIGludG8gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgbHlzaW5lLg==[Qq]

[c]IGN5c3RlaW5lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgdGhlIG5leHQgYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBieSBpZGVudGlmeWluZyB0aGUgbmV4dCBjb2Rvbi4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyBBQUcuIFdoZW4geW91IGxvb2sgdXAgQUFHIGluIGEgZ2VuZXRpYyBjb2RlIHRhYmxlLCB3aGF0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgZG8geW91IGdldD8=[Qq]

[c]IHByb2xpbmUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgdGhlIG5leHQgYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBieSBpZGVudGlmeWluZyB0aGUgbmV4dCBjb2Rvbi4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyBBQUcuIFdoZW4geW91IGxvb2sgdXAgQUFHIGluIGEgZ2VuZXRpYyBjb2RlIHRhYmxlLCB3aGF0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgZG8geW91IGdldD8=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|390932d46378″ question_number=”5″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] Transcription converts

[c]IFJOQSBpbnRvIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiA=VHJhbnNsYXRpb24=IGNvbnZlcnRzIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGluIFJOQSBpbnRvIHNlcXVlbmNlcyBvZiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcywgd2hpY2ggbWFrZSB1cCBwcm90ZWluLiBXaGF0IGRvZXMgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBkbz8=[Qq]

[c]IHByb3RlaW4gaW50byBSTkEu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG5vIGJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgcHJvY2VzcyB0aGF0IG1vdmVzIGZyb20gcHJvdGVpbiB0byBSTkEu[Qq]

[c]IEROQSBpbn RvIFJOQS4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBjb252ZXJ0cyBETkEgaW50byBSTkEu[Qq]

[c]IGNvZG9uIHNlcXVlbmNlcyBpbnRvIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc2VxdWVuY2VzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDb2RvbiBzZXF1ZW5jZXMgYXJlIHRyYW5zbGF0ZWQgaW50byBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHNlcXVlbmNlcyBkdXJpbmcgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgaGFwcGVucyBkdXJpbmcgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|38ed4245b378″ question_number=”6″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] In eukaryotic cells, transcription moves information from ________ to _________.

[c]IHRoZSBudWNsZXVzICYjODIz MDsgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBJbiBldWthcnlvdGljIGNlbGxzLCB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIG1vdmVzIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGZyb20gRE5BIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZXVzIHRvIFJOQSwgd2hpY2ggZ29lcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20u[Qq]

[c]IHJpYm9zb21lcyAmIzgyMzA7IHByb3RlaW5z[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgY29ubmVjdGlvbiBiZXR3ZWVuIHJpYm9zb21lcyBhbmQgcHJvdGVpbnMgaXMgbW9yZSByZWxhdGVkIHRvIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uLiBJbiBhbnkgY2FzZSwgcmlib3NvbWVzIGRvbiYjODIxNzt0IGhhdmUgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24sIHRoZXkgdHJhbnNsYXRlIGl0LiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGludm9sdmVzIEROQSwgd2hpY2ggbWFrZXMgdXAgY2hyb21vc29tZXMuIFdoZXJlIGFyZSB0aG9zZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBmb3VuZD8=[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gJiM4MjMwOy4gdGhlIG51Y2xldXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEdXJpbmcgbWFueSBjZWxsIHNpZ25hbGluZyBwcm9jZXNzZXMsIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIG1vdmVzIGZyb20gdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSB0byB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cy4gQnV0IG5vdCBpbiB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGludm9sdmVzIEROQSwgd2hpY2ggbWFrZXMgdXAgY2hyb21vc29tZXMuIFdoZXJlIGFyZSB0aG9zZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBmb3VuZD8=[Qq]

[c]IGNvZG9uIHNlcXVlbmNlcyAmIzgyMzA7IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc2VxdWVuY2Vz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgYSBnb29kIGRlZmluaXRpb24gZm9yIHRoZSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiB0cmFuc2ZlciB0aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgZHVyaW5nIA==dHJhbnNsYXRpb24=IChvciBwcm90ZWluIHN5bnRoZXNpcykuIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQ6IHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24gaW52b2x2ZXMgRE5BLCB3aGljaCBtYWtlcyB1cCBjaHJvbW9zb21lcy4gV2hlcmUgYXJlIHRob3NlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGZvdW5kPw==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|38cefdab1f78″ question_number=”7″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] If you wanted to genetically engineer bacteria that could synthesize the same protein that’s being synthesized below, the sequence you would insert in these bacteria would be

[c]IFRBQyBUQUMgR0dDIENUQyBDVEcgQ0NUIEdHRyBHR0EgQ1RBIEFDVA==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgaG93IHRvIGRvIHRoaXMu

Cg==

SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIHRoZSBtUk5BIGZyb20gc3RhZ2UgSUku

Cg==

[Qq]

Now use the base pairing rules between RNA and DNA to figure out the DNA: A bonds with T, U with A, C with G, and G with C. The first DNA bases (organized into triplets) will be

TAC TAC GGC …

[c]IFRBQyBUQUMgR0dDIENUVCBDVEcgQ0NUIENDQyBHR0EgQ1RBIEFDVA==[Qq]

[f]SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIHRoZSBtUk5BIGZyb20gc3RhZ2UgSUku

Cg==

Cg==

[Qq]Now use the base pairing rules between RNA and DNA to figure out the DNA: A bonds with T, U with A, C with G, and G with C. The first DNA bases (organized into triplets) will be

TAC TAC GGC …

[c]IFRBQyBUQUMgR0dDIENUVCBDVEcg Q0NUIEdHRyBHR1QgQ1RBIEFDVA==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gWW91JiM4MjE3O3ZlIHVzZWQgdGhlIGJhc2UtcGFpcmluZyBydWxlcyBiZXR3ZWVuIFJOQSBhbmQgRE5BIHRvIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgdGhlIEROQSAoIEEgYm9uZHMgd2l0aCBULCBVIHdpdGggQSwgQyB3aXRoIEcsIGFuZCBHIHdpdGggQyk=[Qq]

[c]IEl0IGNhbiYjODIxNzt0IGJlIGRldGVybWluZWQgYmVjYXVzZSB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IHNob3cgdGhlIHNlcXVlbmNlIG9mIHRoZSBpbnRyb24gRE5BIHRoYXQgd2FzIHJlbW92ZWQgYXQgc3RlcCBGIGluIHN0YWdlIEku[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|38b561285378″ question_number=”8″ topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] In the diagram below, step E directly results in the production of

[c]IG1lc3NlbmdlciBSTkEu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdGVwICYjODIyMDtFJiM4MjIxOyA=ZG9lcw==IHByb2R1Y2UgUk5BLCBidXQgdGhhdCBSTkEgaGFzIHRvIGJlIHByb2Nlc3NlZCBiZWZvcmUgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyByZWFkeSB0byBiZSBtZXNzZW5nZXIgUk5BIGFuZCByZWFkIGJ5IGEgcmlib3NvbWUuIFdoYXQgd291bGQgY29tZSA=YmVmb3JlIG1STkE/[Qq]

[c]IHByZS1tZXNzZW 5nZXIgUk5BLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gV2hhdCB5b3UgaGF2ZSBhZnRlciAmIzgyMjA7RSYjODIyMTsgaXMgYSByYXcgUk5BIHRyYW5zY3JpcHQgY2FsbGVkIHByZS1tUk5BLiBJdCBzdGlsbCBoYXMgdG8gYmUgcHJvY2Vzc2VkIGJlZm9yZSBpdCBjYW4gYmUgbVJOQSwgcmVhZHkgdG8gYmUgcmVhZCBieSBhIHJpYm9zb21lLg==[Qq]

[c]IGEgcG9seXBlcHRpZGUgY2hhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQb2x5cGVwdGlkZSBjaGFpbnMgYXJlIHNlcXVlbmNlcyBvZiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcywgYW5kIHRoYXQgaGFzIHRvIGRvIHdpdGggcHJvdGVpbnMuIEhlcmUsIHlvdXIgYW5zd2VyIGlzIGdvaW5nIHRvIGJlIHNvbWUgdHlwZSBvZiBSTkEu[Qq]

[c]IGNvbXBsZW1lbnRhcnkgRE5BIChjRE5BKS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IEROQSBpcyB1c2VkIGluIGdlbmV0aWMgZW5naW5lZXJpbmcgdG8gcHJvZHVjZSBldWthcnlvdGljIEROQSB0aGF0IGNhbiBiZSBwbGFjZWQgaW5zaWRlIGJhY3RlcmlhbCBjZWxscyBmb3IgcmVwbGljYXRpb24sIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24sIGFuZCB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbi4gV2hhdCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgaGVyZSBpcyB0aGUgZmlyc3QgcmVzdWx0IG9mIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24u[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|389bc4a58778″ question_number=”9″ topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] The following image shows a sequence of nucleic acid bases coding for a sequence of amino acids. The third amino acid in the sequence (lysine) has been filled in.

The sequence of nucleic acid bases on the top line of the image above makes up

[c]IEROQQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJlc2VuY2Ugb2YgdGhlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgdXJhY2lsIChVKSB0ZWxscyB5b3UgdGhhdCB0aGlzIGNhbiYjODIxNzt0IGJlIEROQS4gV2hhdCBudWNsZWljIGFjaWQgY29udGFpbnMgdXJhY2lsLCBhbmQgZ2V0cyB0cmFuc2xhdGVkIGludG8gYW1pbm8gYWNpZHM/[Qq]

[c]IHRSTkE=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgcmlnaHQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIFJOQSBwYXJ0LCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3ZlIGNob3NlbiB0aGUgd3JvbmcgdHlwZSBvZiBSTkEuIFdoYXQgdHlwZSBvZiBSTkEgZ2V0cyB0cmFuc2xhdGVkIGludG8gYW1pbm8gYWNpZHM/[Qq]

[c]IHJSTkE=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgcmlnaHQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIFJOQSBwYXJ0LCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3ZlIGNob3NlbiB0aGUgd3JvbmcgdHlwZSBvZiBSTkEuIFdoYXQgdHlwZSBvZiBSTkEgZ2V0cyB0cmFuc2xhdGVkIGludG8gYW1pbm8gYWNpZHM/[Qq]

[c]IG1S TkE=[Qq]

[f]IEZhbnRhc3RpYy4gbVJOQSBpcyB0aGUgbnVjbGVpYyBhY2lkIHRoYXQgZ2V0cyB0cmFuc2xhdGVkIGludG8gcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IFJOQWk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSTkFpIGlzIGFtYXppbmcgc3R1ZmYsIHJlc3BvbnNpYmxlIGZvciBhbGwgdHlwZSBvZiBlcGlnZW5ldGljIGVmZmVjdHMmIzgyMzA7YnV0IGl0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IHRoZSBSTkEgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yLiBXaGF0IHR5cGUgb2YgUk5BIGdldHMgdHJhbnNsYXRlZCBpbnRvIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzPw==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|387fd416d778″ question_number=”10″ topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] A team of biologists is studying gene expression in rat liver tissue. They find that two different proteins with different structures were translated from two different mRNAs. When they traced the source of the mRNA, however, they found that both mRNAs were transcribed from the same gene in the cell’s nucleus. Which of the following explanation best accounts for what the team has uncovered?

[c]IFRoZSBnZW5lIG1pZ2h0IGhhdmUgYmVlbiBhbHRlcmVkIGJ5IGEgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgZnVuY3Rpb25zIG9mIGVhY2ggcHJvdGVpbiByZXF1aXJlIHRoZW0gdG8gaGF2ZSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgdW5kZXJseWluZyBSTkFzIHRoYXQgY29kZSBmb3IgdGhlbS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGUgY2VudHJhbCBkb2dtYSBvZiBtb2xlY3VsYXIgYmlvbG9neTogRE5BIG1ha2VzIFJOQSBtYWtlcyBwcm90ZWluLiBUaGlzIGNob2ljZSBpcyBwcm9wb3NpbmcgYSBwcm9jZXNzIHRoYXQgdmlvbGF0ZXMgdGhpcyBrZXkgaWRlYS4gVGhlIG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIHRoaW5rIGFib3V0IGdlbmUgZXhwcmVzc2lvbiBpbiBldWthcnlvdGVzIGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiByZW1lbWJlciBhIG1lY2hhbmlzbSBieSB3aGljaCB0d28gUk5BcyBjb3VsZCByZXN1bHQgZnJvbSBvbmUgZ2VuZS4=[Qq]

[c]IERpZmZlcmVudCBzeXN0ZW1zIG9mIGhpc3RvbmUgYWNldHlsYXRpb24gY291bGQgcmVzdWx0IGluIHR3byBkaWZmZXJlbnQgbVJOQXMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEaWZmZXJlbnQgcGF0dGVybnMgb2YgaGlzdG9uZSBhY2V0eWxhdGlvbiBjYW4gcmVzdWx0IGluIGRpZmZlcmVudCBwYXR0ZXJucyBvZiBnZW5lIGV4cHJlc3Npb24sIGJ1dCBpdCB3b3VsZG4mIzgyMTc7dCBwcm9kdWNlIHR3byBtUk5BcyBmcm9tIG9uZSBnZW5lLiBUaGUgbmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwgdGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgZ2VuZSBleHByZXNzaW9uIGluIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIHJlbWVtYmVyIGEgbWVjaGFuaXNtIGJ5IHdoaWNoIHR3byBSTkFzIGNvdWxkIHJlc3VsdCBmcm9tIG9uZSBnZW5lLg==[Qq]

[c]IER1cmluZyBwcmUtbVJOQSBwcm9jZXNzaW5nLCBleG9ucyBjb3VsZCBiZSBzcGxpY2Vk IHRvZ2V0aGVyIGluIHZhcmlvdXMgd2F5cyB0byBtYWtlIGRpZmZlcmVudCBtUk5Bcy4=[Qq]

[f]IFdheSB0byBnbyEgSWYgb25lIGdlbmUgaXMgcmVzdWx0aW5nIGluIHR3byBtUk5BcywgdGhlbiB3aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgaGFwcGVuaW5nIGlzIGFsdGVybmF0aXZlIHNwbGljaW5nIG9mIFJOQS4gVGhlc2UgZGlmZmVyZW50IFJOQXMgd291bGQgdGhlbiBnbyBvbiB0byBiZSB0cmFuc2xhdGVkIGFzIGRpc3RpbmN0IHByb3RlaW5zLg==[Qq]

[c]IE9uZSBzZXQgb2Ygcmlib3NvbWVzIHJlYWQgdGhlIG1STkEgaW4gdGhlIDUmIzgyNDI7IHRvIDMmIzgyNDI7IGRpcmVjdGlvbi4gQW5vdGhlciBzZXQgcmVhZHMgdGhlbSBpbiB0aGUgMyYjODI0MjsgdG8gNSYjODI0MjsgZGlyZWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbGwgcmlib3NvbWVzICh3aGV0aGVyIGluIGFuIA==RS4gY29saQ==IGJhY3Rlcml1bSBvciBhbiBvcmNoaWQpIHJlYWQgbVJOQSBpbiB0aGUgNSYjODI0MjsgdG8gMyYjODI0MjsgZGlyZWN0aW9uLiBUaGUgbmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwgdGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgZ2VuZSBleHByZXNzaW9uIGluIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIHJlbWVtYmVyIGEgbWVjaGFuaXNtIGJ5IHdoaWNoIHR3byBSTkFzIGNvdWxkIHJlc3VsdCBmcm9tIG9uZSBnZW5lLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.4.Translation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|386637940b78″ question_number=”11″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] In eukaryotic cells, translation moves information from ________ to _________.

[c]IHRoZSBudWNsZXVzICYjODIzMDsgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUcmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGlzIHRoZSBwcm9jZXNzIHRoYXQgbW92ZXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gZnJvbSB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cyB0byB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtLg==[Qq]

[c]IHJpYm9zb21lcyAmIzgyMzA7IHByb3RlaW5z[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIG9uIHRoZSByaWdodCB0cmFjay4gUmlib3NvbWVzIGFyZSB0aGUgdHJhbnNsYXRvcnMsIGJ1dCB0aGV5IGRvbiYjODIxNzt0IHByb3ZpZGUgdGhlIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIHRoYXQgZ2V0cyB0cmFuc2xhdGVkLiBUaGF0IGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGlzIGluIG1STkEsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIGluIDMgYmFzZSB1bml0cy4gV2hhdCBhcmUgdGhvc2UgdW5pdHMgY2FsbGVkPw==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gJiM4MjMwOy4gdGhlIG51Y2xldXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEdXJpbmcgbWFueSBjZWxsIHNpZ25hbGluZyBwcm9jZXNzZXMsIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIG1vdmVzIGZyb20gdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSB0byB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cy4gQnV0IG5vdCBpbiB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbi4gQ2hvb3NlIGFub3RoZXIgYW5zd2VyIG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u[Qq]

[c]IGNvZG9uIHNlcXVlbmNlcyAmIzgyMz A7IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc2VxdWVuY2Vz[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBUcmFuc2xhdGlvbiBtb3ZlcyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBmcm9tIA==Y29kb24gc2VxdWVuY2VzIGluIG1STkEgdG8gYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBzZXF1ZW5jZXMgaW4gcG9seXBlcHRpZGVzLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|384a47055b78″ question_number=”12″ topic=”6.4.Translation”] In the diagram below, an anti-codon is indicated by

[c]IGdyb3 VwIEgu[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UhIEdyb3VwIEggaXMgYW4gYW50aSBjb2Rvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IHByb2R1Y3QgRy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHIGlzIG1STkEuIEFuIGFudGljb2RvbiBpcyBhIHNob3J0IHN0cmV0Y2ggb2YgUk5BIG9uIGEgdFJOQS5UaGUgYW50aWNvZG9uIGNvbXBsZW1lbnRzIGEgY29kb24uIEZpbmQgYSB0Uk5BLCBhbmQgeW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIGhhdmUgeW91ciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[c]IHN0cnVjdHVyZSBLLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBLIGlzIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4gQW4gYW50aWNvZG9uIGlzIGEgc2hvcnQgc3RyZXRjaCBvZiBSTkEgb24gYSB0Uk5BLiBUaGUgYW50aWNvZG9uIGNvbXBsZW1lbnRzIGEgY29kb24uIEZpbmQgYSB0Uk5BLCBhbmQgeW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIGhhdmUgeW91ciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[c]IGJvbmQgSi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCb25kICYjODIyMDtKJiM4MjIxOyBpcyBhIHBlcHRpZGUgYm9uZCwgYSBib25kIHRoYXQgaG9sZHMgcHJvdGVpbnMgdG9nZXRoZXIuIEFuIGFudGljb2RvbiBpcyBhIHNob3J0IHN0cmV0Y2ggb2YgUk5BIG9uIGEgdFJOQS4gVGhlIGFudGljb2RvbiBjb21wbGVtZW50cyBhIGNvZG9uLiBGaW5kIGEgdFJOQSwgYW5kIHlvdSYjODIxNztsbCBoYXZlIHlvdXIgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.4.Translation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|382e5676ab78″ question_number=”13″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] Which of the choices below correctly shows the sequence of processes that was carried out by the structure labeled “X” before it arrived at its current position?

[c]IENvbWJpbmluZyB3aXRoIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgYW5kIHRoZW4gYmluZGluZyB0byBhbiBhbnRpY29kb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHJ1Y3R1cmUgWCBpcyBjYXJyeWluZyBhbiBhbWlubyBhY2lkLCBidXQgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggYSBzZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiAzIGxldHRlcnMgb24gbVJOQS4gV2hhdCBhcmUgdGhvc2UgdGhyZWUgbGV0dGVyIHNlcXVlbmNlcyBjYWxsZWQ/[Qq]

[c]IEJpbmRpbmcgdG8gYW4gYW50aWNvZG9uIGFuZCB0aGVuIGNvbWJpbmluZyB3aXRoIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHJ1Y3R1cmUgWCBpcyA=Y2Fycnlpbmc=IGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIGJpbmRpbmcgd2l0aCBhIHNlcXVlbmNlIG9mIDMgbGV0dGVycyBvbiBtUk5BPyBXaGF0IGFyZSB0aG9zZSB0aHJlZSBsZXR0ZXIgc2VxdWVuY2VzIGNhbGxlZD8=[Qq]

[c]IEJpbmRpbmcgdG8gYSBjb2RvbiBhbmQgdGhlbiBjb21iaW5pbmcgd2l0aCBhbiBhbWlubyBhY2lkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIHZlcnkgY2xvc2UuIFRoZSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgYXQgWCBpcyBhIHRSTkEsIGFuZCBpdCBkb2VzIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBib3RoIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgYW5kIGEgY29kb24uIFlvdSBqdXN0IG5lZWQgdG8gZ2V0IHRoZSBzZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiBldmVudHMgcmlnaHQu[Qq]

[c]IENvbWJpbmluZyB3aXRoIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQg YW5kIHRoZW4gYmluZGluZyB0byBhIGNvZG9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIFRoZSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgYXQgWCBpcyBhIHRSTkEuIEl0IGZpcnN0IGJpbmRzIHdpdGggYW4gYW1pbm8gYWNpZCwgYW5kIHRoZW4gaXQgYmluZHMgd2l0aCBhIGNvZG9uIG9uIHRoZSBtUk5BLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.4.Translation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|381265e7fb78″ question_number=”14″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] Which process is occurring below?

[c]IEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiB0aGlzIHdlcmUgRE5BIHJlcGxpY2F0aW9uLCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7ZCBzZWUgYSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiBmb3JrLCBudWNsZW90aWRlcywgYW5kIGFsbCB0eXBlcyBvZiBlbnp5bWVzLiBIZXJlIHdoYXQgeW91IHNlZSBpcyBhIHJpYm9zb21lLCBtUk5BLCBhbmQgYSB0Uk5BIGNhcnJ5aW5nIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQuIFdoYXQgcHJvY2VzcyBhcmUgdGhlc2UgaW52b2x2ZWQgd2l0aD8=[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24gb2YgRE5BIGludG8gUk5B[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiB0aGlzIHdlcmUgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBETkEgaW50byBSTkEsIHlvdSYjODIxNztkIHNlZSBETkEsIFJOQSwgYW5kIGVuenltZXMgbGlrZSBSTkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZS4gSGVyZSB3aGF0IHlvdSBzZWUgaXMgYSByaWJvc29tZSwgbVJOQSwgYW5kIGEgdFJOQSBjYXJyeWluZyBhbiBhbWlubyBhY2lkLiBXaGF0IHByb2Nlc3MgYXJlIHRoZXNlIGludm9sdmVkIHdpdGg/[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24gb2YgUk5BIGludG8gcHJvdGVpbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUcmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGludm9sdmVzIGNoYW5naW5nIEROQSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbnRvIFJOQSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gSGVyZSB3aGF0IHlvdSBzZWUgaXMgYSByaWJvc29tZSwgbVJOQSwgYW5kIGEgdFJOQSBjYXJyeWluZyBhbiBhbWlubyBhY2lkLiBXaGF0IHByb2Nlc3MgYXJlIHRoZXNlIGludm9sdmVkIHdpdGg/[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uIG9mIF JOQSBpbnRvIHByb3RlaW4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgVGhlIGltYWdlIGFib3ZlIHNob3dzIGEgcmlib3NvbWUgdHJhbnNsYXRpbmcgUk5BIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGludG8gcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” topic=”6.4.Translation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|37f4214d6778″ question_number=”15″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation”] The structure labeled “X” below is a(n)

[c]IHBvbHlwZXB0aWRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHBvbHlwZXB0aWRlIGlzIGEgY2hhaW4gb2YgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMsIGNvbm5lY3RlZCBieSBwZXB0aWRlIGJvbmRzLiBBYm92ZSwgYWxsIHlvdSBzZWUgaXMgb25lIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgYXR0YWNoZWQgdG8gc3RydWN0dXJlIFguIER1cmluZyBwcm90ZWluIHN5bnRoZXNpcywgd2hhdCBtb2xlY3VsZSBicmluZ3MgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgdG8gdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lPw==[Qq]

[c]IHRS TkEu[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISAmIzgyMjA7WCYjODIyMTsgaXMgYSB0Uk5BLg==[Qq]

[c]IG1STkEu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbVJOQSBpcyB0aGUgc2luZ2xlIHN0cmFuZGVkIG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZCB3aXRoIGl0cyA1JiM4MjQyOyBhbmQgMyYjODI0MjsgZW5kcyBsYWJlbGVkLiAmIzgyMjA7WCYjODIyMTsgaXMgd2hhdCBicmluZ3MgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgdG8gdGhlIG1STkEgYXQgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lLg==[Qq]

[c]IHJSTkEu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgclJOQSBpcyB3aGF0IG1ha2VzIHVwIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4gJiM4MjIwO1gmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHdoYXQgYnJpbmdzIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIHRoZSBtUk5BIGF0IHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|37d830beb778″ question_number=”16″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] The nucleotide sequence below is part of the template strand for the gene coding protein Q.

The “G” on the left is at the 5′ end, and the A on the right is at the 3′ end. What is the second amino acid that this DNA is coding for? You can use the genetic code below to find the answer.

[c]IEdsbiAoZ2x1dGFtaW5lKQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2Vjb25kIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgd2lsbCBiZSB0aGUgb25lIGNvZGVkIGZvciBmcm9tIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgdHJpcGxldC4gQ0dULiBGaW5kIHRoZSBtUk5BIGNvbXBsZW1lbnQgb2YgQ0dULCBhbmQgdGhlbiBsb29rIHRoYXQgdXAgaW4gdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZSBjaGFydC4=[Qq]

[c]IEFsYSAoYW xhbmluZSk=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ0dUIGluIEROQSBnZXRzIHRyYW5zY3JpYmVkIGludG8gR0NBIGluIG1STkEsIHdoaWNoIGNvZGVzIGZvciBBbGFuaW5lLg==[Qq]

[c]IEdseSAoZ2x5Y2luZSku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2Vjb25kIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgd2lsbCBiZSB0aGUgb25lIGNvZGVkIGZvciBmcm9tIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgdHJpcGxldC4gQ0dULiBGaW5kIHRoZSBtUk5BIGNvbXBsZW1lbnQgb2YgQ0dULCBhbmQgdGhlbiBsb29rIHRoYXQgdXAgaW4gdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZSBjaGFydC4=[Qq]

[c]IEdsbiAoZ2x1dGFtaW5lKQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2Vjb25kIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgd2lsbCBiZSB0aGUgb25lIGNvZGVkIGZvciBmcm9tIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgdHJpcGxldC4gQ0dULiBGaW5kIHRoZSBtUk5BIGNvbXBsZW1lbnQgb2YgQ0dULCBhbmQgdGhlbiBsb29rIHRoYXQgdXAgaW4gdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZSBjaGFydC4=[Qq]

[c]IFRociAodGhyZW9uaW5lKQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2Vjb25kIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgd2lsbCBiZSB0aGUgb25lIGNvZGVkIGZvciBmcm9tIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgdHJpcGxldC4gQ0dULiBGaW5kIHRoZSBtUk5BIGNvbXBsZW1lbnQgb2YgQ0dULCBhbmQgdGhlbiBsb29rIHRoYXQgdXAgaW4gdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZSBjaGFydC4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|37bc40300778″ question_number=”17″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] In the figure below, what structure is labeled X?

[c]IEROQQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc3RydWN0dXJlIGlzIGEgdFJOQSAodHJhbnNmZXIgUk5BKS4gV2hhdCBkbyB0Uk5BcyB0cmFuc2Zlcj8=[Qq]

[c]IFZlc2ljbGU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBWZXNpY2xlcyBjYW4gYmUgY2lyY3VsYXIsIHNvIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBwb3NzaWJseSB3aGF0IHN0ZWVyZWQgeW91IHRvd2FyZCB0aGlzIGNob2ljZS4gSGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludC4gVGhlIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBpcyBhIHRSTkEgKHRyYW5zZmVyIFJOQSkuIFdoYXQgZG8gdFJOQXMgdHJhbnNmZXI/[Qq]

[c]IEFtaW5v IEFjaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVGhlIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBpcyBhIHRSTkEsIGFuZCBYIGlzIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgdGhhdCB0aGUgdFJOQSBpcyB0cmFuc2ZlcnJpbmcgdG8gYSByaWJvc29tZSBmb3IgcHJvdGVpbiBzeW50aGVzaXMu[Qq]

[c]IFRocmVlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc3RydWN0dXJlIGlzIGEgdFJOQS4gV2hpbGUgdFJOQXMgYXJlIG1hZGUgb2YgbnVjbGVvdGlkZXMsIHBhcnQgJiM4MjIwO1gmIzgyMjE7IGlzIG5vdCByZWFsbHkgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgdFJOQSwgYnV0IHJhdGhlciBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCB0aGUgdFJOQSBpcyBjYXJyeWluZy4gSGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludC4gdFJOQXMgYXJlIGludm9sdmVkIGluIHByb3RlaW4gc3ludGhlc2lzLiBXaGF0IGFyZSBwcm90ZWlucyBtYWRlIG9mLCBhbmQgd2hhdCBkbyB0Uk5BcyB0cmFuc2Zlcj8=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|37a04fa15778″ question_number=”18″ topic=”6.4.Translation”] The following image shows a sequence of nucleic acid bases coding for a sequence of amino acids. The third amino acid in the sequence (lysine) has been filled in.

The processes that would change the nucleic acid information in the top row into the amino acid information in the bottom row occur

[c]IGF0IGEgcm lib3NvbWU=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkhIFRoZSBwcm9jZXNzIGlzIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uLCBhbmQgaXQgb2NjdXJzIGF0IGEgcmlib3NvbWUu[Qq]

[c]IGluIGVuenltZXMgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIGNlbGwmIzgyMTc7cyBtZW1icmFuZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJvY2VzcyB0aGF0IGNvbnZlcnRzIG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbnRvIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaXMgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24uIFdoZXJlIGRvZXMgdGhhdCBvY2N1cj8=[Qq]

[c]IGluIHRoZSBudWNsZXVzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJvY2VzcyB0aGF0IGNvbnZlcnRzIG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbnRvIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaXMgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24uIFdoZXJlIGRvZXMgdGhhdCBvY2N1cj8=[Qq]

[c]IGluIHRoZSBzbW9vdGggRW5kb3BsYXNtaWMgcmV0aWN1bHVt[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJvY2VzcyB0aGF0IGNvbnZlcnRzIG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbnRvIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaXMgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24uIFdoZXJlIGRvZXMgdGhhdCBvY2N1cj8=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|37845f12a778″ question_number=”19″ topic=”6.5.Regulation_of_Gene_Expression”] In the lac operon, which of the following events takes place when lactose is not available in the environment?

[c]IEEgcmVndWxhdG9yeSBwcm90ZWluIGJpbmRzIGF0IHRoZSBvcGVyYXRvciwgYmxv Y2tpbmcgdGhlIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24gb2YgdGhlIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgZ2VuZXMu[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIExhY3Rvc2UgaXMgYW4gaW5kdWNpYmxlIG9wZXJvbiwgbWVhbmluZyB0aGF0IHRoZSBwcmVzZW5jZSBvZiBsYWN0b3NlIGluZHVjZXMgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgc3RydWN0dXJhbCBnZW5lcyBmb3IgZGlnZXN0aW5nIGxhY3Rvc2UuIFdoZW4gbGFjdG9zZSBpcyBub3QgaW4gdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50LCBhIHJlZ3VsYXRvcnkgcHJvdGVpbiBiaW5kcyBhdCB0aGUgb3BlcmF0b3IgcmVnaW9uLCBibG9ja2luZyB0aGUgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgc3RydWN0dXJhbCBnZW5lcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IEEgcmVndWxhdG9yeSBwcm90ZWluIGJpbmRzIHRvIGFuIGFsbG9zdGVyaWMgc2l0ZSBvbiBSTkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZSwgcHJldmVudGluZyBpdCBmcm9tIGJpbmRpbmcgd2l0aCB0aGUgcHJvbW90ZXI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbGFjIG9wZXJvbiwgc2hvd24gd2hlbiBsYWN0b3NlICg4KSBpcyBwcmVzZW50LiBOb3RlIHRoYXQgbGFjdG9zZSBpcyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggYW4gYWxsb3N0ZXJpYyBzaXRlIG9uIGEgcmVndWxhdG9yeSBwcm90ZWluICgzKSwgY2hhbmdpbmcgaXRzIHNoYXBlIHNvIHRoYXQgaXQgY2FuIG5vIGxvbmdlciBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGhlIG9wZXJhdG9yIHJlZ2lvbiAoNikgYWxsb3dpbmcgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbi4gVGhlIHJlZ3VsYXRvcnkgcHJvdGVpbiBpcyA=bm90IGJpbmRpbmcgd2l0aCBSTkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZSAoNCkuIEtlZXAgdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IEEgcmVndWxhdG9yeSBwcm90ZWluIGJpbmRzIHRvIEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlLCBwcmV2ZW50aW5nIHRoZSBnZW5lIGZvciBsYWN0b3NlIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gdG8gYmUgcmVwbGljYXRlZC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBETkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZSBpc24mIzgyMTc7dCBpbnZvbHZlZCBpbiB0aGUgZnVuY3Rpb24gb2YgdGhpcyBvcGVyb24uIFRoZSBvcGVyb24gd29ya3MgYXMgc2hvd24gYmVsb3c6IFdoZW4gbGFjdG9zZSAoOCkgaXMgcHJlc2VudCwgbGFjdG9zZSBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGFuIGFsbG9zdGVyaWMgc2l0ZSBvbiBhIHJlZ3VsYXRvcnkgcHJvdGVpbiAoMyksIGNoYW5naW5nIGl0cyBzaGFwZSBzbyB0aGF0IGl0IGNhbiBubyBsb25nZXIgYmluZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBvcGVyYXRvciByZWdpb24gKDYpIGFsbG93aW5nIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24uIEtlZXAgdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IEEgcmVndWxhdG9yeSBwcm90ZWluIGJpbmRzIHRvIHRoZSBzdGFydCBjb2RvbiBvbiBtUk5BLCBwcmV2ZW50aW5nIHRoZSBpbml0aWF0aW9uIG9mIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uIGJ5IHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb3Blcm9uIGlzIHdvcmtpbmcgYXQgdGhlIGxldmVsIG9mIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24sIG5vdCB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbi4gUmF0aGVyLCB0aGUgb3Blcm9uIHdvcmtzIGFzIHNob3duIGJlbG93OiBXaGVuIGxhY3Rvc2UgKDgpIGlzIHByZXNlbnQsIGxhY3Rvc2UgYmluZHMgd2l0aCBhbiBhbGxvc3RlcmljIHNpdGUgb24gYSByZWd1bGF0b3J5IHByb3RlaW4gKDMpLCBjaGFuZ2luZyBpdHMgc2hhcGUgc28gdGhhdCBpdCBjYW4gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgb3BlcmF0b3IgcmVnaW9uICg2KSBhbGxvd2luZyB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uLiBLZWVwIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCB0aGUgbmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|3763c66c2f78″ question_number=”20″ topic=”6.5.Regulation_of_Gene_Expression”] In the diagram below, transcription factors will bind with target genes at

[c]IDEg[Qq][c]IDIg[Qq][c]ID Qg[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAxIGlzIGEgbGlnYW5kLiBUcmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGZhY3RvcnMgYXJlIHN1YnN0YW5jZXMgdGhhdCBlbnRlciB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cyBhbmQgaW5kdWNlIHRoZSB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIG9mIGdlbmVzLiBUYWtlIGFub3RoZXIgbG9vayBhdCB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSwgYW5kIGlkZW50aWZ5IHdoZXJlIHRoYXQgY291bGQgaGFwcGVuLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAyIGlzIGEgcmVjZXB0b3IuIFRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24gZmFjdG9ycyBhcmUgc3Vic3RhbmNlcyB0aGF0IGVudGVyIHRoZSBudWNsZXVzIGFuZCBpbmR1Y2UgdGhlIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24gb2YgZ2VuZXMuIFRha2UgYW5vdGhlciBsb29rIGF0IHRoZSBkaWFncmFtLCBhbmQgaWRlbnRpZnkgd2hlcmUgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBoYXBwZW4u[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBudWNsZXVzLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGVyZSB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGZhY3RvcnMgKHJlcHJlc2VudGVkIGJ5IDMpIGFyZSBnb2luZyB0byBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGFyZ2V0IGdlbmVzLCBpbmZsdWVuY2luZyB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiA1IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgcHJvdGVpbnMgdGhhdCBoYXZlIGJlZW4gcHJvZHVjZWQgYmVjYXVzZSBvZiB0aGUgYWN0aXZpdHkgb2YgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBmYWN0b3JzLiBUcmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGZhY3RvcnMgYXJlIHN1YnN0YW5jZXMgdGhhdCBlbnRlciB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cyBhbmQgaW5kdWNlIHRoZSB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIG9mIGdlbmVzLiBUYWtlIGFub3RoZXIgbG9vayBhdCB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSwgYW5kIGlkZW50aWZ5IHdoZXJlIHRoYXQgY291bGQgaGFwcGVuLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|374a29e96378″ question_number=”21″ topic=”6.5.Regulation_of_Gene_Expression”] A lysogenic virus infects a particular cell type. and integrates its genome into a site that contains a proto-oncogene. This transforms the cell and increases the level of a protein X. Protein X, in turn, increases cellular proliferation.

Compound P is known to increase the level of tumor suppressor proteins in that same cell type. A second compound, Q helps in stimulating protein Z. Protein Z has been shown to be capable of binding to protein X, rendering it inactive. Which one of the following graphs correctly represents the mode of action of P and Q?

[c]IEEg[Qq][c]IEIg[Qq][c]IE Mg[Qq][c]IEQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGlzIGlzIHRoZSBraW5kIG9mIHF1ZXN0aW9uIHRoYXQgcmVxdWlyZXMgc29tZSBiaW9sb2d5IGtub3dsZWRnZSwgYW5kIHNvbWUgZ29vZCB0ZXh0IGFuZCBncmFwaCByZWFkaW5nIHNraWxscy4gSW4gdGVybXMgb2YgdGhlIGJpb2xvZ3ksIHlvdSBoYXZlIHRvIGtub3cgdGhhdCBwcm90by1vbmNvZ2VuZXMgY2FuIGJlIG11dGF0ZWQgaW50byBvbmNvZ2VuZXMsIHdoaWNoIHByb21vdGUgdW5jb250cm9sbGVkIGNlbGwgcHJvbGlmZXJhdGlvbiAocHJvbW90aW5nIGNhbmNlcikuIFR1bW9yIHN1cHByZXNzb3IgZ2VuZXMgKGFuZCBwcm90ZWlucyksIGJ5IGNvbnRyYXN0LCBpbmhpYml0IGNlbGwgcHJvbGlmZXJhdGlvbiAocHJldmVudGluZyBjYW5jZXIpLiBGcm9tIGNhcmVmdWwgcmVhZGluZyBvZiB0aGUgcXVlc3Rpb24sIHdlIGtub3cgdGhhdCBQIGluY3JlYXNlcyB0dW1vciBzdXBwcmVzc29yIHByb3RlaW5zIChpbmhpYml0aW5nIGNlbGwgcHJvbGlmZXJhdGlvbikuIFEsIGJ5IGEgdmVyeSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgbWVjaGFuaXNtIChzdGltdWxhdGluZyBaLCB3aGljaCBiaW5kcyB0byBhbmQgaW5hY3RpdmF0ZXMgWCkgYWxzbyBpbmhpYml0cyBjZWxsIHByb2xpZmVyYXRpb24uIEluIG90aGVyIHdvcmRzLCBib3RoIFAgYW5kIFEgaW5oaWJpdCBjZWxsIHByb2xpZmVyYXRpb24u

Cg==

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

Cg==

Tm93IGxvb2sgb3ZlciB0aGUgZm91ciBncmFwaHMgYWdhaW4uIEZpbmQgYSBncmFwaCB3aGVyZSB0aGUgYmFyIGZvciBQIGFsb25lIGlzIGxvd2VyLCBhbmQgdGhlIGJhciBmb3IgUSBhbG9uZSBpcyBsb3dlciwgYW5kIHRoZSBiYXIgZm9yIFAgYW5kIFEgdG9nZXRoZXIgaXMgdGhlIGxvd2VzdC4gUmVtZW1iZXIgdGhhdCwgYW5kIGNob29zZSB0aGF0IGdyYXBoIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

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Cg==

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|372e395ab378″ question_number=”22″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] The reason why neurons differ from skin cells is that the neurons

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|370ff4c01f78″ question_number=”23″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] A team of biologists has started a project to clone the rare blue lobster through somatic cell nuclear transfer. The blue lobster is a variety of the more common purple lobster. The difference in phenotype has been traced to a genetic mutation that results in a blue exoskeleton.

For somatic cell nuclear transfer to be successful, the best choice for a donor cell will be a(n)

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|36f404316f78″ question_number=”24″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] If you wanted to clone a dog, the least promising tissue to serve as a source of a donor cell would be the

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[c]IGludGVzdGluZXM=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|36d5bf96db78″ question_number=”25″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] A team of biologists has started a project to clone the rare blue lobster through somatic cell nuclear transfer. The blue lobster is a variety of the more common purple lobster. The difference in phenotype has been traced to a genetic mutation that results in a blue exoskeleton.

The team has discovered that the rate of production of viable clones is highest when intestinal cells are used. The least likely reason for this would be the difference in

[c]IGhpc3RvbmUgYWNldHlsYXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIaXN0b25lIGFjZXR5bGF0aW9uIGlzIG9uZSB3YXkgdGhhdCBETkEgZXhwcmVzc2lvbiBpcyBjb250cm9sbGVkIGluIGV1a2FyeW90aWMgb3JnYW5pc21zLiBMZXZlbHMgb2YgaGlzdG9uZSBhY2V0eWxhdGlvbiBpbiBkb25vciBjZWxscyBjb3VsZCBhZmZlY3QgdGhlIHZpYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBjbG9uZWQgb3JnYW5pc21zIGNyZWF0ZWQgZnJvbSB0aGVzZSBjZWxscywgYXMgY2VydGFpbiBnZW5lcyBtaWdodCBub3QgZXhwcmVzcyB0aGVtc2VsdmVzIGF0IHRoZSByaWdodCBsZXZlbCBmb3IgcHJvcGVyIGVtYnJ5b25pYyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IHNlZW0gdG8gYmUgdGlnaHRseSBjb25uZWN0ZWQgd2l0aCBETkEgc3RydWN0dXJlLg==[Qq]

[c]IE Nh^Kys=IGxldmVs[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljLiBFdmVyeSBvdGhlciBjaG9pY2UgaXMgY29ubmVjdGVkIGVpdGhlciB3aXRoIEROQSBwYWNrYWdpbmcgb3Igd2l0aCBjb250cm9sIG9mIGdlbmUgZXhwcmVzc2lvbiwgYWxsIG9mIHdoaWNoIGNvdWxkIGFmZmVjdCBob3cgZ2VuZXMgYXJlIGV4cHJlc3NlZCBpbiBhIGRldmVsb3BpbmcgZW1icnlvLCB3aGljaCBjb3VsZCBpbiB0dXJuIGFmZmVjdCB0aGUgdmlhYmlsaXR5IG9mIHRob3NlIGVtYnJ5b3MuIENh^Kys=IGxldmVscyBzZWVtIGxpa2UgdGhlIGZhY3RvciB0aGF0IHdvdWxkIGhhdmUgdGhlIGxlYXN0IGltcGFjdC4=[Qq]

[c]IEROQSBtZXRoeWxhdGlvbg==[Qq]

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[c]IGNocm9tYXRpbiBzdHJ1Y3R1cmU=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|36b2d2e47f78″ question_number=”26″ topic=”6.6.Gene_Expression_and_Cell_Specialization”] A team of biologists is involved in a project to create a population of cloned, genetically engineered sheep that secrete, in their milk, a protein that inhibits the growth of a specific type of tumor. In this new population of clones, many have behavioral defects. From the list below, the most likely reason for this would be

[c]IGNvbXBsZXRlIHJlcHJvZ3JhbW1pbmcgb2YgdGhlIEROQSBpbiB0aGUgbmV3bHkgZm9ybWVkIHp5Z290ZSB0byBhbiBlbWJyeW9uaWMgc3RhdGUgYWZ0ZXIgbnVjbGVhciB0cmFuc2Zlci4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpYWwgaW5jb21wYXRpYmlsaXR5IHdpdGhpbiB0aGUgZWdn[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IGRvbm9yIGNlbGwgdGVsb21lcmVz IHRoYXQgd2VyZSB0b28gc2hvcnQ=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IGpvYi4gQXMgYSBtdWx0aWNlbGx1bGFyIGV1a2FyeW90aWMgYWdlcywgdGhlIHRlbG9tZXJlcyBpbiBpdHMgY2VsbHMgc2hvcnRlbi4gQXQgYSBjZXJ0YWluIHBvaW50LCB0aGUgdGVsb21lcmVzIGFyZSBnb25lLCBhbmQgZnVydGhlciBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uIHJlc3VsdHMgaW4gbG9zcyBvZiBnZW5ldGljIEROQS4gVGhpcyBpcyBhIGtub3duIHByb2JsZW0gaW4gY2xvbmVkIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBhbmQgY291bGQgYWNjb3VudCBmb3IgdGhlIGJlaGF2aW9yYWwgcHJvYmxlbXMgZGVzY3JpYmVkIGFib3ZlLg==[Qq]

[c]IGFjdGluIHBvbHltZXJpemF0aW9uIGxldmVscyBpbiB0aGUgZWdnIHRoYXQgd2VyZSB0b28gaGlnaA==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSBhY3RpbiBwb2x5bWVyaXphdGlvbiBsZXZlbHMgdGhhdCB3ZXJlIHRvbyBoaWdoIGNvdWxkIGNhdXNlIHByb2JsZW1zIChvciBiZSBhIHN5bXB0b20gb2YgYSBwcm9ibGVtKSwgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIG1vcmUgb2J2aW91cyBjaG9pY2UgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBsZWFkIHRvIGdlbmV0aWMgcHJvYmxlbXMgZHVyaW5nIGRldmVsb3BtZW50Lg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|368b3e1a5b78″ question_number=”27″ unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” topic=”6.7.Mutation”] Which of the following best describes the evolutionary role of gene duplication?

[c]IEJlY2F1c2Ugb2YgZ2VuZSBkdXBsaWNhdGlvbiwgdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZSBjYW4gYmUgbW9yZSBmbGV4aWJsZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHZW5lIGR1cGxpY2F0aW9uIGlzIGV4YWN0bHkgd2hhdCBpdCBzb3VuZHMgbGlrZTogdGhlIGNvcHlpbmcgb2YgZ2VuZSBzbyB0aGF0IGluc3RlYWQgb2YgdGhlcmUgYmVpbmcgb25lIGNvcHksIHRoZXJlIGFyZSBtdWx0aXBsZSBjb3BpZXMu

Cg==

Cg==

[Qq]Gene duplication has no effect on the genetic code (the way that codon sequences are translated into protein). But they do play a big role in evolution. Take a look at the other choices, and see if one of them looks like it could help a population evolve.

[c]IEZld2VyIGdlbmUgY29waWVzIGxlYWRzIHRvIGZhc3RlciBETkEgcmVwbGljYXRpb24sIGFuZCBmYXN0ZXIgRE5BIHJlcGxpY2F0aW9uIGFsbG93cyBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gdG8gZXZvbHZlIG1vdmUgcXVpY2tseS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcyB5b3UgY2FuIHNlZSBiZWxvdywgZ2VuZSBkdXBsaWNhdGlvbiBsZWFkcyB0byA=bW9yZQ==IGdlbmUgY29waWVzLCBub3QgZmV3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

Take a look at the other choices, and see if one of them indicates a process that could help a population evolve.

[c]IER1cGxpY2F0aW9uIGNyZWF0ZXMgaW50cm9ucywgYW5kIGludHJvbnMgYWxsb3cgZm9yIHRoZSBnZW5lIHNodWZmbGluZyB0aGF0IHByb21vdGVzIHBoZW5vdHlwaWMgdmFyaWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGUgc2Vjb25kIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhpcyBzdGF0ZW1lbnQgaXMgdHJ1ZSwgdGhlIGZpcnN0IGlzIGluY29ycmVjdC4gR2VuZSBkdXBsaWNhdGlvbiBpcyBleGFjdGx5IHdoYXQgaXQgc291bmRzIGxpa2U6IHRoZSBjb3B5aW5nIG9mIGdlbmUgc28gdGhhdCBpbnN0ZWFkIG9mIHRoZXJlIGJlaW5nIG9uZSBjb3B5LCB0aGVyZSBhcmUgbXVsdGlwbGUgY29waWVzLg==

Cg==

Cg==

[Qq]Take a look at the other choices, and see if one of them looks like it could help a population evolve.

[c]IER1cGxpY2F0aW9uIG9mIGdlbmVzIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlaXIgcG9zaXRpb24gaW4gdGhlIGdlbm9tZSwgYW5kIHRoYXQgbGVhZHMgdG8gY2hhbmdlcyBpbiBnZW5lIGV4cHJlc3Npb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91IGNob3NlIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgYmVzdCBjaG9pY2UuIEl0IHNvdW5kcyBsaWtlIHlvdSB3ZXJlIHRoaW5raW5nIG9mIHdoYXQgaGFwcGVucyB3aXRoIHJlcGxpY2F0aXZlIHRyYW5zcG9zaXRpb24sIHdoZXJlIGEgdHJhbnNwb3NvbiAoYSBtb2JpbGUgRE5BIGVsZW1lbnQpIG1ha2VzIGEgY29weSBvZiBpdHNlbGYgdGhhdCBpbnNlcnRzIHNvbWV3aGVyZSBlbHNlIGluIHRoZSBnZW5vbWUuIFRoaXMgY2FuIGVmZmVjdCBleHByZXNzaW9uIG9mIGdlbmVzLCBlc3BlY2lhbGx5IGlmIHRoZSB0cmFuc3Bvc29uIGRpc3J1cHRzIGFub3RoZXIgZ2VuZSYjODIxNztzIHByb21vdGVyLg==

Cg==

R2VuZSBkdXBsaWNhdGlvbiBpcyBleGFjdGx5IHdoYXQgaXQgc291bmRzIGxpa2U6IHRoZSBjb3B5aW5nIG9mIGdlbmUgc28gdGhhdCBpbnN0ZWFkIG9mIHRoZXJlIGJlaW5nIG9uZSBjb3B5LCB0aGVyZSBhcmUgbXVsdGlwbGUgY29waWVzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

Take a look at the other choices, and see if one of them looks like it could help a population evolve.

[c]IEFuIGV4dHJhIGdlbmUgY29weSBjYW4gdW5kZXJnbyBhZGFwdGl2ZSBjaGFuZ2VzIHdo aWxlIHRoZSBmaXJzdCBjb3B5IHBlcmZvcm1zIGl0cyBvcmlnaW5hbCBmdW5jdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBUaGUgYmVuZWZpdCBvZiBnZW5lIGR1cGxpY2F0aW9uIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgcHJvdmlkZXMgYSBtZWNoYW5pc20gYnkgd2hpY2ggYSBnZW5lIHBvb2wgY2FuIGNyZWF0ZSBnZW5lcyB0aGF0IGNvZGUgZm9yIG5ldyBhZGFwdGl2ZSB0cmFpdHMsIHdoaWxlIG1haW50YWluaW5nIHRoZSBvcmlnaW5hbCBmdW5jdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgZHVwbGljYXRlZCBnZW5lLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|36685167ff78″ question_number=”28″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] Imagine that an error has occurred during DNA replication in a cell. The error substitutes a G in place of a T in one of the cell’s genes. Which of the following is the most likely effect that this will have on the cell?

[c]IEVhY2ggb2YgdGhlIGNlbGwmIzgyMTc7cyBwcm90ZWlucyB3aWxsIGNvbnRhaW4gYW4gaW5jb3JyZWN0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBwcm9ibGVtIHdpdGggdGhpcyBjaG9pY2UgaXMgdGhhdCB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24gd2lsbCBhZmZlY3Qgb25seSBhIHNpbmdsZSBwcm90ZWluIChub3QgZWFjaCBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbCYjODIxNztzIHByb3RlaW5zKS4gV2hlbiB5b3UgbmV4dCBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwgdGhpbmsgb2YgaG93IGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGluIEROQSBnZXRzIHRyYW5zbGF0ZWQgaW50byBwcm90ZWluLCBhbmQgY29uc2lkZXIgdGhlIGxpa2VseSBlZmZlY3Qgb2YgYSBzaW5nbGUgYmFzZSBwYWlyIHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHNlcXVlbmNlIG9mIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbCYjODIxNztzIHByb3RlaW5zIHdpbGwgYmUgY29tcGxldGVseSBhbHRlcmVkLg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IE9uZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHdpbGwgYmUgbWlzc2luZyBmcm9tIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbCYjODIxNztzIHByb3RlaW5zLA==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbGwgdGhhdCB0aGlzIG11dGF0aW9uIGRvZXMgaXMgc3Vic3RpdHV0ZSBvbmUgbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBmb3IgYW5vdGhlci4gVGhhdCBtaWdodCByZXN1bHQgaW4gYW4gaW5jb3JyZWN0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQsIGJ1dCBpdCB3b3VsZG4mIzgyMTc7dCByZXN1bHQgaW4gYSBtaXNzaW5nIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQu[Qq]

[c]IE9uZSBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbCYjODIxNztzIHByb3RlaW5zIG1p Z2h0IGNvbnRhaW4gYW4gaW5jb3JyZWN0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQu[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEEgbGlrZWx5IGVmZmVjdCBvZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGNoYW5nZSBpcyB0aGF0IG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbCYjODIxNztzIHByb3RlaW5zIG1pZ2h0IGNvbnRhaW4gYW4gaW5jb3JyZWN0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|3632c4568378″ question_number=”29″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] As shown below, a DNA fragment from a plasmid in E. coli has two restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease Hind III, which creates fragments X, Y, and Z.

Which of the following patterns would result from separation of these fragments by gel electrophoresis?

[c]IEEg[Qq][c]IE Ig[Qq][c]IEMg[Qq][c]IEQ=

Cg==[Qq]

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|36122bb00b78″ question_number=”30″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] The diagram below shows some of the steps involved in cloning. Which of the statements below is true about processes X and Y?

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Cg==

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Cg==

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[f]IE5pY2UgSm9iLiBZb3UgaGF2ZSBhIGdvb2QgdW5kZXJzdGFuZGluZyBvZiBob3cgY2xvbmluZyB3b3JrcyE=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|35f193099378″ question_number=”31″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] Certain restriction enzymes cut DNA in a way that leaves the fragments with “sticky ends.” These “sticky ends” are useful in genetic engineering because they allow for

[c]IHNjcmVlbmluZyBvZiBwbGFzbWlkcyB3aXRoIGFudGliaW90aWMgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSBnZW5lcy4=[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IHJlcGxpY2F0aW9uIG9mIG1lc3NlbmdlciBSTkEgd2l0aGluIHRoZSBiYWN0ZXJpYWwgY2VsbA==[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|3578809f4378″ question_number=”32″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] In order to clone genes, bacteria are frequently used. This is because bacteria

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[c]IGZyZWVseSBhbGxvdyB0aGUgZW50cnkgb2YgZXh0cmFjZWxsdWxhciBETkEgaW50byB0aGVpciBudWNsZWku[Qq]

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|355593ece778″ question_number=”33″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] The image below represents the pGLO plasmid, which is used both in research and in education.

As indicated, the plasmid contains a restriction site and three genes:

• amp^R: encodes for a protein that provides resistance to ampicillin, an antibiotic.
• gfp: encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP), which glows green (fluoresces) under ultraviolet (UV) light.
• araC: encodes a protein required for the expression of GFP when arabinose, a disaccharide, is present.

The results of a bacterial transformation experiment using the pGLO plasmid are shown in the table below.

Which plate would contain bacteria that fluoresce (glow green) under UV light?

[c]IHBsYXRlIFc=[Qq]

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[c]IHBsYXRlIFg=[Qq]

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[c]IHBsYX RlIFk=[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBUaGVzZSBiYWN0ZXJpYSBoYXZlIHRha2VuIHVwIHRoZSBwbGFzbWlkLCB3aGljaCBwcm92aWRlcyB0aGVtIHdpdGggdGhlIGdlbmUgdG8gc3ludGhlc2l6ZSBHRlAuIE9uIHRvcCBvZiB0aGF0LCB0aGV5IGhhdmUgYmVlbiBwcm92aWRlZCB3aXRoIGFyYWJpbm9zZSwgd2hpY2ggaW5kdWNlcyB0aGUgY2VsbCB0byBzeW50aGVzaXplIEdGUC4=[Qq]

[c]IHBsYXRlIFo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGVzZSBiYWN0ZXJpYSBoYXZlIGJlZW4gdHJhbnNmb3JtZWQgKGFzIGRlbW9uc3RyYXRlZCBieSB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IHRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUgZ3Jvd2luZyBpbiB0aGUgcHJlc2VuY2Ugb2YgdGhlIGFudGliaW90aWMgYW1waWNpbGxpbiksIHRoZXkgaGF2ZSBub3QgYmVlbiBmZWQgYXJhYmlub3NlLCB3aGljaCBpcyByZXF1aXJlZCB0byBpbmR1Y2UgdGhlIGNlbGwgdG8gc3ludGhlc2l6ZSBHRlAuIFJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgbmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwgYW5kIG1ha2UgYW5vdGhlciBjaG9pY2Uu[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|3534fb466f78″ question_number=”34″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] The image below represents the pGLO plasmid, which is used both in research and in education.

As indicated, the plasmid contains a restriction site and three genes:

• amp^R—confers resistance to ampicillin, an antibiotic.
• gfp—encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP), which glows green (fluoresces) under ultraviolet (UV) light
• araC—encodes a protein required to promote the expression of GFP when arabinose, a disaccharide, is present

The results of a bacterial transformation experiment using the pGLO plasmid are shown in the table below.

Which of the following statements about the purpose of plates W or X is correct?

[c]IFBsYXRlIFcgc2hvd2VkIHN1Y2Nlc3NmdWwgZGVzdHJ1Y3Rpb24gb2YgdGhlIHBsYXNtaWQgYnkgYmFjdGVyaWFsIHJlc3RyaWN0aW9uIGVuenltZXMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQbGF0ZSBXIGhhcyB1bnRyYW5zZm9ybWVkIGJhY3RlcmlhIHRoYXQgbmV2ZXIgdG9vayB1cCB0aGUgcGxhc21pZCBpbiB0aGUgZmlyc3QgcGxhY2UuIE5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIHRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHRoZSBpZGVhIA==ZXhwZXJpbWVudGFsIGNvbnRyb2xzLCBhbmQgbWFrZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBjaG9pY2Uu[Qq]

[c]IFBsYXRlIFcgc2hvd2VkIHRoYXQgdGhlcmUgd2FzIGV4dHJlbWVseSBoaWdoIHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uIGVmZmljaWVuY3ku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZ3Jvd3RoIG9uIHBsYXRlIFcgaXMgbm90IGFib3V0IHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uIGVmZmljaWVuY3ksIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGJhY3RlcmlhIG9uIHRoYXQgcGxhdGUgd2VyZSBub3QgdHJhbnNmb3JtZWQuIE5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIHRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHRoZSBpZGVhIA==ZXhwZXJpbWVudGFsIGNvbnRyb2xzLCBhbmQgbWFrZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBjaG9pY2Uu[Qq]

[c]IFBsYXRlIFggc2hvd2VkIGhvdyBudXRyaWVudCBhZ2FyIGNhbiBlbmhhbmNlIHRoZSBncm93dGggb2YgdmlhYmxlIGJhY3RlcmlhLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG5vIGdyb3d0aCBvbiBwbGF0ZSBYLCBhbmQgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGR1ZSB0byB0aGUgcHJlc2VuY2Ugb2YgdGhlIGFudGliaW90aWMgYW1waWNpbGxpbi4gTmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwgdGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgdGhlIGlkZWEgZXhwZXJpbWVudGFsIGNvbnRyb2xzLCBhbmQgbWFrZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBjaG9pY2Uu[Qq]

[c]IFBsYXRlIFggc2hvd2VkIHRoYXQgYW1waWNpbGxpbiB3YXMgZWZmZWN0aXZlIGluIGluaGliaXRpbm cgdGhlIGdyb3d0aCBvZiBiYWN0ZXJpYSB0aGF0IGhhZCBub3QgdGFrZW4gdXAgdGhlIHBsYXNtaWQu[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjb3JyZWN0ISBQbGF0ZSBYIHNob3dzIHRoYXQgdGhlcmUgd29uJiM4MjE3O3QgYmUgYW55IGdyb3d0aCBpbiB1bnRyYW5zZm9ybWVkIGJhY3RlcmlhLCB3aGljaCBoYXZlbiYjODIxNzt0IHRha2VuIHVwIHRoZSBwbGFzbWlkIHRoYXQgcHJvdmlkZXMgdGhlbSB3aXRoIGFudGliaW90aWMgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSAoaW4gYWRkaXRpb24gdG8gdGhlIGdlbmUgZm9yIEdGUCku[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|35190ab7bf78″ question_number=”35″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] The following image shows a sequence of nucleic acid bases coding for a sequence of amino acids. The third amino acid in the sequence (lysine) has been filled in.

In a very schematic form, the above process represents

[c]IEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgJiM4MjIwO1UmIzgyMjE7IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHVyYWNpbCwgZm91bmQgaW4gUk5BIGJ1dCBub3QgRE5BLiBTbywgeW91IGNhbiBydWxlIG91dCBETkEgcmVwbGljYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgcHJvY2VzcyBjb252ZXJ0cyBSTkEgbnVjbGVvdGlkZXMgaW50byBhbWlubyBhY2lkcz8=[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUcmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gRE5BIGludG8gUk5BLiBIZXJlLCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbiBSTkEgY29kb25zIGlzIGJlaW5nIGNoYW5nZWQgaW50byBzZXF1ZW5jZXMgb2YgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMuIEl0JiM4MjE3O3MgYW5hbG9nb3VzIHRvIHdoYXQgaGFwcGVucyB3aGVuIHlvdSBjaGFuZ2UgdGhlIHdvcmRzIGluIG9uZSBsYW5ndWFnZSBpbnRvIGVxdWl2YWxlbnQgd29yZHMgaW4gYW5vdGhlciBsYW5ndWFnZS4gV2hhdCBwcm9jZXNzIGlzIHRoYXQ/[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdGVybSA=dHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24=IHJlZmVycyB0byBhIHdoZW4gYSBiYWN0ZXJpYWwgY2VsbCB0YWtlcyB1cCBETkEgZnJvbSBhIHBsYXNtaWQgKG9yIGZyb20gdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50KSwgdGhlcmVieSBhY3F1aXJpbmcgbmV3IGdlbmVzLiBIZXJlLCBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiBpbiBSTkEgaXMgYmVpbmcgY2hhbmdlZCBpbnRvIHByb3RlaW4uIEl0JiM4MjE3O3MgYW5hbG9nb3VzIHRvIHdoYXQgaGFwcGVucyB3aGVuIHlvdSBjaGFuZ2UgdGhlIHdvcmRzIGluIG9uZSBsYW5ndWFnZSBpbnRvIGVxdWl2YWxlbnQgd29yZHMgaW4gYW5vdGhlciBsYW5ndWFnZS4gV2hhdCBwcm9jZXNzIGlzIHRoYXQ/[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5z bGF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3NvISBUaGUgcHJvY2VzcyBhdCB3b3JrIGFib3ZlIGlzIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uLCB3aGljaCB0cmFuc2xhdGVzIFJOQSBzZXF1ZW5jZXMgaW50byBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHNlcXVlbmNlcy4=[Qq]

[c]IHRyYW5zZHVjdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUcmFuc2R1Y3Rpb24gcmVmZXJzIHRvIHNldmVyYWwgcHJvY2Vzc2VzIGluIGJpb2xvZ3ksIHN1Y2ggYXMgd2hlbiBhIHZpcnVzIGJyaW5ncyBETkEgZnJvbSBvbmUgYmFjdGVyaWFsIGNlbGwgdG8gYW5vdGhlciBkdXJpbmcgYSB2aXJhbCByZXBsaWNhdGlvbiBjeWNsZS4gSGVyZSwgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gUk5BIGlzIGJlaW5nIGNoYW5nZWQgaW50byBwcm90ZWluLiBJdCYjODIxNztzIGFuYWxvZ291cyB0byB3aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgd2hlbiB5b3UgY2hhbmdlIHRoZSB3b3JkcyBpbiBvbmUgbGFuZ3VhZ2UgaW50byBlcXVpdmFsZW50IHdvcmRzIGluIGFub3RoZXIgbGFuZ3VhZ2UuIFdoYXQgcHJvY2VzcyBpcyB0aGF0Pw==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|34f61e056378″ question_number=”36″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] A research team is studying the genetics of beak length in house sparrows, where beak length has two phenotypes, long and short. Pedigree studies have shown that this phenotype is under the control of a single autosomal gene with two alleles. The DNA for each allele is isolated and sequenced, and it’s determined that a single nucleotide difference accounts for the short mutation.

When the DNA of both alleles is subjected to restriction fragment analysis, the pattern below is produced.

Based on the diagram, the most reasonable explanation for the different RFLPs associated with the long and short-beaked alleles is that a mutation in the short allele DNA

[c]IGVsaW1pbmF0ZWQgYSByZXN0cmljdGlvbiBzaXRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHRoaW5nIHRvIG5vdGljZSBpcyB0aGF0IHRoZSBsb25nIGFsbGVsZSBETkEgaGFzIGZvdXIgZnJhZ21lbnRzLCBhbmQgdGhlIHNob3J0IGFsbGVsZSBETkEgaGFzIGZpdmUuIEEgbXV0YXRpb24gdGhhdCBlbGltaW5hdGVkIGEgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZSB3b3VsZCBwcm9kdWNlIGZld2VyIGZyYWdtZW50cyBpbiB0aGUgc2hvcnQgYWxsZWxlLiBZb3VyIGpvYiBpcyB0byBleHBsYWluIHdoeSB0aGUgc2hvcnQgYWxsZWxlIGhhcyA=bW9yZQ==IGZyYWdtZW50cy4gSG93IGNvdWxkIHRoYXQgaGFwcGVuPw==[Qq]

[c]IGFjdGl2YXRlZCBhbiBpbmFjdGl2ZSBnZW5lLCBjcmVhdGluZyBuZXcgRE5BIGZyYWdtZW50cy4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IGNyZWF0ZWQgYSBuZXcgcm VzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZS4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IGRpc2FibGVkIGFuIGFjdGl2ZSBnZW5lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEaXNhYmxpbmcgYW4gYWN0aXZlIGdlbmUgd291bGQgY2hhbmdlIGdlbmUgZXhwcmVzc2lvbiwgYnV0IGl0IHdvdWxkbiYjODIxNzt0IG5lY2Vzc2FyaWx5IGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgUkZMUCBwYXR0ZXJuLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCB0aGluayBhYm91dCB0aGlzOiB3aGF0IGtpbmQgb2YgbXV0YXRpb24gaW4gRE5BIHdvdWxkIGluY3JlYXNlIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gZnJhZ21lbnRzPyBUaGlzIHdoYXQgeW91IGhhdmUgdG8gZXhwbGFpbiAoYmVjYXVzZSB0aGVyZSBhcmUgZm91ciBmcmFnbWVudHMgaW4gdGhlIGxvbmcgRE5BJiM4MjE3O3MgYWxsZWxlLCBhbmQgZml2ZSBmcmFnbWVudHMgaW4gdGhlIHNob3J0IEROQSku[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|34d7d96acf78″ question_number=”37″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] Two cloning vectors used in genetic engineering are bacterial viruses and plasmids. Which of the following statements about viruses and plasmids is FALSE?

[c]IFBsYXNtaWRzIHVzZSB0aGUgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24gbWFjaGluZXJ5IG9mIHRoZSBjZWxsLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHlvdSYjODIxNztyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIGZhbHNlIHN0YXRlbWVudCwgYW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIGlzIHRydWUuIE9uY2UgeW91IGludHJvZHVjZSBhIHBsYXNtaWQgaW50byBhIGhvc3QgY2VsbCwgaXQgY2FuIGJlIHJlcGxpY2F0ZWQsIHRyYW5zY3JpYmVkLCBhbmQgdHJhbnNsYXRlZCB1c2luZyB0aGUgaG9zdCBjZWxsJiM4MjE3O3MgbW9sZWN1bGFyIG1hY2hpbmVyeS4gUmVtZW1iZXIgdGhhdCwgYW5kIG5leHQgdGltZSBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[c]IFZpcnVzZXMgaGF2ZSBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2Fwc2lkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHlvdSYjODIxNztyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIGZhbHNlIHN0YXRlbWVudCwgYW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIGlzIHRydWUuIEEgdHlwaWNhbCB2aXJ1cyBoYXMgYSBudWNsZWljIGFjaWQgY29yZSAoY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgRE5BIG9yIFJOQSkgc3Vycm91bmRlZCBieSBhIHByb3RlaW4gY29hdCAob3IgY2Fwc2lkKS4gUmVtZW1iZXIgdGhhdCwgYW5kIG5leHQgdGltZSBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[c]IFZpcnVzZXMgY2FuIHJlcGxpY2F0ZSBpbiB0aG UgYWJzZW5jZSBvZiBhIGNlbGx1bGFyIGhvc3Qu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gWW91JiM4MjE3O3ZlIG9idmlvdXNseSByZW1lbWJlcmVkIHRoYXQgdmlydXNlcyBhcmUgb2JsaWdhdGUgaW50cmFjZWxsdWxhciBwYXJhc2l0ZXM=LCB0aGF0IGRlcGVuZCBvbiB0aGVpciBob3N0IGluIG9yZGVyIHRvIHJlcGxpY2F0ZS4=[Qq]

[c]IFBsYXNtaWRzIGNhcnJ5IGdlbmVzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHlvdSYjODIxNztyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIGZhbHNlIHN0YXRlbWVudCwgYW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIGlzIHRydWUuIFRoZSByZWFzb24gd2h5IHBsYXNtaWRzIGFyZSB1c2VkIGFzIHZlY3RvcnMgaXMgdGhhdCB0aGV5IGNhcnJ5IGdlbmVzLiBUaHJvdWdoIGdlbmV0aWMgZW5naW5lZXJpbmcsIHRoZXNlIGdlbmVzIGNhbiBiZSBtb3ZlZCBmcm9tIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBsaWtlIGh1bWFucyB0byBvcmdhbmlzbXMgbGlrZSBiYWN0ZXJpYSwgd2hpY2ggd2lsbCBleHByZXNzIHRoZXNlIGdlbmVzLiBUaGlzIGlzIGhvdyB3ZSBtYWtlIGdlbmV0aWNhbGx5IGVuZ2luZWVyZWQgaW5zdWxpbiBvciBjbG90dGluZyBmYWN0b3IgKHRvIHRyZWF0IGhlbW9waGlsaWEpLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0LCBhbmQgbmV4dCB0aW1lIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[c]IFBsYXNtaWRzIGhhdmUgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZXMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHlvdSYjODIxNztyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIGZhbHNlIHN0YXRlbWVudCwgYW5kIHRoaXMgb25lIGlzIHRydWUuIFBsYXNtaWRzIGRvIGhhdmUgcmVzdHJpY3Rpb24gc2l0ZXMgKHNpdGVzIHdoZXJlIHRoZXkgY2FuIGJlIGN1dCBvcGVuIGJ5IGVuenltZXMpLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgaG93IHBsYXNtaWRzIGNhbiBiZSBlbmdpbmVlcmVkIHRvIGNvbWJpbmUgd2l0aCBvdGhlciBETkEsIG1ha2luZyByZWNvbWJpbmFudCBETkEgdGVjaG5vbG9neSBwb3NzaWJsZS4gUmVtZW1iZXIgdGhhdCBuZXh0IHRpbWUsIGFuZCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|344c26a15f78″ question_number=”38″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] A family pedigree and a series of RFLPs for a rare genetic disease is shown below.

Which individual is a heterozygote?

[c]IDQg[Qq][c]ID Ug[Qq][c]IDg=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiA1IGRvZXNuJiM4MjE3O3QgaGF2ZSB0aGlzIGNvbmRpdGlvbiwgd2hpY2ggaXMgY2F1c2VkIGJ5IGFuIGF1dG9zb21hbCByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlLiA1IG11c3QgYmUgYSBoZXRlcm96eWdvdGUgYmVjYXVzZSBoaXMgUkZMUCBwYXR0ZXJuIHNob3dzIHR3byBiYW5kcyAod2hpY2ggaXMgd2hhdCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7ZCBleHBlY3QgaW4gYSBoZXRlcm96eWdvdGUsIHdpdGggYSBkb21pbmFudCBhbmQgYSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlKS4=[Qq]

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”6.Gene Expression and Regulation” dataset_id=”Unit 6 Cumulative Multiple Choice|33714a43a778″ question_number=”39″ topic=”6.8.Biotechnology”] A family pedigree and a series of RFLPs for a rare genetic disease is shown below.

Which individual is homozygous dominant?

[c]IDEg[Qq][c]IDIg[Qq][c]ID Mg[Qq][c]IDQg[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgY2FuIHRlbGwgdGhpcyBqdXN0IGJ5IGFuYWx5emluZyB0aGUgcGVkaWdyZWUuIDEgZG9lc24mIzgyMTc7dCBoYXZlIHRoZSBjb25kaXRpb24sIG5vciBkb2VzIGhlciBwYXJ0bmVyICgyKSwgeWV0IHR3byBvZiBoZXIgY2hpbGRyZW4gZG8gKDQgYW5kIDYpLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUsIHlvdSBrbm93IHRoYXQgdGhlIGNvbmRpdGlvbiBpcyBhdXRvc29tYWwgcmVjZXNzaXZlLCBhbmQgdGhhdCAxIGhhcyB0byBiZSBhIGhldGVyb3p5Z290ZSAoYXMgZG9lcyBoZXIgcGFydG5lcikuIFlvdSBjYW4gY2hlY2sgdGhpcyBieSBsb29raW5nIGF0IHRoZSBSRkxQcy4gU2hlIGhhcyA=dHdvIGJhbmRzLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGF0IHlvdSYjODIxNztkIGV4cGVjdCBpbiBhIGhldGVyb3p5Z290ZSAodHdvIGFsbGVsZXMsIG9uZSBiYW5kIGZvciBlYWNoIGFsbGVsZSku[Qq]

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[f]IE5vLiA1IGlzIHNob3dpbmcgdGhlIGRvbWluYW50IHBoZW5vdHlwZSwgYW5kIHRoZSBjb25kaXRpb24gaXMgY2xlYXJseSByZWNlc3NpdmUgKHBhc3NlZCBvbnRvIG9mZnNwcmluZyBieSBwYXJlbnRzIHdobyBkb24mIzgyMTc7dCBoYXZlIHRoZSBjb25kaXRpb24pLiBZb3UgY2FuIHRlbGwgdGhhdCA1IGlzIGEgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlIGJhc2VkIG9uIGhpcyBSRkxQIHBhdHRlcm4uIFRoZSBwYXR0ZXJuIGhhcyB0d28gYmFuZHMsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoYXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O2Qgc2VlIGluIGEgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlICh0d28gYmFuZHMsIG9uZSBmb3IgZWFjaCBhbGxlbGUpLg==[Qq]
[x][restart]
[/qwiz]