1. Introduction
In the last tutorial, we saw how carbon atoms move through ecosystems in a never-ending biogeochemical cycle. In this tutorial, we’ll look in more detail at the organisms within this cycle.
2. Getting matter and energy
With the exception of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the ecosystems on our planet are powered by light energy from the sun. Through photosynthesis, photoautotrophic organisms like plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, primarily in the form of carbohydrates. In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, chemoautotrophic bacteria play the same role.
The ability of autotrophs to capture chemical energy in organic compounds makes them ecological producers.
An ecosystem could consist solely of producers and decomposers. To envision that, look at the carbon cycle diagram above, and imagine an ecosystem with the flows shown at A, B, F, and G; and reservoirs 1, 2, and 4. But ecosystems also include animals that eat plants. Several terms are used to refer to these plant-eaters. These animals are primary consumers (because they’re the first in a chain of animals that consume the matter and energy that’s been produced by plants). They’re also referred to as herbivores (“herb” is Latin for plant; “vore” is the same root that’s in the word “devour”).
As opposed to autotrophic plants, herbivores are heterotrophs. Their energy comes from cellular respiration.
Carnivores or secondary consumers eat the primary consumers. The term “predator” is mostly synonymous with carnivore.
And the chain can go higher still. A third-level (tertiary) consumer eats a secondary consumer. But as we’ll see in the next tutorial, while there are some carnivores that, as the opportunity arises, might eat another carnivore, there are few organisms that eat primarily at this tertiary level.
These ways of getting matter and energy (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer) make up an ecosystem’s trophic levels. Trophic levels are feeding levels. Organisms at the same trophic level are positioned in a similar place in terms of the way that energy flows through an ecosystem. This’ll become clearer when we look at the concept of food chains and food webs below. But first, let’s consolidate what you read above.
3. Flashcards: Getting Matter and Energy
Note: some of the cards below will help you review AP Biology content from previous units.
[qdeck bold_text=”false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Getting Matter and Energy (v2.0)”]
[h]Getting Matter and Energy
[i]
[q]Almost every ecosystem on our planet is powered by ___________ energy from the __________.
[a]Almost every ecosystem on our planet is powered by light energy from the sun.
[q]Through __________, plants convert light energy into ____________ energy. That energy is primarily in the form of _____________.
[a]Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy into chemical energy. That energy is primarily in the form of carbohydrates.
[q]The ability of plants to produce chemical energy makes them ecological ___________.
[a]The ability of plants to produce chemical energy makes them ecological producers.
[q]Ecological producers like plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are all a_________________ (begins with “a”).
[a]Ecological producers like plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are all autotrophs.
[q]What’s the equation for photosynthesis? First, respond with the chemical equation, and then say or write the equation in words.
[a]The equation for photosynthesis is
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
In plain English (without the numbers)
carbon dioxide + water + light → glucose + oxygen
[q]Plants use the glucose created by photosynthesis for two things: These are
[a]Plants use the glucose created by photosynthesis
- As the starting point for all of the other molecules that they’re made of.
- As the fuel that powers cellular respiration.
[q]What’s the equation for cellular respiration? First, respond with the chemical equation, and then say or write the equation in words.
[a]The equation for cellular respiration is
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
In plain English (without the numbers) that means
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
[q]In the diagram below, what are the flows at “A” and “B?”
[a]In the diagram below, A is photosynthesis, and B is cellular respiration by plants.
[q]Animals that eat plants are known as ______________ consumers or _________________
[a]Animals that eat plants are known as primary consumers or herbivores.
[q] ____________ __________ eat primary consumers.
[a]Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Note that “carnivore,” “predator” and “secondary consumer” are all synonymous.
[q]When an animal eats a carnivore it’s a ____________ or _________-level consumer.
[a]When an animal eats a carnivore it’s a tertiary or third-level consumer.
[q]In the diagram below, what are the flows at “C” and “D, and what do you call the reservoir at “3?”
[a]In the diagram below, C is consumption, and D is cellular respiration by animals, and 3 is ecological consumers.
[q]Any organism that doesn’t make its own food, but acquires matter and energy by eating or absorbing other living things or their dead remains, is a (n) _____________.
[a]Any organism that doesn’t make its own food, but acquires matter and energy by eating or absorbing other living things or their dead remains, is a heterotroph.
[q] The various ways organisms have for getting matter and energy (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer) make up an ecosystem’s __________ _________.
[a] The various ways organisms have for getting matter and energy (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer) make up an ecosystem’s trophic levels
[x][restart]
[/qdeck]
4. Food Chains
A food chain shows the pathway of matter and energy through a series of organisms. In the food chain on the left, a flowering plant (a producer) is eaten by grasshoppers and bees (the primary consumers), which are eaten by other insects (secondary consumers), which are eaten by frogs (a third-level consumer in this food chain) and so on. The food chain on the right shows a similar transfer of matter and energy for organisms that live in the sea.
[qwiz style = “border: 3px solid black; ” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Checking Understanding: Food Chains (v2.0)”]
[h] Checking Understanding: Food Chains
Click “start” to begin.
[q] In the diagram, which number refers to a primary consumer?
[c]IDE=[Qq]
[c]wq Ay[Qq]
[c]wqAz[Qq]
[c]wqA0[Qq]
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Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram, which number refers to producers?
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Cg==[Qq]
[q] Which is the only level that performs photosynthesis?
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[q]Producers like plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are also called [hangman], which means “self-feeder.”
[c]YXV0b3Ryb3Bocw==[Qq]
[q]An animal that eats a plant is known as a [hangman] consumer or a(n) [hangman]
[c]cHJpbWFyeQ==[Qq]
[c]aGVyYml2b3Jl[Qq]
[q]Producers are capable of feeding themselves because they can perform [hangman], the process that involves capturing the sun’s energy
[c]cGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXM=[Qq]
[q labels = “top”]In photosynthesis
_______ + 6H2O + light energy→ ___________+ 6O2
In plain English (without the numbers)
carbon dioxide + ___________ + light → glucose + ____________
[l]oxygen
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]water
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]C6H12O6
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]6CO2
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[q]The flow of matter and energy from one organism to the next within an ecosystem is called a [hangman] [hangman]
[c]Zm9vZA==[Qq]
[c]Y2hhaW4=[Qq]
[q labels = “top”]Label some of the trophic levels in the food chain below.
[l]primary consumer
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]producer
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]secondary consumer
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Third-level consumer
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[x] If you want to take this quiz again, click the button below. Otherwise, continue reading.
[restart]
[/qwiz]
5. Food Webs
A food web shows all the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. In the food web below, you can start from the phytoplankton (floating organisms that do photosynthesis), and follow the pathway of matter and energy to the bivalves (organisms like clams), to sea ducks, to the bald eagle. That is only one of several food chains that you could follow in this food web. See if you can find two or three others.
6. Other Ways of Getting Food: Omnivores, Scavengers, Decomposers, and Parasites
Many animals can’t be neatly classified as either primary or secondary consumers: the way they make a living (also known as their ecological niche) involves eating at multiple levels. A grizzly bear, for example, is an omnivore. It eats plants such as berries, but it will also hunt for rodents, rabbits, and salmon. Humans, of course, are also omnivores.
Scavengers eat recently killed animals or animals that have died from old age, disease, or other causes. Vultures are scavengers. So are bald eagles. Hyenas are both carnivores and scavengers.
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Many organisms participate in consuming and breaking down dead organic matter, which is a process that occurs in many stages. Decomposers, primarily fungi and bacteria, play the final role in this process, breaking down dead material into simple molecules that can re-enter biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle.
Finally, parasites live inside and consume living prey. Some parasites can be as large as the tapeworm (shown below), which infects the muscle tissue of pigs and cows, and the intestines of humans. In humans, tapeworms can grow up to be up to twenty feet long. However, many more parasites are microscopic, like the parasitic bacteria that cause diseases like diphtheria and cholera, or viruses, which parasitize cells.
7. Quiz: Food Chains, Food Webs, Trophic Levels, etc.
[qwiz style = “border: 3px solid black;”random = “false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels (v2.0)”]
[h] Quiz: Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels
[i] This quiz covers key concepts and terms related to food chains and food webs
[q] What is the source of energy in almost all ecosystems?
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[q] The organisms that create the food that supports ecosystems are known as
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[q] One of these things is not like the other ones. Which one doesn’t fit?
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[q] One of these things is not like the other ones. Which one doesn’t fit?
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Cg==[Qq]
[q] The correct chemical equation for photosynthesis is
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6 CO2 + energy (ATP) -> 6CO2 + 6O2
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6O2 -> energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[c]IDZD Tw==Mg==ICsgNkg=Mg==TyArIEVuZXJneShsaWdodCkgLSZndDsgQw==[Qq]6H12O6 + 6O2
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[q] The term that best describes the kind of organism that directly consumes plants is
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[f]IFllcy4gUHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgYXJlIGhlcmJpdm9yZXMsIGFuZCBlYXQgcGxhbnRzLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiDigJhBbmltYWzigJkgaXMgYSBiaXQgdG9vIGJyb2FkLiBBbmltYWxzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzIG9yIGNhcm5pdm9yZXMuIFdoYXTigJlzIGEgc3lub255bSBmb3IgaGVyYml2b3JlPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SGV0ZXJvdHJvcGgmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHRvbyBicm9hZC4gVG8gYmUgYSBoZXRlcm90cm9waCBtZWFucyBuZWVkaW5nIHRvIGFjcXVpcmUgZm9vZCBmcm9tIGFub3RoZXIgb3JnYW5pc20sIGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8gbWFraW5nIGl0IHlvdXJzZWxmIChsaWtlIGEgcGxhbnQgY2FuKS4gSGV0ZXJvdHJvcGhzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzLCBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLCBldmVuIGRlY29tcG9zZXJzLiBZb3UgbmVlZCB0byBmaW5kIHRoZSBlY29sb2dpY2FsIGVxdWl2YWxlbnQgZm9yIOKAmGhlcmJpdm9yZS7igJk=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] The correct chemical reaction for cellular respiration is
[c]IEM=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6CO2 + energy(ATP) -> 6CO2 + 6O2
[c]IE M=Ng==SA==MTI=Tw==[Qq]6 + 6O2 -> energy(ATP) + 6CO2 + 6H2O
[c]IDZDTw==Mg==ICsgNkg=Mg==TyArIEVuZXJneShsaWdodCkgLSZndDtD[Qq]6H12O6 + 6O2
[c]IDZIMg==TyArIDZPMiA=IC0mZ3Q7IDZDTw==[Qq]2 + 6H2O
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBhbmQgcmVsZWFzZXMgZW5lcmd5LCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYW5kIHdhdGVyLg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gYmVnaW5zIHdpdGggZ2x1Y29zZSwgY29tYmluZXMgaXQgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4sIGFuZCByZWxlYXNlcyBlbmVyZ3ksIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLCBhbmQgd2F0ZXIu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBhbmQgcmVsZWFzZXMgZW5lcmd5LCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYW5kIHdhdGVyLiBUaGlzIGVxdWF0aW9uLCBieSB0aGUgd2F5LCBpcyB0aGUgY29ycmVjdCBlcXVhdGlvbiBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIElmIHlvdSByZXZlcnNlIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbiwgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZm9yIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBhbmQgcmVsZWFzZXMgZW5lcmd5LCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYW5kIHdhdGVyLg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] ‘Herbivore’ means the same as
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[c]IHByaW1hcnkg Y29uc3VtZXI=[Qq]
[c]IGFuaW1hbA==[Qq]
[c]IGhldGVyb3Ryb3Bo[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGNvbnN1bWUgcHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBlYXRzIHBsYW50cz8=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gUHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgYXJlIGhlcmJpdm9yZXMsIGFuZCBlYXQgcGxhbnRzLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiDigJhBbmltYWzigJkgaXMgYSBiaXQgdG9vIGJyb2FkLiBBbmltYWxzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzIG9yIGNhcm5pdm9yZXMuIFdoYXTigJlzIGEgc3lub255bSBmb3IgaGVyYml2b3JlPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SGV0ZXJvdHJvcGgmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHRvbyBicm9hZC4gVG8gYmUgYSBoZXRlcm90cm9waCBtZWFucyBuZWVkaW5nIHRvIGFjcXVpcmUgZm9vZCBmcm9tIGFub3RoZXIgb3JnYW5pc20sIGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8gbWFraW5nIGl0IHlvdXJzZWxmIChsaWtlIGEgcGxhbnQgY2FuKS4gSGV0ZXJvdHJvcGhzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzLCBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLCBldmVuIGRlY29tcG9zZXJzLiBZb3UgbmVlZCB0byBmaW5kIHRoZSBlY29sb2dpY2FsIGVxdWl2YWxlbnQgZm9yIOKAmGhlcmJpdm9yZS7igJnCoA==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] If you need to acquire your food from another organism (as opposed to making it yourself), you’re a(n)
[c]IHBsYW50[Qq]
[c]IGF1dG90cm9waA==[Qq]
[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vy[Qq]
[c]IGhldGVy b3Ryb3Bo[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQbGFudHMgY2FuIG1ha2UgdGhlaXIgb3duIGZvb2QuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBjYW7igJl0IG1ha2UgaXRzIG93biBmb29kPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiDigJhBdXRvdHJvcGjigJkgbWVhbnMg4oCYc2VsZi1mZWVkZXIu4oCZIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBjYW7igJl0IG1ha2UgaXRzIG93biBmb29kPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIHBsYW50cyAob3Igc29tZSBvdGhlciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXRpYyBvcmdhbmlzbSkgdGhhdCBwcm9kdWNlIGZvb2QgZm9yIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMgYW5kIG90aGVyIG9yZ2FuaXNtcy4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBjYW7igJl0IHByb2R1Y2UgdGhlaXIgb3duIGZvb2Q/[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gVG8gYmUgYSBoZXRlcm90cm9waCBtZWFucyBuZWVkaW5nIHRvIGFjcXVpcmUgZm9vZCBmcm9tIGFub3RoZXIgb3JnYW5pc20sIGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8gbWFraW5nIGl0IHlvdXJzZWxmIChsaWtlIGEgcGxhbnQgY2FuKS4gSGV0ZXJvdHJvcGhzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzLCBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLCBhbmQgZXZlbiBkZWNvbXBvc2Vycy4=
Cg==IA==[Qq]
[q] A pathway of matter and energy that flows from one organism to another is known as a
[c]IGZvb2Qgd2Vi[Qq]
[c]IGZvb2Qg Y2hhaW4=[Qq]
[c]IGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xl[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgdmVyeSBjbG9zZS4gQSBmb29kIHdlYiBpcyBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UganVzdCBhIHNpbmdsZSBwYXRod2F5Lg==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gQSBmb29kIGNoYWluIGlzIGEgcGF0aHdheSBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgYW5kIGVuZXJneSBmcm9tIG9uZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0byB0aGUgbmV4dCBpbiBhbiBlY29zeXN0ZW0u[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlIHNob3dzIHRoZSBjeWNsaW5nIG9mIG1hdHRlciBiZXR3ZWVuIGFiaW90aWMgYW5kIGJpb3RpYyBjb21wb25lbnRzIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gVG8gYW5zd2VyIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24ganVzdCBmb2N1cyBvbiB0aGUgcGF0aHdheSBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgYW5kIGVuZXJneSBiZXR3ZWVuIG9yZ2FuaXNtcy4=
Cg==ICA=[Qq]
[q] An organism that primarily gets food by eating herbivores is a(n)
[c]IFByb2R1Y2Vy[Qq]
[c]IFByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXI=[Qq]
[c]IFNlY29uZGFyeS Bjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBJbiBtb3N0IGVjb3N5c3RlbXMsIHByb2R1Y2VycyBhcmUgdGhlIHBsYW50cyB0aGF0IHByb2R1Y2UgdGhlIGZvb2QgZm9yIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMgYW5kIG90aGVyIG9yZ2FuaXNtcy4gV2hvIGVhdHMgdGhlIGhlcmJpdm9yZXM/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXIgZWF0cyBwbGFudHMuIFdobyBlYXRzIHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycz8=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gU2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgY2Fybml2b3JlcyB0aGF0IGVhdCBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycy7CoA==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] One of these things is not like the other ones. Which one doesn’t fit?
[c]IGNhcm5pdm9yZQ==[Qq]
[c]IHByZWRhdG9y[Qq]
[c]IFNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[c]IGhlcmJp dm9yZQ==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdW5pZnlpbmcgY29uY2VwdCBmb3IgdGhpcyBhbmQgdHdvIG9mIHRoZSBvdGhlciBjaG9pY2VzIGlzICYjODIyMDttZWF0IGVhdGVyLiYjODIyMTsgV2hpY2ggb25lIGRvZXMgTk9UIG1lYW4gbWVhdCBlYXRlcj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdW5pZnlpbmcgY29uY2VwdCBmb3IgdGhpcyBhbmQgdHdvIG9mIHRoZSBvdGhlciBjaG9pY2VzIGlzICYjODIyMDttZWF0IGVhdGVyLiYjODIyMTsgV2hpY2ggb25lIGRvZXMgTk9UIG1lYW4gbWVhdCBlYXRlcj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdW5pZnlpbmcgY29uY2VwdCBmb3IgdGhpcyBhbmQgdHdvIG9mIHRoZSBvdGhlciBjaG9pY2VzIGlzICYjODIyMDttZWF0IGVhdGVyLiYjODIyMTsgV2hpY2ggb25lIGRvZXMgTk9UIG1lYW4gbWVhdCBlYXRlcj8=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gSGVyYml2b3JlcyBlYXQgcGxhbnRzLiBBbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIHRlcm1zIHJlZmVyIHRvIG1lYXQgZWF0ZXJzLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] The diagram on the right depicts
[c]IHR3byBmb29k IGNoYWlucw==[Qq]
[c]IGEgZm9vZCB3ZWI=[Qq]
[c]IGVjb3N5c3RlbQ==[Qq]
[c]IGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xl[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIHBhdGh3YXkgb2YgZm9vZCBmcm9tIG9uZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0byB0aGUgbmV4dCBpcyBhIGZvb2QgY2hhaW4u[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGZvb2Qgd2ViIHNob3dzIGFsbCB0aGUgZm9vZCBjaGFpbnMgaW4gYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtLiBUaGlzIGltYWdlIHNob3dzIHR3byBwYXRod2F5cyBvZiBmb29kIGVuZXJneS4gV2hhdOKAmXMgdGhlIGJlc3QgdGVybSBmb3IgdGhhdD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGRpYWdyYW0gb2YgYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtIHdvdWxkIGluY2x1ZGUgYm90aCB0aGUgbGl2aW5nIGNvbW11bml0eSBpbiBhbiBhcmVhIGFuZCB0aGUgbm9uLWxpdmluZyBwYXJ0cyBvZiB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgdGhhdCBzdXBwb3J0IHRoYXQgY29tbXVuaXR5LiBXaGF0IGtpbmQgb2YgaW1hZ2Ugc2hvd3MgYSBzaW5nbGUgcGF0aHdheSBvZiBmb29kIHRocm91Z2ggYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlIGRpYWdyYW0gd291bGQgc2hvdyB0aGUgZmxvdyBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgZnJvbSBsaXZpbmcgdG8gbm9uLWxpdmluZyBjb21wb25lbnRzIG9mIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gVGhpcyBpbWFnZSBzaG93cyB0d28gcGF0aHdheXMgb2YgZm9vZCBlbmVyZ3kuIFdoYXTigJlzIHRoZSBiZXN0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIG9mIHRoYXQ/wqA=
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] This diagram depicts a [c]IGZvb2QgY2hhaW4=
Cg==[Qq][c]IGEgZm9v ZCB3ZWI=[Qq]
[c]IGVjb3N5c3RlbQ==[Qq]
[c]IGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xl[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGZvb2QgY2hhaW4gaXMgdGhlIHBhdGh3YXkgb2YgZm9vZCBmcm9tIG9uZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0byB0aGUgbmV4dC4gVGhpcyBkaWFncmFtIHNob3dzIG11bHRpcGxlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zLg==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gQSBmb29kIHdlYiBzaG93cyBhbGwgdGhlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGRpYWdyYW0gb2YgYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtIHdvdWxkIGluY2x1ZGUgYm90aCB0aGUgbGl2aW5nIGNvbW11bml0eSBpbiBhbiBhcmVhIGFuZCB0aGUgbm9uLWxpdmluZyBwYXJ0cyBvZiB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgdGhhdCBzdXBwb3J0IHRoYXQgY29tbXVuaXR5LiBXaGF0IGtpbmQgb2YgZGlhZ3JhbSB3b3VsZCBzaG93IGFsbCB0aGUgZm9vZCBjaGFpbnMgaW4gYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlIGRpYWdyYW0gd291bGQgc2hvdyB0aGUgZmxvdyBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgZnJvbSBsaXZpbmcgdG8gbm9uLWxpdmluZyBjb21wb25lbnRzIG9mIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIGRpYWdyYW0gd291bGQgc2hvdyBhbGwgdGhlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbT8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] The organisms at number four in this diagram are
[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycw==[Qq]
[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]
[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbG V2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyc8Kg[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIGFsd2F5cyBhdCB0aGUgYm90dG9tIG9mIGEgZm9vZCBjaGFpbi4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDIuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=IA==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzaG93biBhdCBudW1iZXIgMy4gVGhleSBlYXQgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLg==
Cg==[Qq][f]IFllcy4gQSB0ZXJ0aWFyeSAoM3JkLWxldmVsKSBjb25zdW1lciB3b3VsZCBiZSBhdCBudW1iZXIgNCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0uIFRlcnRpYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBlYXQgc2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyAoY2Fybml2b3JlcykuwqA=
Cg==IA==[Qq]
[q] The organisms at number one in this diagram are
[c]IHByb2R1 Y2Vycw==[Qq]
[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]
[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVycw==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gUHJvZHVjZXJzIGFyZSBhbHdheXMgYXQgdGhlIGJvdHRvbSBvZiBhIGZvb2QgY2hhaW4u[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDIuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzaG93biBhdCBudW1iZXIgMy4gVGhleSBlYXQgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGVydGlhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGVhdCBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChjYXJuaXZvcmVzKS4=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] The organisms at number three in this diagram are
[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycw==
Cg==[Qq][c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeS Bjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]
[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVycw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIGFsd2F5cyBhdCB0aGUgYm90dG9tIG9mIGEgZm9vZCBjaGFpbi4gVGhleeKAmXJlIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAxLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDIuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gU2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDMuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycy4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGVydGlhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGVhdCBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChjYXJuaXZvcmVzKS4=
Cg==IA==[Qq]
[q] The organisms at number two in this diagram are
[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycw==[Qq]
[c]IHByaW1hcnkg Y29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]
[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVycw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIGFsd2F5cyBhdCB0aGUgYm90dG9tIG9mIGEgZm9vZCBjaGFpbi4gVGhleeKAmXJlIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAxLg==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gUHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgYXJlIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAyLiBUaGV5IGVhdCBwcm9kdWNlcnMu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzaG93biBhdCBudW1iZXIgMy4gVGhleSBlYXQgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGVydGlhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGVhdCBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChjYXJuaXZvcmVzKS4=
Cg==IA==[Qq]
[q] An animal like a grizzly bear that eats plants and preys on other animals is a(n)
[c]IGhlcmJpdm9yZQ==[Qq]
[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXI=[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[c]IG9tbm l2b3Jl[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBIZXJiaXZvcmVzIGVhdCBwbGFudHMu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7UHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lciYjODIyMTsgaXMgZXF1aXZhbGVudCB0byDigJhoZXJiaXZvcmUu4oCZIFRoZXNlIGFuaW1hbHMgc29sZWx5IGVhdCBwbGFudHMu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzb2xlbHkgY2Fybml2b3Jlcy4gRmluZCB0aGUgbmFtZSBvZiBhIHR5cGUgb2Ygb3JnYW5pc20gdGhhdCBlYXRzIGJvdGggcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBhbmltYWxzLg==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gQmVhcnMgKGxpa2UgcGVvcGxlKSBhcmUgb21uaXZvcmVzLCBlYXRpbmcgYm90aCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMu
Cg==IA==[Qq]
[q] An animal like an elk that eats almost exclusively plants is a(n)
[c]IGhlcmJp dm9yZQ==[Qq]
[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vy[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[c]IG9tbml2b3Jl[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gRWxrIGFyZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzIG9yIHBsYW50IGVhdGVycy4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIHBsYW50cy4gV2hhdCB0eXBlIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtIGVhdHMgcGxhbnRzPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLiBGaW5kIHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGVhdHMgb25seSBwbGFudHMu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBPbW5pdm9yZXMgZWF0IGJvdGggcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBhbmltYWxzLiBGaW5kIHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGVhdHMgb25seSBwbGFudHMu
Cg==[Qq]
[q] An animal like a vulture that eats the remains of dead animals is a(n)
[c]IGhlcmJpdm9yZQ==[Qq]
[c]IHBhcmFzaXRl[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[c]IG9tbml2b3Jl[Qq]
[c]IHNjYXZl bmdlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vIEhlcmJpdm9yZXMgYXJlIHBsYW50LWVhdGVycw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQYXJhc2l0ZXMgZmVlZCBvbiBhIGxpdmluZyBob3N0Lg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLiBUaGV5IGtpbGwgdGhlaXIgcHJleS4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vIE9tbml2b3JlcyBlYXQgYm90aCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBlYXRzIHRoZSByZW1haW5zIG9mIGRlYWQgYW5pbWFscz8=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gQSB2dWx0dXJlIGZlZWRzIG9uIHRoZSByZW1haW5zIG9mIGRlYWQgYW5pbWFscywgbWFraW5nIGl0IGEgc2NhdmVuZ2VyLg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] An organism like a tapeworm that feeds off a living host is a(n)
[c]IGhlcmJpdm9yZQ==[Qq]
[c]IHBhcm FzaXRl[Qq]
[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]
[c]IG9tbml2b3Jl[Qq]
[c]IHNjYXZlbmdlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vIEhlcmJpdm9yZXMgYXJlIHBsYW50LWVhdGVycy4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIGFuaW1hbCBwcmV5cyBvbiBhIGxpdmluZyBob3N0Pw==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gUGFyYXNpdGVzLCBsaWtlIHRoZSB0YXBld29ybSwgZmVlZCBvZmYgb2YgYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdC4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLiBUaGV5IGtpbGwgdGhlaXIgcHJleS4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIGFuaW1hbCBwcmV5cyBvbiBhIGxpdmluZyBob3N0Pw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vIE9tbml2b3JlcyBlYXQgYm90aCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBhbmltYWwgcHJleXMgb24gYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBBIHNjYXZlbmdlciBmZWVkcyBvbiB0aGUgcmVtYWlucyBvZiBkZWFkIGFuaW1hbHMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBhbmltYWwgcHJleXMgb24gYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdD8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Organisms like this fungus that get their nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter, breaking it down into simple forms that can re-enter biogeochemical cycles, are
[c]IGRlY29tcG 9zZXJzLg==[Qq]
[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]
[c]IHBhcmFzaXRlcy4=[Qq]
[c]IHByZWRhdG9y[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gRGVjb21wb3NlcnMsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGUgb3JnYW5pc21zIGxpa2UgZnVuZ2kgYW5kIGJhY3RlcmlhLCBnZXQgdGhlaXIgbnV0cmllbnRzIGZyb20gdGhlIGJyZWFrZG93biBvZiBkZWFkIGFuZCBkZWNheWluZyBvcmdhbmljIG1hdHRlci4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBsaWtlIHBsYW50cyB0aGF0IGNhbiBwcm9kdWNlIGZvb2Qu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQYXJhc2l0ZXMgYXJlIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyB0aGF0IHByZXkgb24gYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdC4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBQcmVkYXRvcnMga2lsbCBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzIGZvciBmb29kLg==[Qq]
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8. What’s next?
Proceed to Topic 8.4, Part 4: Trophic Levels, the next topic in AP Bio Unit 8.