1. Combustion and Cellular Respiration: Similar Equations, Different Processes
All living things get their ATP through some form of a process called cellular respiration. Note that we use the same word, “respiration,” for breathing. That’s because breathing is how we get oxygen, and in the kind of cellular respiration that we (and many other organisms use), oxygen is required to make ATP.
The formula for respiration looks very similar to the formula for combustion.
Here’s combustion as it occurs in a campfire:
wood + oxygen → energy (heat) + carbon dioxide + water
Here’s cellular respiration:
food + oxygen → ATP + carbon dioxide + water
Keep in mind, however, that the underlying details are completely different.
2. How ATP gets made in cells: an overview
The process of making ATP in animals (and for this discussion, humans are animals) starts with taking in food, because for animals, the fuel is food. One of the most basic fuels your body uses is the simple sugar glucose.
Glucose’s formula is C6H12O6. It’s a formula worth committing to memory. On the right is its structural formula, which you should be able to recognize on sight.
Say you’ve eaten some rice. Rice is full of starch, a polysaccharide that is a chain of glucose molecules.
Enzymes in your intestines break the starch into glucose, which gets absorbed into your bloodstream. The glucose then travels through your bloodstream, and arrives at your muscle cells.
What now happens to glucose as its chemical energy is used by the cell to make ATP is enormously complicated. As a student in an introductory, high school biology class, all you need to know is this:
- Glucose (food energy) will diffuse through the membranes of the muscle cells and enter into to the cell’s cytoplasm
- In the cytoplasm, glucose starts to get broken down, providing the energy to make a small amount of ATP.
- After that, what’s left of glucose (or any other food) diffuses into the mitochondria, where it is completely broken down. This last phase of cellular respiration requires oxygen. Lots of ATP will be produced. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) will be released as waste products.
Simple enough? Here are some key points about cellular respiration:
- The goal is making ATP.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are waste products. In the same way that these two gases come out of a car’s tailpipe, you breathe out carbon dioxide and water vapor.
- The entire balanced equation is
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy (ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
3. Flashcards: Key Ideas about Cellular Respiration
[qdeck random = “false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-HSenergy, Cellular Respiration Flashcards”]
[h]Flashcards: Cellular Respiration
[!!!!!] Card 1 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
________ + oxygen ? ATP + carbon dioxide + water
[textentry]
[a]glucose + oxygen → ATP + carbon dioxide + water
[!!!!!] Card 2 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
glucose+ _________ → ATP + carbon dioxide + water
[textentry]
[a]glucose+ oxygen → ATP + carbon dioxide + water
[!!!!!] Card 3 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
glucose+ oxygen→ ______ + carbon dioxide + water
[textentry]
[a]glucose+ oxygen? ATP + carbon dioxide + water
[!!!!!] Card 4 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
glucose+ oxygen→ ATP + ______ ________ + water
[textentry]
[a]glucose+ oxygen→ ATP+ carbon dioxide + water
[!!!!!] Card 5 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
glucose+ oxygen→ ATP+ carbon dioxide+ __________
[textentry]
[a]glucose+ oxygen→ ATP+ carbon dioxide+ water
[!!!!!] Card 6 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
________+ ________? ATP + carbon dioxide+ water
[textentry]
[a] glucose+ oxygen ? ATP+ carbon dioxide+ water (glucose and oxygen in either order)
[!!!!!] Card 7 [/!!!!!]
[q]Complete this word equation for cellular respiration
glucose+ oxygen? ____ + ______+ _______
[textentry]
[a] glucose+ oxygen ? ATP+ carbon dioxide+ water (these three in any order)
[!!!!!] Card 8 [/!!!!]
[q]Complete this chemical equation for cellular respiration
_______ + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O (don’t worry about typing subscripts)
[textentry]
[a] C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[!!!!!] Card 9 [/!!!!]
[q]Complete this chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + ______ → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O (don’t worry about typing subscripts)
[textentry]
[a] C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[!!!!!] Card 10 [/!!!!]
[q]Complete this chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → _______ + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[textentry]
[a] C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy (ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[!!!!!] Card 11 [/!!!!]
[q]Complete this chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + _____ + 6H2O (don’t worry about typing subscripts)
[textentry]
[a] C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[!!!!!] Card 12 [/!!!!]
[q]Complete this chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + _____ (don’t worry about typing subscripts)
[textentry]
[a]C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[!!!!!] Card 13 [/!!!!!]
[q]The goal of cellular respiration is production of ______.
[textentry]
[a]The goal of cellular respiration is production of ATP.
[!!!!!] Card 14 [/!!!!!]
[q]An important molecule used as a fuel in cellular respiration is ______.
[textentry]
[a]An important molecule used as a fuel in cellular respiration is glucose.
[!!!!!] Card 15 [/!!!!!]
[q]One of the waste products of cellular respiration is a gas that contains a carbon atom. This gas is ______ _______.
[textentry]
[a]One of the waste products of cellular respiration is a gas that contains a carbon atom. This gas is carbon dioxide.
[!!!!!] Card 16 [/!!!!!]
[q]One of the waste products of cellular respiration is a gas that contains the element hydrogen. This gas is ______.
[textentry]
[a]One of the waste products of cellular respiration is a gas that contains a hydrogen atom. This gas is water.
[x]
[restart]
[/qdeck]
4. Plants can also do cellular respiration
It’s important to remember that plants also perform cellular respiration. As we’ll see in our unit about photosynthesis, when a plant is exposed to light, it will perform photosynthesis, making carbohydrate and releasing oxygen. But to make ATP to power their own life processes, plants will also perform cellular respiration. At nighttime, plants stop photosynthesizing, and solely perform cellular respiration. When the sun rises, they start doing photosynthesis, along with cellular respiration. During winter, when there’s relatively little sunlight, or when a plant might be buried under snow, plants will use the carbohydrate they stored during the longer days of summer, and respire it for energy. And when a seed is germinating (sprouting), it will grow stems and leaves by breaking down its stored food.
In short: animals only do cellular respiration. Plants do cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
5. Checking Understanding
[qwiz random = “true” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-HSenergy, cellular respiration overview quiz”]
[h]Quiz: Cellular Respiration Overview
[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]The function of cellular respiration is to produce
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]The formula for glucose is
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[f]IFllcy4gR2x1Y29zZSBpcyB0aGUgZnVlbCBmb3IgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24sIGFuZCBpdHMgZm9ybXVsYSBpcyBDNg==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6.
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]In cells, cellular respiration begins in the
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]Most of the ATP produced in aerobic cellular respiration is produced in the
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]The correct chemical reaction for cellular respiration is
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6CO2 + energy(ATP) → 6CO2 + 6O2
[c]IE M=Ng==SA==[Qq]12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[c]IDZDTw==Mg==ICsgNkg=[Qq]2O → Energy(light) + C6H12O6 + 6O2
[c]IDZIMg==TyArIDZP[Qq]2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]Of the following, a waste product of cellular respiration is
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]Of the following, a waste product of cellular respiration is
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]The fuel in cellular respiration is
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]A germinating seed, before it puts out its leaves, is only performing
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]During the daytime, a plant with leaves is performing
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]During the nighttime, a plant with leaves is performing
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]Sprouting seeds (which have not yet produced any leaves) are kept in a closed container. Air can’t enter or leave the container. If you measure the gases in the air in the chamber, you would expect to find that, over time,
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[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview”]Bromthymol blue (BTB) is a pH indicator that turns yellow when a solution is acidic, and blue when a solution is basic. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water, it creates a weak acid. A small fish is placed in a beaker of water containing bromthymol blue. The solution is initially blue. What will happen, and why?
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