HINT FOR NEXT TIME: This is a receptor that has a binding site outside of the membrane, and inside the cytoplasm.
G-protein
Yes! Number “2” represents the G protein
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: the G-protein is embedded in the membrane, but it’s NOT a transmembrane protein.
Adenylyl Cyclase
Nice! Number 4 represents adenylyl cyclase
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: Adenylyl cyclase has an active site that projects some distance into the cytoplasm.
[q json=”true” hotspot_user_interaction=”label_prompt” dataset_id=”cell-signaling-click-on-challenge|f2b6152474db7″ question_number=”4″] Process of reception
593 x 262
The G-protein coupled receptor.
Excellent! “1” is the G-protein coupled receptor.
HINT: This is a receptor that has a binding site outside of the membrane, and inside the cytoplasm.
When activated, this will activate adenylyl cyclase
Yes! Number “2” represents the G protein , which activates adenylyl cyclase.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: The G-protein is what activates adenylyl cyclase.
The enzyme that activates the second messenger.
Nice! Number 4 represents adenylyl cyclase, which will convert ATP into cAMP.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: You’re looking for Adenylyl cyclase. It has an active site that projects some distance into the cytoplasm.
Ligand binding site
Nice! The top of the receptor (at 1) is where the ligand binds.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: the binding site sticks out into the cytoplasm (region “a”).
[q json=”true” hotspot_user_interaction=”label_prompt” dataset_id=”cell-signaling-click-on-challenge|f1526f0c29db7″ question_number=”5″] Reception: The details
600 x 405
Ligand binding, G-protein activation
Nice: “II” represents binding of the ligand, activating the G protein.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: “8” is the ligand. Where is it bound to the receptor?
G-protein binds to adenylyl cyclase, activating a cellular response.
Awesome. “III” shows adenylyl cyclase activating a cellular response.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME. The G protein is at 2. Where is it bound to something in a way that causes a cytoplasmic response (indicated by 5)?
Ligand has left receptor, G-protein deactivates, cellular response ends.
Yes. In “IV,” the G-protein unbinds and the cellular response ends.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: Where is the G-protein moving back to where it was before the ligand bound to the receptor?
[q json=”true” xx=”1″ hotspot_user_interaction=”label_prompt” dataset_id=”cell-signaling-click-on-challenge|efe26a74b39b7″ question_number=”6″] Reception and cellular response
575.5414012738853 x 502
ATP
Nice! “6” is ATP!
HINT: ATP has thee phosphate groups, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Cyclic AMP (the second messenger)
Correct! “7” is cAMP, the 2nd Messenger.
HINT: Adenylyl cyclase (at 5) converts ATP to Cyclic AMP.
A phosphorylation cascade.
Awesome. “8” and the arrows leading from it represent a phosphorylation cascade..
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: The phosphorylation cascade is started by the second messenger and ends with the cellular response.
G-protein
Nice! “3” represents the G-protein.
HINT: The G-protein diffuses along the membrane between the receptor (2) and adenylyl cyclase (5).
The cellular response
Yes! “9” is the cellular response: generally activating an enzyme or a gene.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: The phosphorylation cascade (at 8) leads to a cellular response.
Enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP
Nice! “5” is adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: Find ATP (at 6). Based on the arrows in the diagram, what must be converting it into cyclic AMP (at 7)?
The first messenger
Nice! The ligand is the first messenger.
HINT. The first messenger is the ligand that binds with the receptor.
G-Protein Coupled Receptor
Very Nice: “2” is the G protein coupled receptor.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME. The ligand binds with the receptor.
[q json=”true” xx=”1″ hotspot_user_interaction=”label_prompt” dataset_id=”cell-signaling-click-on-challenge|ee5e76376d1b7″ question_number=”7″] Reception and phosphorylation cascade.
599.0348027842227 x 472
phosphorylation cascade
Yes! The kinases on the bottom right are part of a phosphorylation cascade.
HINT. Find the molecules that are receiving phosphates and becoming phosphorylated.
G-protein
Nice! The G-protein is at “3.”
HINT: The G-protein is in the membrane, between the receptor and adenylyl cyclase.
Adenylyl Cyclase
Yes! “4” is adenylyl cyclase
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: Look for the enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP.
G protein coupled receptor
Good work! “2” is the G protein coupled receptor.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: The receptor is what binds with the ligand.
What could be a hormone.
Awesome: “1,” the ligand, could be a hormone.
HINT FOR NEXT TIME: The ligand (which binds with a receptor) could be a hormone.