[qwiz style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Enzymes and Activation E (2.0)”]

[h] Enzymes and Activation Energy

[i] Why do you need to strike a match to get it to burst into flames? It’s all about activation energy. In living things, enzymes lower the activation energy required to start life’s chemical reactions. Click start to see how.

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Let’s start by defining a few key terms. Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions, without themselves being changed or used up by the reaction. Enzymes are the catalysts in living things. Almost all enzymes are proteins. Because enzymes are catalysts, however much enzyme is present at the start of a reaction is how much there will be at the end.

To make sure you’re getting this, answer this question: A student is experimenting with amylase, the enzyme used to break down starch. She adds 2 grams of the enzyme to a test tube. At the end of the experiment, how much enzyme should be left in the test tube?

[c]IDAgZ3JhbXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCZWNhdXNlIGVuenltZXMgYXJlIGNhdGFseXN0cywgdGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBub3QgdXNlZCB1cCBpbiB0aGUgY2hlbWljYWwgcmVhY3Rpb25zIHRoYXQgdGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBzcGVlZGluZyB1cC4gWW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIGhhdmUgYXMgbXVjaCBlbnp5bWUgYXQgdGhlIGVuZCBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gYXMgeW91IGhhZCBhdCB0aGUgc3RhcnQu[Qq]

[c]IDEgZ3JhbQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCZWNhdXNlIGVuenltZXMgYXJlIGNhdGFseXN0cywgdGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBub3QgdXNlZCB1cCBpbiB0aGUgY2hlbWljYWwgcmVhY3Rpb25zIHRoYXQgdGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBzcGVlZGluZyB1cC4gWW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIGhhdmUgYXMgbXVjaCBlbnp5bWUgYXQgdGhlIGVuZCBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gYXMgeW91IGhhZCBhdCB0aGUgc3RhcnQu[Qq]

[c]IDIgZ3 JhbXM=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQmVjYXVzZSBlbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBjYXRhbHlzdHMsIHRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUgbm90IHVzZWQgdXAgaW4gdGhlIGNoZW1pY2FsIHJlYWN0aW9ucyB0aGF0IHRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUgc3BlZWRpbmcgdXAuIFlvdSYjODIxNztsbCBoYXZlIGFzIG11Y2ggZW56eW1lIGF0IHRoZSBlbmQgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIGFzIHlvdSBoYWQgYXQgdGhlIHN0YXJ0OiBpbiB0aGlzIGNhc2UsIDIgZ3JhbXMu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Enzymes belong to which biomolecule family?

[c]IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBub3QgY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcy4gSGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludC4gVGhlIG1vbm9tZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBtYWNyb21vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQgZW56eW1lcyBhcmUgbWFkZSB1cCBvZiBhcmUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMu[Qq]

[c]IHByb3 RlaW5z[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQWxtb3N0IGFsbCBlbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBwcm90ZWlucy4=[Qq]

[c]IGxpcGlkcw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBub3QgbGlwaWRzLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgbW9ub21lcnMgb2YgdGhlIG1hY3JvbW9sZWN1bGUgdGhhdCBlbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBtYWRlIHVwIG9mIGFyZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkcy4=[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Enzymes

[c]IHNsb3cgZG93biBjaGVtaWNhbCByZWFjdGlvbnM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGRvbiYjODIxNzt0IHNsb3cgZG93biByZWFjdGlvbnMu[Qq]

[c]IHNwZWVkIHVwIGNoZW1p Y2FsIHJlYWN0aW9ucw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gRW56eW1lcyBzcGVlZCB1cCBjaGVtaWNhbCByZWFjdGlvbnM=[Qq]

[c]IGRvIG5vdCBhZmZlY3QgdGhlIHJhdGUgb2YgY2hlbWljYWwgcmVhY3Rpb25z[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGRvIGltcGFjdCB0aGUgcmF0ZSBvZiBjaGVtaWNhbCByZWFjdGlvbnMuIFRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHdoYXQgY2F0YWx5c3RzIGRvLCBhbmQgeW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIGhhdmUgeW91ciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[q] Compare the two images below. The image on the left is the one that you just labeled. The one on the right shows the effect of an enzyme.

Reaction without an enzyme	Reaction with an enzyme

The type of energy that is changed by the enzyme is the [hangman] [hangman].

[c]IEFjdGl2YXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IGVuZXJneQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Compare the two images below.

A burning match	The energy released in reactions

Which letter represents the energy released by the burning match? Note that there’s no letter “D” in this diagram.

[c]IEEgwqAgwqAg[Qq][c]IEIgwqDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]IEMgwqAgwqAg[Qq][c]IE U=[Qq][f]IE5vLiBBIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGNoZW1pY2FsIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgbWF0Y2ggKHRoZSBlbmVyZ3kgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0YW50cyk=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGNoZW1pY2FsIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIChjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgd2F0ZXIsIGxlZnRvdmVyIGFzaCku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gRSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbmVyZ3kgKGhlYXQgYW5kIGxpZ2h0KSByZWxlYXNlZCBieSB0aGUgbWF0Y2ggYXMgaXQgYnVybnMuIEl0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIGRpZmZlcmVuY2UgYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IG9mIHRoZSByZWFjdGFudHMgYW5kIHRoZSBlbmVyZ3kgb2YgdGhlIHByb2R1Y3RzLg==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Compare the two images below.

A burning match	The energy released in reactions

Which letter represents the energy involved in striking the match (note that there’s no letter “D” in this diagram)?

[c]IEEgwqAgwqAg[Qq][c]IEIgwqDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]IEMgwq AgwqAg[Qq][c]IEU=[Qq][f]IE5vLiBBIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGNoZW1pY2FsIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgbWF0Y2ggKHRoZSBlbmVyZ3kgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0YW50cyk=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGNoZW1pY2FsIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIChjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgd2F0ZXIsIGxlZnRvdmVyIGFzaCku[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQ8KgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IGluIHN0cmlraW5nIHRoZSBtYXRjaCwgb3IgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3k=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGVuZXJneSAoaGVhdCBhbmQgbGlnaHQpIHJlbGVhc2VkIGJ5IHRoZSBtYXRjaCBhcyBpdCBidXJucy4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgZGlmZmVyZW5jZSBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSBlbmVyZ3kgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0YW50cyBhbmQgdGhlIGVuZXJneSBvZiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMu[Qq]

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[qwiz style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Enzymes and Substrates (IR, 2.0)”]

[h]Interactive Reading: Enzymes and Substrates

[i]Now that we understand enzymes and activation energy, let’s see how enzymes work.

[q]The thing that an enzyme acts upon is called a substrate. As a general rule, each enzyme interacts with only one substrate. For example, amylase, the enzyme discussed in the introduction to this tutorial, can break down the polysaccharide starch into the disaccharide maltose.

True or false: Because amylase can break down starch, it can probably break down proteins, too.

[c]VHJ1ZQ==[Qq]

[c]RmFs c2U=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEVuenltZXMgZ2VuZXJhbGx5IGhhdmUgb25seSBvbmUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBUaGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlIG9mIGFteWxhc2UgaXMgc3RhcmNoLCBhbmQgbm90aGluZyBlbHNlLg==[Qq]

[f]Q29ycmVjdC4gVGhlIHN0YXRlbWVudCBpcyBmYWxzZS7CoEVuenltZXMgZ2VuZXJhbGx5IGhhdmUgb25seSBvbmUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBUaGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlIG9mIGFteWxhc2UgaXMgc3RhcmNoLCBhbmQgbm90aGluZyBlbHNlLg==[Qq]

[q]

When enzymes bind with a substrate, they form a temporary unit called an enzyme-substrate complex. In a reaction where the enzyme breaks a substrate apart (like the one shown here), the enzyme will place stress on the bonds holding the substrate together and snap those bonds apart. This changes the substrate into a product. In the diagram above, the enzyme-substrate complex must be at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]NA ==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIFRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXggaXMgYXQgNC4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEZpbmQgdGhlIGFyZWEgb24gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBhcmUgdGVtcG9yYXJpbHkgY29ubmVjdGVkIGFzIGEgc2luZ2xlIHVuaXQu[Qq]

[q]

In the diagram above, the product must be at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]NQ ==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIFRoZSBwcm9kdWN0wqBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA1Lg==[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBJbiB0aGlzIHJlYWN0aW9uLCB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGhhcyBicm9rZW4gdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRvIHR3byBwaWVjZXMuIFdoZXJlIGRvIHlvdSBzZWUgdHdvIHBpZWNlcz8=[Qq]

[q]Here’s a question for review. In terms of their biomolecule family, enzymes are [hangman] catalysts.

[c]cHJvdG Vpbg==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIEVuenltZXMgYXJlIHByb3RlaW4gY2F0YWx5c3RzLg==[Qq]

[q]Another review question. In terms of shape, the active site of an enzyme is [hangman] to the shape of the enzyme’s substrate.

[c]Y29tcGxlbW VudGFyeQ==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIEluIHRlcm1zIG9mIHNoYXBlLCB0aGUgYWN0aXZlIHNpdGUgb2YgYW4gZW56eW1lIGlzIA==Y29tcGxlbWVudGFyeQ==wqB0byB0aGUgc2hhcGUgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZSYjODIxNztzwqBzdWJzdHJhdGUu[Qq]

[q]

In the diagram above, the substrate must be at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Mw ==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIFRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGXCoGlzIHNob3duIGF0IDMu[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBUaGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlIGlzIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBnb2luZyB0byBiZSBhY3RlZCB1cG9uIGJ5IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIElmIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgaXMgYXQgMSwgd2hpY2ggbnVtYmVyIG11c3QgaW5kaWNhdGUgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZT8=[Qq]

[q]

An extension of the lock and key idea is the notion of induced fit. When an enzyme binds with a substrate it changes its shape. This change in shape is part of the way that an enzyme stresses the bonds of its substrate as it converts the substrate into a product. In the diagram above, which number indicates where the active site has first changed its shape through induced fit?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Mw ==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIE51bWJlciAzIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUmIzgyMTc7cyBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSBoYXMgY2hhbmdlZCBzaGFwZSB0byBjb25mb3JtIHdpdGggaXRzIHN1YnN0cmF0ZS4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIExvb2sgYXQgdGhlIGFjdGl2ZSBzaXRlIGF0IG51bWJlciAxLiBUaGlzIGlzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSYjODIxNztzIG9yaWdpbmFsIHNoYXBlLsKgV2hlcmUgZG9lcyB0aGF0IHNoYXBlIGNoYW5nZT8=[Qq]

[q]The process by which an enzyme changes its shape to better match the shape of its substrate is called [hangman] [hangman].

[c]aW5kdWNlZA==[Qq]

[c]Zml0[Qq]

[q]

In the diagram above, which letter indicates the moment when the enzyme is releasing its product?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]RA ==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IuIExldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7RCYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoZSBtb21lbnQgd2hlbiB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGlzIHJlbGVhc2luZyBpdHMgcHJvZHVjdA==[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFN0dWR5IHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIGJlbG93LiBZb3UgY2FuIHNlZSB0aGF0IGluIHRoZSBsYXN0IGltYWdlLCB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGlzIHJlbGVhc2luZyBpdHMgcHJvZHVjdC4=

Cg==

[Qq]

 

[x]

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[qwiz style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Enzymes and their Environment (IR, 2.0)”]

[h]Interactive Reading: Enzymes and their environment

[i]At this point, you should understand:

1. How enzymes reduce the activation energy of the chemical reactions in living things.
2. How enzymes interact with their substrates to catalyze reactions

Now, let’s turn to how enzymes are affected by the conditions in their environment.

[q]Enzymes are found in a variety of places in living systems. Some enzymes operate inside cells. Others are found inside organs, such as the stomach or the intestines. Some organisms, like fungi, secrete enzymes outside their bodies. In every case, enzymes are affected by the environment in which they work.

Here’s a very straightforward example of how an enzyme is affected by its environment. An enzyme is placed in solutions with pH 1, pH 2, and pH 3.  As shown in the graph below, which pH (level of acidity) shows the highest level of enzyme activity?

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]MiDCoC DCoA==[Qq][c]Mw==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEF0IHBIIDEsIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUmIzgyMTc7cyBhY3Rpdml0eSAoc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcykgaXMgdmVyeSBsb3cuIFdoaWNoIHBIIG51bWJlciBzaG93cyB0aGUgaGlnaGVzdCBsZXZlbCBvZiBhY3Rpdml0eT8=[Qq]

[f]Q29ycmVjdC4gQXQgcEggMiwgdGhlIGVuenltZSBpcyBhdCBpdHMgbWF4aW11bSBsZXZlbCBvZiBhY3Rpdml0eS4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEF0IHBIIDMsIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUmIzgyMTc7cyBhY3Rpdml0eSAoc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcykgaXMgdmVyeSBsb3cuIFdoaWNoIHBIIHNob3dzIGEgaGlnaGVyIGxldmVsIG9mIGFjdGl2aXR5Pw==[Qq]

[q]

When a change in an enzyme’s environment changes the enzyme’s shape in a way that reduces its ability to catalyze reactions, the enzyme is said to be denatured. The process is called denaturation.

In the diagram at left. Assume that 1 is the substrate. Which number is the denatured enzyme?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Mw ==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiBZb3UgY2FuIHNlZSB0aGF0IGF0IDMsIHRoZSBzaGFwZSBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lIG5vIGxvbmdlciBmaXRzIHdpdGggaXRzIHN1YnN0cmF0ZS4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIExvb2sgZm9yIHRoZSByZXByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiBvZiBhbsKgZW56eW1lIHdob3NlIHNoYXBlIGhhcyBjaGFuZ2VkIHNvIHRoYXQgaXQgbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGNvbXBsZW1lbnRzIGl0cyBzdWJzdHJhdGUu[Qq]

[q]Denaturation can be reversible or irreversible. If the enzyme can return to its previous state, then the denaturation is reversible. If the denaturation is permanent, then the denaturation is irreversible.

While egg white is not an enzyme, it is a protein. When you cook an egg, you take the liquid protein, and, through cooking, you denature it, making it into a solid. That egg white will never return to its previous form. That’s irreversible denaturation.

[q]

Let’s look again at this graph showing how changing pH (how acidic or basic a solution is) can change enzyme activity and cause denaturation. Which of the following statements is true?

[c]QXMgcEggcmlzZXMsIHNvIGRvZXMgdGhlIGxldmVsIG9mIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eS4=[Qq]

[c]QXMgcEggcmlzZXMgZnJvbSAyIHRvIDMsIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpbmNyZWFzZXMu[Qq]

[c]QXMgcEggcmlzZXMgZnJvbSAyIHRvIDMsIG VuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBkZWNyZWFzZXMu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEZvciB0aGlzIGVuenltZSwgYXMgcEggcmlzZXMsIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSByaXNlcyB1bnRpbCBhIGNlcnRhaW4gcG9pbnQgKHBIIDIpLCBhZnRlciB3aGljaCBpdCBmYWxscy4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEZvciB0aGlzIGVuenltZSwgYXPCoHBIIHJpc2VzIGZyb20gMiB0byAzLCBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgZGVjcmVhc2VzLg==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LsKgRm9yIHRoaXMgZW56eW1lLCBhc8KgcEggcmlzZXMgZnJvbSAyIHRvIDMsIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSA=ZGVjcmVhc2VzLg==[Qq]

[q]Note that in this graph, the higher up we go on the Y axis, the more the enzyme is interacting with its substrate and changing it into the product. Notice that the highest level is pH 2. Another way of saying this is that pH 2 is the pH optimum (the best pH for this enzyme).

What happens at any pH that is lower than 2?

[c]RW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IHJpc2Vz[Qq]

[c]RW56eW1lIGFjdG l2aXR5IGZhbGxz[Qq]

[c]RW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IHN0YXlzIHRoZSBzYW1lLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIElmIHlvdSBtb3ZlIGZyb20gMiB0byAxLCBpcyB0aGUgbGluZSBzbG9waW5nIHVwd2FyZHMgKG1vcmUgYWN0aXZpdHkpb3IgZG93bndhcmRzIChsZXNzIGFjdGl2aXR5KT8=[Qq]

[f]Q29ycmVjdC4gRW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGZhbGxzIGFzIHRoZSBwSCBkcm9wcyBiZWxvdyAyLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIElmIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBzdGF5ZWQgdGhlIHNhbWUsIHRoZW4gdGhlIGxpbmUgd291bGQgYmUgZmxhdC4gV2hhdCYjODIxNztzIGhhcHBlbmluZyB0byB0aGUgbGluZT8=[Qq]

[q]What’s the optimum pH for the enzyme shown in this graph (only choose values shown on the graph’s X-axis)?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]MQ ==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiBUaGUgb3B0aW1hbCBwSCBmb3IgdGhpcyBlbnp5bWUgaXMgYWJvdXQgMS4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEp1c3QgZmluZCB0aGUgcG9pbnQgb24gdGhlIFgtYXhpcyB3aGVyZSB0aGUgcmF0ZSBvZiBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgdGhlIGhpZ2hlc3Qu[Qq]

[q]The stomach is a highly acidic environment. What would you predict would be the optimum pH for an enzyme that operates in the stomach?

[c]IDEgJiM4MjExOy AyIMKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]NSAmIzgyMTE7IDcgwqAgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDggJiM4MjExOyA5IMKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]MTIgJiM4MjExOyAxNA==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiBGb3IgYW4gZW56eW1lIHRvIG9wZXJhdGUgaW4gdGhlIHN0b21hY2gsIGl0cyBwSCBvcHRpbXVtIHdvdWxkIGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgMSAmIzgyMTE7IDIu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIHBIIDUgJiM4MjExOyA2IGlzIG1pbGRseSBhY2lkaWMsIGFuZCA3IGlzIG5ldXRyYWwuIEZpbmQgYSBzdHJvbmdseSBhY2lkaWMgcEggKHRoZSBraW5kIG9mIGVudmlyb25tZW50IHlvdSYjODIxNztkIGZpbmQgaW4gdGhlIHN0b21hY2gpLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIHBIIDggJiM4MjExOyA5IGlzIG1pbGRseSBiYXNpYy4gRmluZCBhIHN0cm9uZ2x5IGFjaWRpYyBwSCAodGhlIGtpbmQgb2YgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgeW91JiM4MjE3O2QgZmluZCBpbiB0aGUgc3RvbWFjaCku[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIHBIIDEyICYjODIxMTsgMTQgaXMgc3Ryb25nbHkgYmFzaWMuIEZpbmQgYSBzdHJvbmdseSBhY2lkaWMgcEggKHRoZSBraW5kIG9mIGVudmlyb25tZW50IHlvdSYjODIxNztkIGZpbmQgaW4gdGhlIHN0b21hY2gpLg==[Qq]

[q]The small intestine is a slightly basic environment. What would you predict would be the optimum pH for an enzyme that operates in the small intestine?

[c]IDEgJiM4MjExOyAyIMKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]NSAmIzgyMTE7IDbCoCDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]IDctOMKg IMKgIMKg[Qq][c]MTIgJiM4MjExOyAxNA==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIHBIIDEgJiM4MjExOyAyIGlzIHN0cm9uZ2x5IGFjaWRpYy4gUmVtZW1iZXIgdGhhdCBvbiB0aGUgcEggc2NhbGUsIDcgaXMgbmV1dHJhbCwgYW5kIGhpZ2hlciB0aGFuIDcgaXMgaW5jcmVhc2luZ2x5IGJhc2ljLiBXaGljaCBwSCByYW5nZSBxdWFsaWZpZXMgYXMgc2xpZ2h0bHkgYmFzaWM/[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIHBIIDUgJiM4MjExOyA2IGlzIG1pbGRseSBhY2lkaWMuIFJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgb24gdGhlIHBIIHNjYWxlLCA3IGlzIG5ldXRyYWwsIGFuZCBoaWdoZXIgdGhhbiA3IGlzIGluY3JlYXNpbmdseSBiYXNpYy4gV2hpY2ggcEggcmFuZ2UgcXVhbGlmaWVzIGFzIHNsaWdodGx5IGJhc2ljPw==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBwSCA3wqAmIzgyMTE7IDjCoGlzIG1pbGRseSBiYXNpYywgYW5kIHRoYXQgaXMgYW4gb3B0aW11bSBwSCBmb3IgZW56eW1lcyBhdCB3b3JrIGluIHRoZSBtaWxkbHkgYmFzaWMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgb2YgdGhlIHNtYWxsIGludGVzdGluZXMu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIHBIIDEyICYjODIxMTsgMTQgaXMgc3Ryb25nbHkgYmFzaWMuIFJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgb24gdGhlIHBIIHNjYWxlLCA3IGlzIG5ldXRyYWwsIGFuZCBoaWdoZXIgdGhhbiA3IGlzIGluY3JlYXNpbmdseSBiYXNpYy4gV2hpY2ggcEggcmFuZ2UgcXVhbGlmaWVzIGFzIHNsaWdodGx5IGJhc2ljPw==[Qq]

[q]Enzymes are also affected by temperature. The typical relationship between temperature and enzyme activity is shown on the left. Let’s start with what happens when enzymes are in cold environments. Which number on the graph shows an enzyme in a cold environment?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]MQ ==[Qq]

[f]VGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGNvcnJlY3QuIFRoZSBhcnJvdyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcmlnaHQgb24gdGhlIFgtYXhpcyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgdGhhdCB0aGUgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUgaXMgaW5jcmVhc2luZyBhcyB5b3UgbW92ZSB0byB0aGUgcmlnaHQuIFRoZXJlZm9yZSBwb2ludCAxIHdvdWxkIGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgdGhlIGNvbGRlc3QgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUu[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoZSBhcnJvdyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcmlnaHQgb24gdGhlIFgtYXhpcyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgdGhhdCB0aGUgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUgaXMgaW5jcmVhc2luZyBhcyB5b3UgbW92ZSB0byB0aGUgcmlnaHQuIFRoZXJlZm9yZSBwb2ludCAxIHdvdWxkIGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgdGhlIGNvbGRlc3QgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUu[Qq]

[q]As temperatures increase, molecules start to move faster. Collisions between enzyme and substrate increase in frequency. The rising line between 1 and 2 represents this increase in activity.

Which number shows the maximum activity and the optimal temperature for this enzyme?

[c]MSDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]MiDCoC DCoA==[Qq][c]Mw==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEF0IHBvaW50IDEsIHRoZSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSBpcyBsb3cgKFgtYXhpcykgYW5kIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpcyBsb3cgKFktYXhpcyku[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBBdCBwb2ludCAyLCB0aGUgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUgaXMgYXQgaXRzIG9wdGltYWwgcG9pbnQsIGFuZCBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgYXQgaXRzIGhpZ2hlc3Qu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEF0IHBvaW50IDMsIHRoZSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSBpcyBoaWdoIChYLWF4aXMpIGFuZCBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgbG93IChZLWF4aXMp[Qq]

[q]Point 2 is directly above the ___________ temperature for this enzyme (use the adjective)

[textentry]

[c]b3B0aW1hbDsg b3B0aW11bQ==[Qq]

[f]VGhhdCYjODIxNztzIHJpZ2h0LiBQb2ludCAyIGlzIGRpcmVjdGx5IGFib3ZlIHRoZSBvcHRpbWFsIChvciBvcHRpbXVtKSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZS4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBQb2ludCAyIGlzIGRpcmVjdGx5IGFib3ZlIHRoZSBvcHRpbWFsIChvciBvcHRpbXVtKSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZS4=[Qq]

[q]To review. If an enzyme is denatured permanently, it’s called [hangman] denaturation. If the enzyme can return to its former state, then the denaturation was [hangman]

[c]aXJyZXZlcnNpYmxl[Qq]

[c]cmV2ZXJzaWJsZS4=[Qq]

[q]Another environmental factor is substrate concentration. In the graph below, that’s represented by “[S].”

At low substrate concentrations, shown as “Low [S]” in the left third of the graph, the probability of the enzyme meeting the substrate to catalyze the reaction is low, and the product will be produced at a low rate. As substrate concentration increases (Medium [S]), the collision and the reaction rate will increase.

Eventually, the enzymes become saturated. That means that there’s so much substrate that every enzyme’s active site will be bound to a substrate. At that point — the saturation point — the reaction will reach a maximum rate (and the rate flattens out).

[q]In the diagram on the left, the maximum rate of enzyme activity is at

[c]TG93IFtTXQ==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIE5vdGUgdGhlIHJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSBYLWF4aXMgYW5kIHRoZSBZLWF4aXMuIFdoZW4gdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb25jZW50cmF0aW9uIGlzIGxvdywgc28gaXMgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIHJhdGUu[Qq]

[c]TWVkaXVtIFtTXQ==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEF0IE1lZGl1bSBbU10sIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbiByYXRlIChvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzKSBpcyBpbmNyZWFzaW5nLCBhbmQgdGhlbiBpdCBzdGFydHMgdG8gc2xvdyBkb3duLg==[Qq]

[c]SGlnaC BbU10=[Qq]

[f]TmljZSEgQXQgSGlnaCBbU10sIHRoZSByYXRlIG9mIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpcyBhdCBpdHMgbWF4aW11bS4=[Qq]

[q]At High [S], the rate line has flattened out. That’s because every enzyme’s [hangman] site is occupied by the substrate. Another way to say that is that the enzymes are [hangman].

[c]YWN0aXZl[Qq]

[c]c2F0dXJhdGVk[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

[qwiz style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Enzymes Quiz (2.0)”]

[h] Quiz: Enzymes
[i] Here’s how the quiz works:

• Questions are multiple-choice or hangman/fill-in-the-blank style, but the entire quiz is like a series of flashcards.
• If you get the question right, it comes off the stack.
• If you get the question wrong, it goes to the bottom of the stack, so you can try it again.

[q] Enzymes almost always belong to which family of macromolecules?

[c]IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXM=[Qq]

[c]IGxpcGlkcw==[Qq]

[c]IHByb3 RlaW5z[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIG5vdCBjb3JyZWN0LiBUaGluayBvZiB0aGUgbWFjcm9tb2xlY3VsZSB3aXRoIHRoZSBtb3N0IGNvbXBsZXggc2hhcGUgYW5kIHN0cnVjdHVyZSwgYW5kIHlvdeKAmWxsIGhhdmUgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMaXBpZHMgYXJlIHVzZWQgZm9yIGVuZXJneSBzdG9yYWdlLCBpbnN1bGF0aW9uLCBhbmQgd2F0ZXJwcm9vZmluZywgYnV0IHRoZXkgZG9u4oCZdCBhY3QgYXMgZW56eW1lcy4=wqAgVGhpbmsgb2YgdGhlIG1hY3JvbW9sZWN1bGUgd2l0aCB0aGUgbW9zdCBjb21wbGV4IHNoYXBlIGFuZCBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUsIGFuZCB5b3XigJlsbCBoYXZlIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEFsbW9zdCBhbGwgZW56eW1lcyBhcmUgcHJvdGVpbnMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The thing an enzyme acts upon is called a (n)

[c]IHByb2R1Y3Q=[Qq]

[c]IHRhcmdldA==[Qq]

[c]IHJlYWN0YW50[Qq]

[c]IHN1YnN0 cmF0ZQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbiBlbnp5bWUgY2F0YWx5emVzIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24sIGFuZCBhIHByb2R1Y3QgaXMgd2hhdCByZXN1bHRzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSDigJh0YXJnZXTigJkgaXMgYSBsb2dpY2FsIGNob2ljZSwgdGhlcmXigJlzIGEgc3BlY2lhbCB3b3JkIGZvciB0aGUgc3Vic3RhbmNlIHRoYXQgYW4gZW56eW1lIGFjdHMgdXBvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGF04oCZcyBhIHZlcnkgbG9naWNhbCBhbmQgZ2VuZXJhbCBjaG9pY2UsIGJ1dCB0aGVyZeKAmXMgYSBtb3JlIHNwZWNpZmljIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEVuenltZXMgYWN0IHVwb24gc3Vic3RyYXRlcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] From the choices below, choose the best match: Enzymes fit with their substrates as a _______________ fits with a __________________.

[c]IGFzIGEgd2hlZWwgZml0cyB3aXRoIGEgcm9hZC4=[Qq]

[c]IGFzIGEgaGFybW9ueSBmaXRzIHdpdGggYSBzb25nLg==[Qq]

[c]IGFzIGEgZmxvd2VyIGZpdHMgd2l0aCBhIGJvdXF1ZXQu[Qq]

[c]IGFzIGEgZG9nIGZpdHMgd2l0aCBhIGNhdC4=[Qq]

[c]IGFzIGxvY2sgZml0 cyB3aXRoIGtleQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNYW55IGRpZmZlcmVudCBraW5kcyBvZiB3aGVlbHMgZml0IHdpdGggbWFueSBkaWZmZXJlbnQga2luZHMgb2Ygcm9hZHMuIFRoZSBrZXkgaWRlYXMgaGVyZSBhcmUgc3BlY2lmaWNpdHkgYW5kIGNvbXBsZW1lbnRhcnkgc2hhcGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNYW55IGtpbmRzIG9mIGhhcm1vbmllcyBjYW4gd29yayB3aXRoIGFueSBvbmUgcGFydGljdWxhciBzb25nIChiYXNlZCBvbiB0aGUgYXJ0aXN04oCZcyBwcmVmZXJlbmNlKS4gVGhlIGtleSBpZGVhcyBoZXJlIGFyZSBzcGVjaWZpY2l0eSBhbmQgY29tcGxlbWVudGFyeSBzaGFwZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNYW55IGRpZmZlcmVudCB0eXBlcyBvZiBmbG93ZXJzIGNhbiB3b3JrIGluIGEgYm91cXVldCAoYmFzZWQgb24gdGhlIGZsb3Jpc3TigJlzIHByZWZlcmVuY2UpLiBUaGUga2V5IGlkZWFzIGhlcmUgYXJlIHNwZWNpZmljaXR5IGFuZCBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHNoYXBlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vISBEb2dzIGRvbuKAmXQgZml0IHdpdGggY2F0cyAoYXQgbGVhc3QsIG5vdCB1c3VhbGx5KS4gVGhlIGtleSBpZGVhcyBoZXJlIGFyZSBzcGVjaWZpY2l0eSBhbmQgY29tcGxlbWVudGFyeSBzaGFwZS4=[Qq]

[f]IFJpZ2h0LiBJbiB0aGUgc2FtZSB3YXkgYXMgb25seSBvbmUgc3BlY2lhbGx5IGN1dCBrZXkgZml0cyBpbnRvIGEgbG9jaywgdGhlcmUgaXMgdXN1YWxseSBhIG9uZS10by1vbmUgcmVsYXRpb25zaGlwIGJldHdlZW4gZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGFuZCB0aGF0IHJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCBpcyBiYXNlZCBvbiBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHNoYXBlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The notion that an enzyme will change its shape to closely bind with and modify its substrate is called

[c]IG1vZGlmaWVkIGJpbmRpbmc=[Qq]

[c]IHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBhcHByb3hpbWF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IGFkYXB0aXZlIGNvbmZvcm1hdGlvbg==[Qq]

[c]IGluZHVj ZWQgZml0[Qq]

[c]IGVuenltYXRpYyBhZGFwdGF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3VyIGNob2ljZSBpcyBhIHNlbnNpYmxlIGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uLCBidXQgdGhhdOKAmXMgbm90IHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIHRoaXMgbW9kZWwgb2YgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbi4gVGhlIGNvcnJlY3QgbmFtZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWwgaGFzIHRvIGRvIHdpdGggYW4gaW1wcm92ZWQgZml0IGNvbWluZyBhYm91dCBiZXR3ZWVuIGVuenltZSBhbmQgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCB0aGF0ICh3aGljaCwgYnkgdGhlIHdheSwgaW5jbHVkZXMgYSBodWdlIGhpbnQpIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3VyIGNob2ljZSBpcyBhIHNlbnNpYmxlIGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uLCBidXQgdGhhdOKAmXMgbm90IHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIHRoaXMgbW9kZWwgb2YgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbi4gVGhlIGNvcnJlY3QgbmFtZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWwgaGFzIHRvIGRvIHdpdGggYW4gaW1wcm92ZWQgZml0IGNvbWluZyBhYm91dCBiZXR3ZWVuIGVuenltZSBhbmQgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCB0aGF0ICh3aGljaCwgYnkgdGhlIHdheSwgaW5jbHVkZXMgYSBodWdlIGhpbnQpIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3VyIGNob2ljZSBpcyBhIHNlbnNpYmxlIGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uLCBidXQgdGhhdOKAmXMgbm90IHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIHRoaXMgbW9kZWwgb2YgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbi4gVGhlIGNvcnJlY3QgbmFtZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWwgaGFzIHRvIGRvIHdpdGggYW4gaW1wcm92ZWQgZml0IGNvbWluZyBhYm91dCBiZXR3ZWVuIGVuenltZSBhbmQgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCB0aGF0ICh3aGljaCwgYnkgdGhlIHdheSwgaW5jbHVkZXMgYSBodWdlIGhpbnQpIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIFRoZSBpZGVhIGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCB0aGUgYmluZGluZyBvZiBlbnp5bWUgYW5kIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbmR1Y2VzIChjYXVzZXMpIGEgY2hhbmdlwqBpbiB0aGUgc2hhcGUgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZeKAmXMgYWN0aXZlIHNpdGUsIHdoaWNoIGltcHJvdmVzIGl0cyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBhbmQgYXNzaXN0cyBpdCBpbiBjb252ZXJ0aW5nIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUgaW50byB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3VyIGNob2ljZSBpcyBhIHNlbnNpYmxlIGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uLCBidXQgdGhhdOKAmXMgbm90IHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIHRoaXMgbW9kZWwgb2YgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbi4gVGhlIGNvcnJlY3QgbmFtZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWwgaGFzIHRvIGRvIHdpdGggYW4gaW1wcm92ZWQgZml0IGNvbWluZyBhYm91dCBiZXR3ZWVuIGVuenltZSBhbmQgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCB0aGF0ICh3aGljaCwgYnkgdGhlIHdheSwgaW5jbHVkZXMgYSBodWdlIGhpbnQpIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] An enzyme binds its substrate at its

[c]IHJlYWN0aW9uIHNpdGU=[Qq]

[c]IGJpbmRpbmcgc2l0ZQ==[Qq]

[c]IGFjdGl2 ZSBzaXRl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJhSZWFjdGlvbiBzaXRl4oCZIGlzIGEgbG9naWNhbCBjaG9pY2UsIGJ1dCBub3QgdGhlIG9uZSB0aGF04oCZcyB1c2VkLiBCZWNhdXNlIGFuIGVuenltZSBpcyBhIHRocmVlLWRpbWVuc2lvbmFsIG9iamVjdCwgb25seSBhIHNtYWxsIHBhcnQgb2YgaXRzIHN1cmZhY2UgaXMgZ29pbmcgdG8gYWN0aXZlbHkgdG91Y2ggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBhbmQgaW50ZXJhY3Qgd2l0aCBpdCBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNhdGFseXplcyB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgdGhlIGh1Z2UgaGludCBpbiB0aGUgcHJldmlvdXMgc2VudGVuY2UsIGFuZCB1c2UgaXQgdG8gYW5zd2VyIHRoaXMgY29ycmVjdGx5IG5leHQgdGltZS4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljLiBUaGUgZW56eW1lIGJpbmRzIHdpdGggaXRzIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBhdCBpdHMgYWN0aXZlIHNpdGUu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The relationship in shape between enzyme and substrate is best described as

[c]IGNvbXBsZW 1lbnRhcnk=[Qq]

[c]IGNvbnRyYXN0aW5n[Qq]

[c]IGEgbWlycm9yIGltYWdl[Qq]

[c]IGhhcm1vbmlvdXM=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIFRoZSBzaGFwZSBvZiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgZml0cyB3aXRoIHRoZSBzaGFwZSBvZiBhIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbiBhIGNvbXBsZW1lbnRhcnkgd2F5LCBsaWtlIHR3byBwaWVjZXMgb2YgYSBwdXp6bGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUcnkgdG8gZmluZCBhIHdvcmQgdGhhdCBjb252ZXlzIHRoZSBpZGVhIHRoYXQgZW56eW1lcyBmaXQgd2l0aCB0aGVpciBzdWJzdHJhdGVzIGxpa2UgcGllY2VzIG9mIGEgcHV6emxlIGZpdCB0b2dldGhlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2hhcGUgb2YgYW4gZW56eW1lIGFuZCBhIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBmaXQgdG9nZXRoZXIsIGJ1dCB0aGV54oCZcmUgbm90IG1pcnJvciBpbWFnZXMuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSB3b3JkIHRoYXQgY29udmV5cyB0aGlzIOKAmGZpdHRpbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIu4oCZ[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgdGhhdOKAmXMgYW4gaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgY2hvaWNlLiBTb3VuZHMgdGhhdCBmaXQgdG9nZXRoZXIgYXJlIGhhcm1vbmlvdXMuIEJ1dCB0aGVyZeKAmXMgYSBjaG9pY2UgdGhhdCBiZXR0ZXIgY29udmV5cyB0aGUgbWF0Y2hpbmcgZml0IGJldHdlZW4gZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] If you added 4 milligrams of an enzyme to a reaction, and were able to recover all of the available enzymes at the reaction’s end, how much enzyme should you be able to recover?

[c]IDQgbWlsbG lncmFtcw==[Qq]

[c]IDIgbWlsbGlncmFtcw==[Qq]

[c]IDggbWlsbGlncmFtcw==[Qq]

[c]IDAgbWlsbGlncmFtcw==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIHJpZ2h0LiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBjYXRhbHlzdHMgdGhhdCBhcmUgbm90IGNvbnN1bWVkIGluIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgdGhleSBwYXJ0aWNpcGF0ZSBpbi4gVGhlcmVmb3JlLCBpbiB0aGUgZW5kLCB5b3Ugc2hvdWxkIGJlIGFibGUgdG8gcmVjb3ZlciBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZXMgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGFkIGF0IHRoZSBzdGFydC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBjYXRhbHlzdHMgdGhhdCBhcmUgbm90IGNvbnN1bWVkIGluIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgdGhleSBwYXJ0aWNpcGF0ZSBpbi4gVGhlcmVmb3JlLCBpbiB0aGUgZW5kLCB5b3Ugc2hvdWxkIGJlIGFibGUgdG8gcmVjb3ZlciBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZXMgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGFkIGF0IHRoZSBzdGFydC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBjYXRhbHlzdHMgdGhhdCBhcmUgbm90IGNvbnN1bWVkIGluIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgdGhleSBwYXJ0aWNpcGF0ZSBpbi4gVGhlcmVmb3JlLCBpbiB0aGUgZW5kLCB5b3Ugc2hvdWxkIGJlIGFibGUgdG8gcmVjb3ZlciBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZXMgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGFkIGF0IHRoZSBzdGFydC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBjYXRhbHlzdHMgdGhhdCBhcmUgbm90IGNvbnN1bWVkIGluIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgdGhleSBwYXJ0aWNpcGF0ZSBpbi4gVGhlcmVmb3JlLCBpbiB0aGUgZW5kLCB5b3Ugc2hvdWxkIGJlIGFibGUgdG8gcmVjb3ZlciBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZXMgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGFkIGF0IHRoZSBzdGFydC4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below that shows the progress of two chemical reactions, which number shows the pathway of the reaction when it’s catalyzed by an enzyme?

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBzaG93cyB0aGUgcHJvZ3Jlc3Mgb2YgYSBub24tZW56eW1lIGNhdGFseXplZCByZWFjdGlvbi4gWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZ29pbmcgKHNob3duIGF0IDQpIGlzIG11Y2ggaGlnaGVyIHRoYW4gdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHdpdGggYW4gZW56eW1lIChzaG93biBhdCAzKS4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgd2hlbiB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgTnVtYmVyIDIgc2hvd3MgdGhlIHByb2dyZXNzIG9mIGFuIGVuenltZS1jYXRhbHl6ZWQgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFlvdSBjYW4gdGVsbCBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZSBhY3RpdmF0aW9uIGVuZXJneSByZXF1aXJlZCB0byBnZXQgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIGdvaW5nIChzaG93biBhdCAzKSBpcyBtdWNoIGxvd2VyIHRoYW4gdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHdvdWxkIGJlIHdpdGhvdXQgYW4gZW56eW1lIChzaG93biBhdCA0KS4gTG93ZXJpbmcgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgaXMgZXhhY3RseSB3aGF0IGVuenltZXMgZG8u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgb24gdGhlIHJpZ2h0IHRyYWNrLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBzaG93aW5nIHRoZSByZWR1Y2VkIGFtb3VudCBvZiBlbmVyZ3kgcmVxdWlyZWQgdG8gc3RhcnQgYSByZWFjdGlvbiAoYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kpIHdoZW4gYW4gZW56eW1lIGlzIHByZXNlbnQgKGNvbXBhcmUgMyB0byA0KS4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgd2hlbiB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyB0aGUgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgcmVxdWlyZWQgd2hlbiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXNu4oCZdCBjYXRhbHl6aW5nIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBtYWluIGVmZmVjdCBvZiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXMgdG8gbG93ZXIgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgKGNvbXBhcmUgbnVtYmVyIDQgdG8gbnVtYmVyIDMpLiBLZWVwIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiBhZ2Fpbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below that shows the progress of two chemical reactions, which number shows the activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBzaG93cyB0aGUgcHJvZ3Jlc3Mgb2YgYSBub24tZW56eW1lIGNhdGFseXplZCByZWFjdGlvbi4gWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZ29pbmcgKHNob3duIGF0IDQpIGlzIHNvIGhpZ2guIE5vdywga25vd2luZyB3aGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGlzLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIgdG8gdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgaXQgYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBzaG93cyB0aGUgcHJvZ3Jlc3Mgb2YgYW4gZW56eW1lLWNhdGFseXplZCByZWFjdGlvbi4gWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZ29pbmcgaXMgbXVjaCBsb3dlciB0aGFuIHRoZSBhY3RpdmF0aW9uIGVuZXJneSB3b3VsZCBiZSB3aXRob3V0IGFuIGVuenltZSAoc2hvd24gYXQgNCkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBoaW50LCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBnZXQgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiByaWdodCB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgaXQgYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IEZhbnRhc3RpYy4gTnVtYmVyIDMgaXMgc2hvd2luZyB0aGUgcmVkdWNlZCBhbW91bnQgb2YgZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIHN0YXJ0IGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gKGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5KSB3aGVuIGFuIGVuenltZSBpcyBwcmVzZW50IChjb21wYXJlIDMgdG8gNCku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyB0aGUgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgcmVxdWlyZWQgd2hlbiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXNu4oCZdCBjYXRhbHl6aW5nIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBtYWluIGVmZmVjdCBvZiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXMgdG8gbG93ZXIgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kuIEtlZXAgdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kIHdoZW4geW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uIGFnYWluLCBhbmQgeW91IHNob3VsZCBiZSBhYmxlIHRvIGZpZ3VyZSBpdCBvdXQu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the graph below, which line would represent the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme?

[c]IDEgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDI=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkhIEVuenltZXMgc3BlZWQgdXAgcmVhY3Rpb24gcmF0ZXMuIFRoYXTigJlzIHdoeSB0aGUgc2xvcGUgb2YgbGluZSBvbmUgaXMgc3RlZXBlcjogbW9yZSBvZiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCBpcyBiZWluZyBjb252ZXJ0ZWQgdG8gdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBvdmVyIHRpbWUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IGlkZWEgb2YgdGhpcyBncmFwaCBpcyB0aGF0IGVuenltZXMgbWFrZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgZ28gZmFzdGVyLiBMaW5lIG51bWJlciBvbmUgaGFzIGEgbGVzcyBzdGVlcCBzbG9wZSB0aGFuIGxpbmUgbnVtYmVyIDIsIGluZGljYXRpbmcgdGhhdCB0aGUgcmF0ZSBvZiBwcm9kdWN0IGNyZWF0aW9uIGlzIGxvd2VyLiBLZWVwIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiBhZ2Fpbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the enzyme-substrate complex is represented by

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21pbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgdG8gZm9ybSBhbiBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSB0aGF0IHNob3dzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgYW5kIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUgY29taW5nIHRvZ2V0aGVyIHRvIGZvcm0gYW4gZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21wbGV4Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21pbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgdG8gZm9ybSBhbiBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgu[Qq]

[f]IEZhbnRhc3RpYyEgTnVtYmVyIDQgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21wbGV4Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cyBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21pbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgdG8gZm9ybSBhbiBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the active site is represented by

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnRpcmUgZW56eW1lLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSB0aGF0IHNob3dzIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgd2lsbCBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZS4=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUhIE51bWJlciAyIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGFjdGl2ZSBzaXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1lIHdpbGwgYmluZCB3aXRoIGl0cyBzdWJzdHJhdGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3Mgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXguIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3Mgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cyBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3Mgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the enzyme is represented by

[c]IDEgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcyEgTnVtYmVyIDEgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW50aXJlIGVuenltZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgd2hpY2ggcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW50aXJlIGVuenltZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIGFib3V0IHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgd2hpY2ggcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW56eW1lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGF0IGEgbW9tZW50IHdoZW4gdGhlIHR3byBhcmUgdGVtcG9yYXJpbHkgYm9uZGVkIHRvZ2V0aGVyIGFzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgY2F0YWx5emVzIGl0cyByZWFjdGlvbi4gU2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIHdoaWNoIHJlcHJlc2VudHMganVzdCB0aGUgZW56eW1lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cyBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cywgeW91IGNhbiBzZWUsIHdlcmUgZm9ybWVybHkgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgc2hvd24gaW4gdGhlIHNhbWUgY29sb3IuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHRoZSB0aGluZyB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRvIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the product of the reaction is represented by

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID U=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0IHRoYXQgdGhlIGVuenltZSBjcmVhdGVzIGFmdGVyIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHdpdGggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCB0aGF0IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgY3JlYXRlcyBhZnRlciBpbnRlcmFjdGluZyB3aXRoIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIGFib3V0IHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24sIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yIGFzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBhcHBlYXJzIGF0IHRoZSBlbmQgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFRoaXMgY29tcGxleCBmb3JtcyBhcyB0aGUgdHdvIGFyZSB0ZW1wb3JhcmlseSBib25kZWQgdG9nZXRoZXIgYXMgdGhlIGVuenltZSBjYXRhbHl6ZXMgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24sIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yIGFzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBhcHBlYXJzIGF0IHRoZSBlbmQgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4=wqAgTnVtYmVyIDUgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLiBUaGUgcHJvZHVjdHMsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlLCB3ZXJlIGZvcm1lcmx5IHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the substrate of the reaction is represented by

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoYXQgdGhlIGVuenltZSBpbnRlcmFjdHMgd2l0aC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGF0IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgaW50ZXJhY3RzIHdpdGgu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gTnVtYmVyIDMgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhYm91dCB0byBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGhlIGVuenltZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IGp1c3QgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hhdCB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGludGVyYWN0cyB3aXRoLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==wqAgTnVtYmVyIDUgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLiBUaGUgcHJvZHVjdHMsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlLCB3ZXJlIGZvcm1lcmx5IHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yLg==wqAgU2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gaWRlbnRpZnkganVzdCB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGF0IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgaW50ZXJhY3RzIHdpdGgu

[Qq]

[q] What’s the name for the process where environmental changes (in temperature or pH, for example) cause an enzyme’s shape to change, destroying its function?

[c]IGRlY2F0YWx5emF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IGRlZm9ybWF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IGRlbmF0dX JhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[c]IGRlZW56eW1pZmljYXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgcHJvYmFibHkgcmVjb2duaXplZCDigJhjYXRhbHlzdOKAmSBpbiB0aGlzIGNob2ljZSwgYnV0IHRoYXQgaXMgbm90IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIuIE5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIHRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSBmYWN0IHRoYXQgZW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBmYWN0b3JzIGhhdmUgY2hhbmdlZCB0aGUgbmF0dXJlIG9mIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIE9uZSB3b3JkIGluIHRoZSBwcmV2aW91cyBzZW50ZW5jZSBlc3NlbnRpYWxseSB0ZWxscyB5b3UgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBjaGFuZ2VzIGhhdmUsIGluZGVlZCwgZGVmb3JtZWQgdGhlIGVuenltZSwgYnV0IHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIGJldHRlciBhbmQgbW9yZSB3aWRlbHkgdXNlZCB0ZXJtLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCB0aGluayBvZiB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGVudmlyb25tZW50YWwgZmFjdG9ycyBoYXZlIGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIG5hdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBPbmUgd29yZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJldmlvdXMgc2VudGVuY2UgZXNzZW50aWFsbHkgdGVsbHMgeW91IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIENoYW5naW5nIGFuIGVuenltZeKAmXMgc2hhcGUgZGVzdHJveXMgaXRzIGFiaWxpdHkgdG8gY2F0YWx5emUgYSByZWFjdGlvbi4gVGhpcyBjaGFuZ2UgaXMgY2FsbGVkIGRlbmF0dXJhdGlvbi4gVGhlIHZlcmIgaXMg4oCYdG8gZGVuYXR1cmUu4oCZ[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgcHJvYmFibHkgcmVjb2duaXplZCDigJhlbnp5bWXigJkgaW4gdGhpcyBjaG9pY2UsIGJ1dCB0aGlzIGlzIG5vdCB0aGUgY29ycmVjdCB0ZXJtIChub3QgaXMgaXQgYSByZWFsIHdvcmQpLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCB0aGluayBvZiB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGVudmlyb25tZW50YWwgZmFjdG9ycyBoYXZlIGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIG5hdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBPbmUgd29yZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJldmlvdXMgc2VudGVuY2UgZXNzZW50aWFsbHkgdGVsbHMgeW91IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Enzymes have a pH optimum: a pH at which they’ll have maximum activity. In the diagram below, the optimum is shown at

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDM=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb3B0aW11bSBpcyB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIHRoZSBoaWdoZXN0LiBFbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcywgd2l0aCBoaWdoZXIgbWVhbmluZyBtb3JlIGFjdGl2aXR5LiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCBsb29rIGZvciB0aGUgaGlnaCBwb2ludCBvbiB0aGUgZ3JhcGgu[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iISBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWXigJlzIHBIIG9wdGltdW0sIHRoZSBwSCB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIGF0IGl0cyBoaWdoZXN0IHJhdGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb3B0aW11bSBpcyB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIHRoZSBoaWdoZXN0LiBFbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcywgd2l0aCBoaWdoZXIgbWVhbmluZyBtb3JlIGFjdGl2aXR5LiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCBsb29rIGZvciB0aGUgaGlnaCBwb2ludCBvbiB0aGUgZ3JhcGgu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Enzymes have a pH optimum: a pH at which they’ll have maximum activity. In the diagram below, which number shows where the enzyme has lost its activity because of conditions that are too acidic?

[c]IDEgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDM=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIE9uIHRoZSBwSCBzY2FsZSwgbG93ZXIgbWVhbnMgbW9yZSBhY2lkaWMuIEF0IHBvaW50IDEsIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIGxvdyAoc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcykgYW5kIHRoZSBwSCBpcyBiZWxvdyB0aGUgb3B0aW11bSBwSCwgd2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgbW9yZSBhY2lkaWMgKGZhciB0byB0aGUgbGVmdCBvbiB0aGUgWC1heGlzKS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWXigJlzIHBIIG9wdGltdW0sIHRoZSBwSCB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIGF0IGl0cyBoaWdoZXN0IHJhdGUuwqAgTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBsb29rIGZvciBhIG51bWJlciB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGxvd2VyIGFjdGl2aXR5IChsb3dlciBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzKSwgYW5kIGxvd2VyIHBIICh0byB0aGUgbGVmdCBvbiB0aGUgWC1heGlzKS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBdCBudW1iZXIgMyB0aGUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgbG93IChhcyBzaG93biBieSB0aGUgcG9zaXRpb24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcyksIGJ1dCB0aGUgcG9zaXRpb24gb24gdGhlIFgtYXhpcyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgYSBoaWdoZXIgcEgsIHdoaWNoIHdvdWxkIG1lYW4gbW9yZSBiYXNpYy4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBtb3JlIGFjaWRpYyBwb2ludCBvbiB0aGUgZ3JhcGggKGJ1dCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzYW1lIGxldmVsIG9mIGFjdGl2aXR5KS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the optimum temperature for this enzyme?

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDM=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpcyBzaG93biBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzLiBBdCBwb2ludCBudW1iZXIgMSwgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIHZlcnkgbG93LiBBdCB0aGUgb3B0aW11bSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSwgdGhlIGFjdGl2aXR5IHdvdWxkIGJlIGhpZ2hlc3Qu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudDogdGhlIG9wdGltdW0gdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUgaXMgdGhlIG9uZSB3aGVyZSBhY3Rpdml0eSB3b3VsZCBiZSB0aGUgaGlnaGVzdCBvbiB0aGUgWSBheGlzLCBhcyBzaG93biBhdCBwb2ludCAyLg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpcyBzaG93biBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzLiBBdCBwb2ludCBudW1iZXIgMywgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIHZlcnkgbG93LiBBdCB0aGUgb3B0aW11bSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSwgdGhlIGFjdGl2aXR5IHdvdWxkIGJlIGhpZ2hlc3Qu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the point where denaturation has caused enzyme activity to fall?

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID M=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcy4gQXQgcG9pbnQgbnVtYmVyIDIsIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIHZlcnkgaGlnaCwgd2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdGhhdCB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGlzIHByb2JhYmx5IGluIGdvb2Qgc2hhcGUgKG5vdCBkZW5hdHVyZWQpLg==wqAgRGVuYXR1cmF0aW9uIHVzdWFsbHkgY29tZXMgYWJvdXQgYnkgZXhjZXNzaXZlIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlLiBUaGluayBvZiB0aGF0IG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQXQgcG9pbnQgMywgdGhlIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlIGlzIGhpZ2ggKGFzIHNob3duIG9uIHRoZSBYLWF4aXMpLCBhbmQgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgbG93IChhcyBzaG93biBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzKS4gRXhjZXNzaXZlIGhlYXQgY2FuIGNhdXNlIGVuenltZXMgdG8gZGVuYXR1cmUsIGRlc3Ryb3lpbmcgdGhlaXIgYWN0aXZpdHku

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which of the following environmental changes would be LEAST LIKELY to cause enzymes to denature?

[c]IHRvbyBtdWNoIH N1YnN0cmF0ZS4=[Qq]

[c]IHRvbyBtdWNoIGhlYXQ=[Qq]

[c]IHRvbyBtdWNoIHNhbHQu[Qq]

[c]IGEgcEggd2F5IGFib3ZlIHRoZSBvcHRpbXVtLg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZWF0IGlzIGEgbWFqb3IgZmFjdG9yIGJlaGluZCBlbnp5bWUgZGVuYXR1cmF0aW9uLiBUaGUgcmVhc29uIHdoeSBpcyB0aGF0IGVuenltZXMgYXJlIHByb3RlaW5zLCBhbmQgcHJvdGVpbnMgaGF2ZSBhIDMtRCBzaGFwZSB0aGF04oCZcyBkZXRlcm1pbmVkLCBpbiBwYXJ0LCBieSB3ZWFrIGZvcmNlcyBsaWtlIGh5ZHJvZ2VuIGJvbmRzIHdoaWNoIGNhbiBlYXNpbHkgYmUgZGlzcnVwdGVkLiBUb28gbXVjaCBoZWF0IGNhbiBjaGFuZ2UgYW4gZW56eW1l4oCZcyBzaGFwZSwgZGVuYXR1cmluZyBpdC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBwcm90ZWlucywgYW5kIHByb3RlaW5zIGhhdmUgYSAzLUQgc2hhcGUgdGhhdOKAmXMgZGV0ZXJtaW5lZCBieSBpbnRlcmFjdGluZyBmb3JjZXMgYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgdGhhdCBtYWtlIHVwIHRoZSBwcm90ZWluLiBPbmUgb2YgdGhvc2UgaW50ZXJhY3Rpb25zIGlzIGlvbmljIGF0dHJhY3Rpb24uIEFkZCB0b28gbXVjaCBzYWx0IHRvIGFuIGVuenltZeKAmXMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQsIGFuZCB0aGUgaW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgc2FsdCB3aWxsIGRpc3J1cHQgdGhlIGlvbmljIGJvbmRzIHRoYXQgaGVscCBkZXRlcm1pbmUgdGhlIGVuenltZeKAmXMgc2hhcGUuIEluIHRoZSBjYXNlIG9mIGFuIGVuenltZSwgYSBjaGFuZ2VkIHNoYXBlIGxlYWRzIHRvIGRlbmF0dXJhdGlvbi4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Beano is a commercial enzyme product that claims to reduce flatulence (farting) by providing enzymes that break down certain carbohydrates that people sometimes have difficulty digesting. The product information tells you not to cook Beano with your food, but to ingest the enzyme tablets just before eating. Why can’t you cook Beano with your food?

[c]IFRoZSBlbnp5bWVzIGluIEJlYW5vLCBtaXhlZCB3aXRoIHlvdXIgZm9vZCwgd291bGQgYnJlYWsgYWxsIG9mIHRoZSBmb29kIGRvd24sIGxlYXZpbmcgeW91IHdpdGggYSBzb2dneSBtdXNoLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBlbnp5bWVzIGluIEJlYW5vIHRhc3RlIGhvcnJpYmxlIGFuZCB3b3VsZCBydWluIGFueSBkaXNoIHRoYXQgeW91IGNvb2tlZC4=[Qq]

[c]IEJlYW5vIG5lZWRzIGFuIGFjaWRpYyBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCBhbmQgbmVlZHMgdG8gZ2V0IGRvd24gdG8geW91ciBzdG9tYWNoIGJlZm9yZSB0aGUgZm9vZCBnZXRzIHRoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[c]wq AgQmVhbm8gY29udGFpbnMgZW56eW1lcy4gTGlrZSBtb3N0IGVuenltZXMsIGl0IHdpbGwgYmUgZGVuYXR1cmVkIGJ5IGhpZ2ggdGVtcGVyYXR1cmVzLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUgY29va2luZyB3b3VsZCBydWluIEJlYW5v4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJvYmxlbSByZWxhdGVzIHRvIHRoZSBlZmZlY3QgdGhhdCBoZWF0IGhhcyBvbiBlbnp5bWVzLiBJZiB5b3UgY29va2VkIEJlYW5vIHdpdGggeW91ciBmb29kLCB5b3XigJlkIGJlIGV4cG9zaW5nIGl0IHRvIGZhaXJseSBleHRyZW1lIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlcy4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgdGhlIG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiB3aXRob3V0IGJlaW5nIHRvbyBwZXJzb25hbCwgSeKAmXZlIHRyaWVkIEJlYW5vIG15c2VsZi4gSXQgaGFzIGEgc2xpZ2h0bHkgc2FsdHkgdGFzdGUsIGEgYml0IHBvd2RlcnksIGJ1dCBub3RoaW5nIHRoYXQgd291bGQgcnVpbiBhIGRpc2guIFRoZSBwcm9ibGVtIHJlbGF0ZXMgdG8gdGhlIGVmZmVjdCB0aGF0IGhlYXQgaGFzIG9uIGVuenltZXMuIEtlZXAgdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGV4YWN0bHkgcmlnaHQuIElmIHlvdSBjb29rZWQgQmVhbm8sIHlvdeKAmWQgZGVuYXR1cmUgaXRzIGVuenltZXMsIG1ha2luZyBpdCBpbmVmZmVjdGl2ZSBhdCBoZWxwaW5nIHlvdSBicmVhayBkb3duIHRoZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzIHRoYXQgY2F1c2UgZ2FzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an inherited enzyme deficiency (the body’s inability to produce an enzyme)? Note that this might be a tough question without having watched the Enzymes! music video above. 

[c]IFRheS1TYWNocyBkaXNlYXNl[Qq]

[c]IFBoZW55bGtldG9udXJpYSAoUEtVIGRpc2Vhc2Up[Qq]

[c]IEdhbGFjdG9zZW1pYQ==[Qq]

[c]IFNpY2tsZS1jZW xsIEFuZW1pYQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUYXktU2FjaHMgaXMgYW4gaW5oZXJpdGVkIGRpc29yZGVyIGludm9sdmluZyB0aGUgYm9keeKAmXMgaW5hYmlsaXR5IHRvIHByb2R1Y2UgYW4gZW56eW1lIGNhbGxlZCA=SGV4b3NhbWluaWRhc2UgQS4gV2l0aG91dCB0aGlzIGVuenltZSwgYSBmYXR0eSBzdWJzdGFuY2UgYnVpbGRzIHVwIGluIHRoZSBicmFpbiwgY2F1c2luZyBhIHZhcmlldHkgb2YgbmV1cm9sb2dpY2FsIHN5bXB0b21zLCBhbmQsIGV2ZW50dWFsbHksIGRlYXRoLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGNob29zZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBjb25kaXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQS1UgZGlzZWFzZSBpcyBjYXVzZWQgYnkgdGhlIGJvZHnigJlzIGluYWJpbGl0eSB0byBwcm9kdWNlIGFuIGVuenltZSB0aGF0IGJyZWFrcyBkb3duIHRoZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHBoZW55bGFsYW5pbmUsIHdoaWNoIGNvbnNlcXVlbnRseSBjYW4gYWNjdW11bGF0ZSB0byB0b3hpYyBsZXZlbHMuIFRoZSBkaXNlYXNlIGNhbiBiZSB0cmVhdGVkIHRocm91Z2ggYSBkaWV0IHRoYXQgcmVtb3ZlcyB0aGUgZW56eW1lJiM4MjE3O3Mgc3Vic3RyYXRlIOKAkyBwaGVueWxhbGFuaW5lLiA=TmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgY29uZGl0aW9uLiA=[Qq]

[f]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Y2hvb3NlIGEgZGlmZmVyZW50IGNvbmRpdGlvbi4g[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIFNpY2tsZSBjZWxsIGFuZW1pYSBpcyBhbiBpbmhlcml0ZWQgZGlzZWFzZSBjYXVzZWQgYnkgYSBtdXRhdGlvbiBpbiB0aGUgZ2VuZSBmb3IgaGVtb2dsb2Jpbi4gV2hpbGUgaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBpcyBhIHByb3RlaW4sIGl0IGlzIG5vdCBhbiBlbnp5bWUu[Qq]

[q]The energy required to get a chemical reaction started is known as [hangman] energy.

[c]YWN0aXZhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[q]The substance an enzyme acts upon is called the [hangman].

[c]c3Vic3RyYXRl[Qq]

[q]The specific area on an enzyme where it binds with its substrate is called its [hangman] [hangman].

[c]YWN0aXZl[Qq]

[c]c2l0ZQ==[Qq]

[q]At the moment when an enzyme binds with its substrate at the active site, it forms an [hangman]-[hangman] complex.

[c]ZW56eW1l[Qq]

[c]c3Vic3RyYXRl[Qq]

[q]A useful metaphor about the specificity of enzymes states that a substrate usually has only one enzyme that it can interact with. This is called the [hangman] and [hangman] model of enzyme action.

[c]bG9jaw==[Qq]

[c]a2V5[Qq]

[q]The idea that in an enzyme-substrate complex, an enzyme will bend in a way that stresses the bonds of the substrate is called the [hangman]-[hangman] model of enzyme action.

[c]aW5kdWNlZA==[Qq]

[c]Zml0[Qq]

[q]Every enzyme has a pH or temperature [hangman] at which it functions best.

[c]b3B0aW11bQ==[Qq]

[q]When heat, pH changes, or other factors in an enzyme’s environment cause it to change shape, the enzyme loses its ability to function. At that point, the enzyme is said to be [hangman].

[c]ZGVuYXR1cmVk[Qq]

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