Page Outline

Introduction
Photosynthesis as an Endergonic Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reaction
Quiz: Photosynthesis the Big Picture

1. Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs

Start by labeling the diagram below. Use a process of elimination if you get stuck.

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Photosynthesis Inputs and Outputs (2.0)”]

[h]Interactive Diagram: Photosynthesis inputs and outputs

[q labels = “top”]

[l]carbohydrate

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]carbon dioxide

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]light

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]oxygen

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]water

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[/qwiz]

Chemically speaking, living things are profoundly out of equilibrium with their environment. Organisms are systems that are highly organized. On a molecular level, they’re composed of highly reduced compounds, buzzing with energetic electrons.

The organization and reduced chemistry of living things can only be sustained through a constant flow of energy. For almost all living things, that energy source is the light from the sun (1). Photosynthesis — the subject of AP Bio Topic 3.5 — is the process that brings that energy and highly organized matter into living systems. Photosynthesis does that by creating simple sugars, which serve as the basis for making complex carbohydrates, as well as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In the diagram above, carbohydrates are represented by Number 5: essentially, the plant itself.

In addition to carbohydrates, another output of photosynthesis is oxygen (4). Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. All of the oxygen in our atmosphere is there because of photosynthesis, which has been bubbling oxygen into the air for the past 3.5 billion years.

Now let’s consider the inputs. Photosynthesis involves carbon fixation, which involves taking carbon dioxide gas (“2” in the diagram above) and rendering it into solid carbohydrates. You can think of fixation as fixing into place.

A second input is water (3). During photosynthesis, water is combined with carbon dioxide to create carbohydrates.

Taking unorganized, randomly moving molecules in the air and organizing them into cells and multicellular organisms is a massive push against entropy. To try to envision this, just take a look at your hand. The bone, skin, and muscle in your hand are composed of protein. Protein, like every other biological molecule, is a carbon-based molecule. Every one of the carbon atoms making up the molecules that make up the cells that make up the tissues that make up your hand, was once, not very long ago floating freely in the air.

In what follows, we’ll drop down to the cellular and molecular details of how photosynthesis work. Let’s go.

2. Photosynthesis is an endergonic redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction

Photosynthesis is a complex process, with many intermediate steps that we’ll learn about in this and the coming tutorials. But let’s start with its chemical equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

In words, that means that six molecules of carbon dioxide are combined with six molecules of water, producing one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen. The presence of energy on the left side of the arrow means that the relationship is endergonic (requiring light energy to drive it forward).

Note that photosynthesis is the inverse of what happens during cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂ → energy(ATP) + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced. That means that carbon dioxide gains energetic electrons. Those electrons come from water, which is oxidized (loses electrons). Note that this is also the inverse of what happens during cellular respiration, where glucose is oxidized as water is reduced.

The reduction of carbon dioxide that happens during photosynthesis is the basis of all of life’s chemical energy. Life is based on highly reduced, energetic molecules. Think of vegetable oil or a piece of bread. In fact, for an image of a reduced matter, think of a peanut butter sandwich. It’s dripping with energy. And that’s what photosynthesis does: it takes highly oxidized carbon dioxide, commonly referred to as exhaust (what comes out of a car’s tailpipe), and transforms it into highly reduced living matter (carbohydrates, which then get transformed into proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids).

Unlabeled diagram of the cycle of inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and including a sun, chloroplast, and mitochondrion. Let’s end this section by looking at a diagram that shows the reciprocal relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, and locates these processes in the cellular organelles in which these reactions take place. Note that, to show the reciprocity, the diagram oversimplifies the inputs into cellular respiration.

The key organelles are the chloroplast (2), which is the site of photosynthesis; and the mitochondria (5) the site of most cellular respiration. Because this is a cycle, we could begin anywhere, but let’s start with the inputs of photosynthesis. These are carbon dioxide (6) and water (7). Powered by light (1), a chloroplast converts these inputs into glucose (3) and oxygen (4). These outputs of photosynthesis become the inputs for cellular respiration, the goal of which is to produce the short-term energy molecule ATP, which appears at 8 in this diagram.

Before entering into more detail about photosynthesis, let’s make sure you’re on top of the material covered above.

3. Quiz: Photosynthesis, the big picture

[qwiz random = “false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Photosynthesis Big Picture (2.0)”]

[h]Photosynthesis: the big picture.

[i]

[q labels = “top” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2867ebbbc7b4″ question_number=”8″]

The energy for all life is provided by the ______ . Within plant cells, organelles called ________________ take up ____________________ (a gas) and __________. Through the process of ___________________, ______________ create the sugar _________ and release _________ as a by-product. In both plant and animal cells, ________________ take in_________ (gas) and __________. During cellular _____________, mitochondria will produce ________, and release the gas __________________ and __________. These, in turn, become the inputs for _________________.

[l]ATP

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]carbon dioxide

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]chloroplasts

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]glucose

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]mitochondria

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]oxygen

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]photosynthesis

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]respiration

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]sun

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]water

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” question_number=”1″ dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2c08ea4423b4″] Which number represents the substance that gets reduced during photosynthesis?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMuKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLiBEdXJpbmcgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGdldHMgcmVkdWNlZCB0byBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgcmVkdWNlZCBwcm9kdWN0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZS4gTG9vayBjYXJlZnVsbHkgYXQgdGhhdCB3b3JkLCBhbmQgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmlndXJlIG91dCB3aGljaCBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgY291bGQgYmUgcmVjZWl2aW5nIGVsZWN0cm9ucyBhbmQgcHJvdG9ucyB0byBiZWNvbWUgYSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2b88dbb627b4″ question_number=”2″] In biological processes like respiration and photosynthesis and respiration, substances that are reduced have _______ chemical energy than substances that are oxidized.

[c]IG1v cmU=[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByaWdodC4gUmVkdWNlZCBzdWJzdGFuY2VzIChsaWtlIHN1Z2FycyApaGF2ZSBtb3JlIGVuZXJneSB0aGFuIHN1YnN0YW5jZXMgdGhhdCBhcmUgb3hpZGl6ZWQgKGxpa2UgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUp[Qq]

[c]IGFib3V0IHRoZSBzYW1lIGFtb3VudCBvZg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCBhIHJlZHVjZWQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIChsaWtlIHN1Z2FyKSBhbmQgY29tcGFyZSBpdCB0byBhbiBveGlkaXplZCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgKGxpa2UgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUpLiBXaGljaCBvbmUgY291bGQgeW91IGNvbnN1bWUgZm9yIGZ1ZWw/[Qq]

[c]IGxlc3M=[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2b121d57bbb4″ question_number=”3″] Which number represents the substance that gets oxidized during photosynthesis?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcM+KAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHdhdGVyLiBEdXJpbmcgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIHdhdGVyIGdldHMgb3hpZGl6ZWQsIGxvc2luZyBlbGVjdHJvbnMgYW5kIHByb3RvbnMsIGJlY29taW5nIG1vbGVjdWxhciBveHlnZW4gKE8=_Mg==KQ==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgcmVkdWNlZCBwcm9kdWN0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZS4gTG9vayBjYXJlZnVsbHkgYXQgdGhhdCB3b3JkLCBhbmQgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmlndXJlIG91dCBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgY291bGQgYmUgcmVjZWl2aW5nIGVsZWN0cm9ucyBhbmQgcHJvdG9ucyB0byBiZWNvbWUgYSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2a9b5ef94fb4″ question_number=”4″] Which number represents the reduced product of photosynthesis?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]NQ ==[Qq]

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[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgcmVkdWNlZCBwcm9kdWN0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZSAoYWxvbmcgd2l0aCBvdGhlciBvcmdhbmljIG1vbGVjdWxlcykuIExvb2sgY2FyZWZ1bGx5IGF0IHRoZSBkaWFncmFtLCBhbmQgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmlndXJlIG91dCB3aGVyZSB0aGF0IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZSB3b3VsZCBiZSBmb3VuZC4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q labels = “top” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2911e31fcbb4″ question_number=”7″]

[l]ATP

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]carbon dioxide

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]chloroplast

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]glucose

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]light

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]mitochondria

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]oxygen

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]water

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d27de8cfe3bb4″ question_number=”9″]The correct chemical reaction for cellular respiration is

[c]IEM=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6+ 6CO₂ + energy(ATP) –> 6CO₂ + 6O₂

[c]IE M=_Ng==SA==[Qq]₁₂O₆+ 6O₂ –> energy(ATP) + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

[c]IDZDTw==_Mg==ICsgNkg=[Qq]₂O –> Energy(light) + C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

[c]IDZI_Mg==TyArIDZP[Qq]₂ –> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiwgYW5kIHJlbGVhc2VzIGVuZXJneSwgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIGFuZCB3YXRlci4=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gYmVnaW5zIHdpdGggZ2x1Y29zZSwgY29tYmluZXMgaXQgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4sIGFuZCByZWxlYXNlcyBlbmVyZ3ksIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLCBhbmQgd2F0ZXIu[Qq]
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Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “cellular_respiration_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2759d65877b4″ question_number=”10″]The function of cellular respiration is to produce

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[c]IEFU UA==[Qq]

[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d26d9c7ca7bb4″ question_number=”11″]The equation 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy(light) C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂ is for

[c]IGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IGxhY3RpYyBhY2lkIGZlcm1lbnRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[c]IHBob3Rvc3 ludGhlc2lz[Qq]

[c]IGFsY29ob2wgZmVybWVudGF0aW9u[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d2652bd18d3b4″ question_number=”12″]The energy that powers photosynthesis comes from

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGxp Z2h0[Qq]

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[f]IFllcy4gTGlnaHQgZW5lcmd5IGlzIHdoYXQgZHJpdmVzIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMu

Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d25d50296bbb4″ question_number=”13″]The correct chemical equation for photosynthesis is

[c]IEM=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6+ 6CO₂ + energy(ATP) -> 6CO₂ + 6O₂

[c]IEM=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6+ 6O₂ -> energy(ATP) + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

[c]IDZD Tw==_Mg==ICsgNkg=_Mg==TyArIEVuZXJneShsaWdodCkgLSZndDsgQw==_[Qq]6H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

[c]IDZI_Mg==TyArIDZP_MiA=IC0mZ3Q7IDZDTw==_[Qq]2 + 6H₂O

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[f]IE5vLiBJbiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaXMgY29tYmluZWQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgZ2x1Y29zZSwgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4gcmVsZWFzZWQgYXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gSW4gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGlzIGNvbWJpbmVkIHdpdGggd2F0ZXIgdG8gY3JlYXRlIGdsdWNvc2UsIHdpdGggb3h5Z2VuIHJlbGVhc2VkIGFzIGEgYnlwcm9kdWN0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBhbmQgd2F0ZXIsIGFuZCBjb21iaW5lcyB0aG9zZSBpbnB1dHMgdG8gY3JlYXRlIGdsdWNvc2UsIHdpdGggb3h5Z2VuIHJlbGVhc2VkIGFzIGEgYnlwcm9kdWN0Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d255bf02c6bb4″ question_number=”14″]The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in a plant cell is

[c]IHRoZSB2YWN1b2xl[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBjaGxv cm9wbGFzdA==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBudWNsZXVz[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWE=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdmFjdW9sZeKAmXMgcm9sZSBpcyB0byBzdG9yZSB3YXRlciBhbmQgb3RoZXIgc3Vic3RhbmNlcy4gRm9yIGEgaGludCBhYm91dCB0aGUgb3JnYW5lbGxlIHRoYXQgZG9lcyBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgdGhpbmsgb2YgdGhlIGdyZWVuIHBpZ21lbnQg4oCYY2hsb3JvcGh5bGwu4oCZIFdoaWNoIG9yZ2FuZWxsZSBoYXMgYSBzaW1pbGFyIHNvdW5kPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0LCB3aGljaCBnZXRzIGl0cyBuYW1lIGZyb20gdGhlIHBpZ21lbnQgY2hsb3JvcGh5bGwsIGlzIHRoZSBvcmdhbmVsbGUgdGhhdCBjYXJyaWVzIG91dCBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbnVjbGV1cyBpcyB0aGUgY2VsbOKAmXMgY29udHJvbCBjZW50ZXIuIEZvciBhIGhpbnQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIG9yZ2FuZWxsZSB0aGF0IGRvZXMgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIHRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSBncmVlbiBwaWdtZW50IOKAmGNobG9yb3BoeWxsLuKAmSBXaGljaCBvcmdhbmVsbGUgaGFzIGEgc2ltaWxhciBzb3VuZD8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhIHBsYXkgYSBrZXkgcm9sZSBpbiBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gRm9yIGEgaGludCBhYm91dCB0aGUgb3JnYW5lbGxlIHRoYXQgZG9lcyBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgdGhpbmsgb2YgdGhlIGdyZWVuIHBpZ21lbnQg4oCYY2hsb3JvcGh5bGwu4oCZIFdoaWNoIG9yZ2FuZWxsZSBoYXMgYSBzaW1pbGFyIHNvdW5kPw==

Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d24dbe19e6fb4″ question_number=”15″]From a plant’s perspective, the purpose of photosynthesis is production of

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]

[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0 ZSAoZ2x1Y29zZSk=[Qq]

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEZyb20gYSBwbGFudOKAmXMgcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUsIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGFib3V0IG1ha2luZyBmb29kLiBXaGljaCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgaXMgYSB0eXBlIG9mIGZvb2Q/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMaWdodCBpcyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgZHJpdmVzIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLiBGcm9tIGEgcGxhbnTigJlzIHBlcnNwZWN0aXZlLCBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBpcyBhYm91dCBtYWtpbmcgZm9vZC4gV2hpY2ggc3Vic3RhbmNlIGlzIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBmb29kPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEZyb20gYSBwbGFudOKAmXMgcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUsIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGFib3V0IG1ha2luZyBmb29kLiBXaGljaCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgaXMgYSB0eXBlIG9mIGZvb2Q/[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gRnJvbSBhIHBsYW504oCZcyBwZXJzcGVjdGl2ZSwgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgaXMgYWJvdXQgbWFraW5nIGZvb2Q7IHRoYXQgZm9vZCBpcyBhIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZSwgdHlwaWNhbGx5IGdsdWNvc2Uu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIFdoaWxlIHdl4oCZcmUgdmVyeSBncmF0ZWZ1bCBmb3IgcGxhbnRzIGZvciBjcmVhdGluZyBveHlnZW4sIGl04oCZcyBub3QgdGhlIGdvYWwgb2YgdGhlIHByb2Nlc3MuIEZyb20gYSBwbGFudOKAmXMgcGVyc3BlY3RpdmUsIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGlzIGFib3V0IG1ha2luZyBmb29kLiBXaGljaCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgaXMgYSB0eXBlIG9mIGZvb2Q/

Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d245bd31073b4″ question_number=”16″]The carbon that photosynthesis puts into carbohydrates comes from

[c]IGNhcmJvbi BkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGxpZ2h0[Qq]

[c]IEFUUA==[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQ2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaXMgdGhlIHNvdXJjZSBvZiB0aGUgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXQgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgcHV0cyBpbnRvIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMaWdodCBpcyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgZHJpdmVzIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLiBGb3IgdGhlIHNvdXJjZSBvZiB0aGUgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMsIGxvb2sgZm9yIHRoZSBjaG9pY2UgdGhhdCBpcyBib3RoIGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgYW5kIHdoaWNoIGhhcyB0aGUgZWxlbWVudCBjYXJib24gaW4gaXQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBVFAgaXMgYW4gZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSBmb3IgY2VsbHMsIGJ1dCBpdOKAmXMgbm90IGEgY2FyYm9uIHNvdXJjZS4gRm9yIHRoZSBzb3VyY2Ugb2YgdGhlIGNhcmJvbiB0aGF0IGdvZXMgaW50byBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzLCBsb29rIGZvciB0aGUgY2hvaWNlIHRoYXQgaXMgYm90aCBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBoYXMgdGhlIGVsZW1lbnQgY2FyYm9uIGluIGl0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIG5vdCB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IHNvdXJjZSBvciBjYXJib24gc291cmNlLiBGb3IgdGhlIHNvdXJjZSBvZiB0aGUgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMsIGxvb2sgZm9yIHRoZSBjaG9pY2UgdGhhdCBpcyBib3RoIGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgYW5kIHdoaWNoIGhhcyB0aGUgZWxlbWVudCBjYXJib24gaW4gaXQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgYSBieXByb2R1Y3Qgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIEZvciB0aGUgc291cmNlIG9mIHRoZSBjYXJib24gdGhhdCBnb2VzIGludG8gY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcywgbG9vayBmb3IgdGhlIGNob2ljZSB0aGF0IGlzIGJvdGggYW4gaW5wdXQgZm9yIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLCBhbmQgd2hpY2ggaGFzIHRoZSBlbGVtZW50IGNhcmJvbiBpbiBpdC4=

Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d23de188e5bb4″ question_number=”17″]Photosynthesis has changed our atmosphere by adding _______ to the air.

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IG94eW dlbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyByZW1vdmVzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGZyb20gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUuIFdoYXQgZ2FzIGRvZXMgaXQgYWRkIHRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgaXMgcmVzcG9uc2libGUgZm9yIHRoZSB1bmlxdWUsIG94eWdlbi1yaWNoIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUgb2Ygb3VyIHBsYW5ldC4=

Cg==

[Qq]
[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d23605e0c43b4″ question_number=”18″]A photosynthesizing plant is placed in a sealed chamber from which no air can enter or leave. The lights are kept continuously on, and the plant is provided with enough water. If the level of gases in the chamber is measured, which of the following should be true?

[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gZG93biwgYW5kIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVscyBnbyB1cC4=[Qq]

[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gdXAsIGFuZCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBsZXZlbHMgZ28gdXAu[Qq]

[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gdXAsIGFuZCBjYX Jib24gZGlveGlkZSBsZXZlbHMgZ28gZG93bi4=[Qq]

[c]IE94eWdlbiBsZXZlbHMgZ28gZG93biwgYW5kIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVscyBnbyBkb3duLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyByZW1vdmVzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGZyb20gdGhlIGFpciBhbmQgYWRkcyBveHlnZW4uIEhvdyB3b3VsZCB0aGlzIGFmZmVjdCBnYXMgbGV2ZWxzIGluIHRoZSBjaGFtYmVyPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3XigJlyZSByaWdodCBhYm91dCBveHlnZW4gbGV2ZWxzLCBidXQgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgcmVtb3ZlcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBhaXIuIEhvdyB3b3VsZCB0aGlzIGFmZmVjdCBnYXMgbGV2ZWxzIGluIHRoZSBjaGFtYmVyPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgcmVtb3ZlcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBhaXIgYW5kIGFkZHMgb3h5Z2VuLiBUaGF0IHdpbGwgY2F1c2UgdGhlIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVsIHRvIGZhbGwsIGFuZCB0aGUgb3h5Z2VuIGxldmVsIHRvIHJpc2Uu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3XigJlyZSByaWdodCBhYm91dCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYnV0IHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFkZHMgb3h5Z2VuIHRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLiBIb3cgd291bGQgdGhpcyBhZmZlY3QgZ2FzIGxldmVscyBpbiB0aGUgY2hhbWJlcj8=[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d22e4f7960fb4″ question_number=”19″]In the diagram below, which number shows a mitochondrion?

[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID U=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIHN1bi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZWZlcnMgdG8gYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdC4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDUgc2hvd3MgYSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uLg==[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d22673d13f7b4″ question_number=”20″]In the diagram below, number 4 would have to be

[c]IG94eW dlbg==[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]wqB3YXRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDQgaXMgYSBnYXMgdGhhdOKAmXMgY29taW5nIG91dCBvZiBhIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0LiBUaGUgZ2FzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCB3b3VsZCBoYXZlIHRvIGJlIG94eWdlbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBnb2VzIGludG8gY2hsb3JvcGxhc3RzLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyBhIGdhcyBsZWF2aW5nIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QuIFdoaWNoIGdhcyBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdD8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzIGEgZ2FzLCBhbmQgZ2x1Y29zZSBpcyBhIHNvbGlkLiBIb3dldmVyLCB5b3XigJlyZSBvbiB0aGUgcmlnaHQgdHJhY2ssIGluc29mYXIgYXMgeW914oCZcmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3Igb25lIG9mIHRoZSBvdXRwdXRzIG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciA0IGlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjb21pbmcgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QuIFdhdGVyIGlzIGEgbGlxdWlkIHRoYXQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QuIFdoYXQgZ2FzIGRvZXMgYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCByZWxlYXNlPw==[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d21e2866e33b4″ question_number=”21″]In the diagram below, number 6 would have to be

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbi BkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]wqB3YXRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QgKDIpIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gKDUpLiBOdW1iZXIgc2l4IGlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQgaXMgYW4gaW5wdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIG91dHB1dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gV2hhdCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgY291bGQgcGxheSB0aG9zZSB0d28gcm9sZXM/[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDYgaXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIHdoaWNoIGdvZXMgaW50byBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdHMgYXMgYW4gaW5wdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMsIGFuZCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gYXMgYSB3YXN0ZSBwcm9kdWN0IG9mIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIGEgc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiAoNSkuIE51bWJlciBzaXggaXMgYSBnYXMgdGhhdCBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBvZiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBhbmQgb3V0cHV0IG9mIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLiBXaGF0IHN1YnN0YW5jZSBjb3VsZCBwbGF5IHRob3NlIHR3byByb2xlcz8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHRoZSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCAoMikgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiAoNSkuIE51bWJlciBzaXggaXMgYSBnYXMgdGhhdCBpcyBhbiBpbnB1dCBvZiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBhbmQgb3V0cHV0IG9mIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLiBXaGF0IHN1YnN0YW5jZSBjb3VsZCBwbGF5IHRob3NlIHR3byByb2xlcz8=[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d216277e037b4″ question_number=”22″]In the diagram below, number 7 would have to be

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]IHdh dGVy[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgc2hvd24gYXQgNC4gSXTigJlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QgKDIpIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gKDUpLiBXaGF0IGxpcXVpZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbj8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA2LiBXaGF0IGxpcXVpZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbj8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIGEgc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbi4gSXTigJlzIHNob3duIGF0IDMuIFdoYXQgbGlxdWlkIGdvZXMgaW50byBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBhbmQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gV2F0ZXIgaXMgdGhlIGxpcXVpZCB0aGF0IGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiAod2hpY2ggb2NjdXJzIGluIHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uKSBhbmQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzICh3aGljaCBvY2N1cnMgaW4gdGhlIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0KS4=[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d20ddc13a73b4″ question_number=”23″]In the diagram below, ATP would have to be

[c]IDYgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZS4gQVRQIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkIGluIGEgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiBkdXJpbmcgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gKGFuZCBpdOKAmXMgbm90IGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNyBpcyB3YXRlci4gQVRQIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkIGluIGEgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiBkdXJpbmcgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gKGFuZCBpdOKAmXMgbm90IGFuIGlucHV0IGZvciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyk=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDggaXMgQVRQLiBBVFAgaXMgcHJvZHVjZWQgaW4gYSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uIGR1cmluZyBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiAoYW5kIGl04oCZcyBub3QgYW4gaW5wdXQgZm9yIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzKQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA3LiBBVFAgaXMgcHJvZHVjZWQgaW4gYSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uIGR1cmluZyBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiAoYW5kIGl04oCZcyBub3QgYW4gaW5wdXQgZm9yIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzKQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBveHlnZW4uIEFUUCBpcyBwcm9kdWNlZCBpbiBhIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gZHVyaW5nIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIChhbmQgaXTigJlzIG5vdCBhbiBpbnB1dCBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMp[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d205b5ea093b4″ question_number=”24″]In the diagram below, number 3 would have to be

[c]IG94eWdlbg==[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGdsdW Nvc2U=[Qq]

[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPeHlnZW4gaXMgc2hvd24gYXQgNC4gSXTigJlzIHRoZSBnYXMgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCAoMikgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiAoNSkuIE51bWJlciAzIGlzIGEgc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4gV2hhdCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgY291bGQgcGxheSB0aG9zZSB0d28gcm9sZXM/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA2LiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNvbGlkIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gR2x1Y29zZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCAzLiBJdOKAmXMgdGhlIGRpc3NvbHZlZCBzb2xpZCB0aGF0IGNvbWVzIG91dCBvZiBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcyBhbmQgZ29lcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9uIGZvciBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA3LiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNvbGlkIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]

[q topic= “photosynthesis_overview” dataset_id=”SMV_PSN_The_Big_Picture|d1faf1330abb4″ question_number=”25″]In the diagram below, number 4 would have to be

[c]IG94eW dlbg==[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRl[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[c]IHdhdGVy[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gT3h5Z2VuIGlzIHNob3duIGF0IDQuIEl04oCZcyB0aGUgZ2FzIHRoYXQgY29tZXMgb3V0IG9mIGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QgKDIpIGFuZCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gKDUpLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA2LiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhIGdhcyB0aGF0IGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGJ5IGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIHNob3duIGF0IDMuIEl04oCZcyB0aGUgZW5lcmd5LXJpY2ggc29saWQgdGhhdCBjb21lcyBvdXQgb2YgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgYW5kIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbiBmb3IgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uIE51bWJlciA0IGlzIGEgZ2FzIHRoYXQgaXMgcmVsZWFzZWQgYnkgYSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCwgYW5kIHdoaWNoIGdvZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlvbi4gV2hhdCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgY291bGQgcGxheSB0aG9zZSB0d28gcm9sZXM/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXYXRlciBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA3LiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhIGdhcyB0aGF0IGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGJ5IGEgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3QsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBnb2VzIGludG8gdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24uIFdoYXQgc3Vic3RhbmNlIGNvdWxkIHBsYXkgdGhvc2UgdHdvIHJvbGVzPw==[Qq]

[q]In terms of energy, photosynthesis is [hangman]. Cellular respiration, by contrast, is [hangman].

[c]ZW5kZXJnb25pYw==[Qq]

[c]ZXhlcmdvbmlj[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

Next Steps

Proceed to Topic 3.5, Part 2: Chloroplasts and the Two Phases of Photosynthesis (the next tutorial in AP Bio Unit 3).