Population Genetics – learn-biology

1. Watch this video

2. Study this summary of Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg (AP Biology Topics 7.4–7.5)

Key Concepts

Allele Frequency: The proportion of a specific allele within a gene pool.
- Example: If 50% of alleles in a population are recessive (a), the frequency of a is 0.5.
Gene Pool: All the alleles of all genes in a population.
Evolution: A change in allele frequencies within a population over time.

Misconceptions

Dominance and Frequency: A dominant allele is not necessarily more common than a recessive allele.
- Example: The allele for achondroplasia (a dominant condition) is exceedingly rare.

Some Useful Additional Terms

Fixed allele: An allele whose frequency is 100%. In other words, it’s a gene with only one allele.

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Equations:
- p + q = 1: The sum of the frequencies of the dominant (p) and recessive (q) alleles equals 1.
- p² + 2pq + q² = 1: Represents genotype frequencies.
  - p²: Homozygous dominant.
  - 2pq: Heterozygotes.
  - q²: Homozygous recessive.
Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:
1. Large population size.
2. No natural selection.
3. Random mating.
4. No migration (gene flow).
5. No mutations.
Violation of Conditions: Causes allele frequencies to change, driving evolution.

Factors That Cause Evolution

Genetic Drift:
- Random changes in allele frequencies, often in small populations.
- Population Bottleneck:
  - A large population is drastically reduced due to a biotic or abiotic event.
  - Example: Cheetahs are highly genetically uniform due to a historical bottleneck.
- Founder Effect:
  - A small group separates from a larger population to form a new population.
  - Allele frequencies in the new population may differ from the original population.
Gene Flow:
- The movement of alleles between populations through individuals or gametes (e.g., pollen transfer).
- Effect: Alters allele frequencies and reduces differences between populations.
Mutation:
- The ultimate source of genetic variation.
- Directional mutation (e.g., A mutating to a) can shift allele frequencies.
Natural Selection: Certain alleles confer a survival advantage, increasing in frequency.
Sexual Selection: Non-random mating leads to changes in allele frequencies.

Illustrative Examples

Sickle Cell Disease and Heterozygote Advantage:
- Cause: A recessive allele leading to a valine substitution in hemoglobin.
- Heterozygotes:
  - Have protection against malaria without severe sickle cell symptoms.
- Homozygous Dominant (AA): Vulnerable to malaria.
- Homozygous Recessive (aa): Suffers from sickle cell anemia.
- Geographic Correlation: High frequency of the recessive allele in malaria-prone regions.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck style=”width: 600px !important;” bold_text=”false”]

[h] Population Genetics and Allele Frequency Flashcards

[q] Define population genetics

[a] Population genetics is the study of how genes are distributed and change within a population.

[q] What’s a gene pool?

[a] A gene pool is the total set of all alleles for all the genes in a population?

[q] What’s a fixed allele?

[a] A fixed allele is an allele that is the only variant that exists for that gene in the population. A fixed allele is homozygous for all members of the population.

[q] Define allele frequency

[a] Allele frequency is a measure of how common an allele is in a population’s gene pool.

[q] A friend of yours is taking a 9th-grade biology class. They’ve just learned that achondroplasia is a dominant allele, and say “if achondroplasia is a dominant allele, shouldn’t everybody have achondroplasia?” Set them straight.

[a] You might say something like this. “I’m afraid that you’ve confused two concepts. The frequency of an allele has nothing to do with whether or not it’s dominant or recessive. Allele frequency is a function of the phenotype that the allele codes for. If the allele codes for a beneficial phenotype, then it’ll become common within a gene pool. If it codes for a harmful phenotype, then it will become less common.”

[q] Considering only the dominant and recessive alleles for one gene in a gene pool, what’s the simplest expression of the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

[a]

p + q = 1

[q] What’s the expression of the Hardy-Weinberg equation that includes homozygous dominant, homozygous recessives, and heterozygotes?

[a]

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

[q] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p stands for

[a]

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p stands for the frequency of the dominant allele.

[q] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q stands for

[a]

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q stands for the frequency of the recessive allele.

[q] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q² stands for the frequency of

[a]

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q² stands for the frequency of individuals that are homozygous recessive (and, who show the recessive phenotype).

[q] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p² stands for

[a]

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p² stands for the frequency of individuals who are homozygous dominant.

[q] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq stands for the frequency of

[a]

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq stands for the frequency of heterozygotes.

[q] When using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to analyze a gene in a population’s gene pool, the observable quantity that will let you figure out everything else is…

[a]

When using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to analyze a gene in a population’s gene pool, the observable quantity that will let you figure out everything else is q², which is the frequency of homozygous recessives. Once you have that, you can figure out q, then p, then everything else.

[q] What Hardy-Weinberg expression will give you the frequency of all of the individuals in the population that show the dominant phenotype?

[a]

The Hardy-Weinberg expression that shows the frequency of individuals who show the dominant phenotype is p² + 2pq (which is all the homozygous dominants, plus the heterozygotes)

[q]What’s the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

[a]If an infinitely large, random mating population is free from outside evolutionary forces, then the gene frequencies will not change over time and the frequencies in the next generation will be p² for the AA genotype, 2pq for the Aa genotype and q²for the aa genotype.

[q] The Hardy-Weinberg principle posits that in an idealized population with five attributes, allele frequencies will stay constant over time. What are those five attributes?

[a]

The population is large
The population is isolated (there’s no gene flow)
Mutation is random
Mating is random (there’s no sexual selection).
There are no harmful or beneficial alleles (no natural selection).

[q] Using the p and q notation of the Hardy-Weinberg equation, how would you represent the number of individuals with the dominant phenotype?

[a] The number of individuals with the dominant phenotype will equal p² + 2pq (the homozygous dominants plus the heterozygotes).

[q] What’s the relationship between natural selection, phenotypes, genotypes, and allele frequencies? Connect this to what it is that evolves over time.

[a] Natural selection selects for or against certain phenotypes. As this occurs, the frequency of genotypes and allele frequencies changes over time. The key idea is that individual phenotypes are selected. Populations evolve.

[q] A friend of yours, reflecting on their life, says “I made that mistake when I was younger, but I’ve since evolved beyond that.” You take a deep breath and (without being too snarky) gently correct your friend by saying…”

[a] “Actually, you haven’t evolved. Only populations evolve. But I’m glad to see that you’ve developed!”

[q] Explain how, over the past two hundred years, populations of peppered moths evolved from being mostly light-colored, to mostly dark-colored, and then back to light-colored.

[a] Populations of peppered moths are under selective pressure from birds, which prey on the moths as they rest on tree trunks. In unpolluted environments, the light-colored moths are camouflaged by the light-colored lichens that grow on tree trunks. As a result, the birds eat any dark-colored moths. As the birds select the dark phenotype, they’re actually devouring the DNA for dark coloration, which decreases the frequency of the dark-colored allele.

When pollution killed the lichens and covered the tree trunks with soot, it became easier for moth-eating birds to see and eat the light-colored moth. Selection against the light-colored phenotype. led the allele for dark coloration to rise in frequency.

When pollution controls were instituted in the 1960s, the lichens came back, and the birds once again selected the moths with the best camouflage, so the affected populations evolved a light coloration.

[q]Explain the color differences in populations of rock pocket mice living in dark and light-colored environments.

[a]The two forms of the rock pocket mouse are examples of natural selection for protective coloration. In sandy/light brown-colored environments, mice with correspondingly matching colors have a survival advantage (because they suffer less predation from aerial predators like hawks and owls). This enables these mice to pass on their genes for light coloration.

In dark environments, the dark-furred phenotype has a survival advantage. This phenotype is coded for by a mutant form of the M1CR allele. Consequently, in areas with dark-colored rock, the allele for this mutant allele is in high frequency.

[q]Explain how and why harmful recessive alleles can persist in a population.

[a]Harmful recessive alleles can “hide out” in heterozygotes, which keeps these alleles from being removed from a population.

[q]Explain how and why harmful dominant alleles can persist in a population.

[a]Harmful dominant alleles can persist in populations for a few reasons.

If these alleles still allow the individuals to have them to reproduce (as with Achondroplasia)
If these alleles continue to emerge as spontaneous mutations (which also applies to Achondroplasia)
If these alleles only have an effect after individuals who have them reproduce (as with Huntington’s disease).

[q]What is genetic drift?
[a]Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies in a population, often significant in small populations.

[q]What is a population bottleneck, and how does it relate to genetic drift?
[a]A population bottleneck occurs when a large percentage of a population is wiped out due to a biotic or abiotic event. The small group of survivors may have different allele frequencies than the original population, leading to genetic drift.

[q]What is an example of a population bottleneck?
[a]Cheetahs are highly genetically uniform due to a historical bottleneck, likely caused by a viral infection that drastically reduced their population.

[q]How does genetic drift differ from natural selection?
[a]Genetic drift is random and does not depend on whether alleles confer an advantage, while natural selection favors alleles that provide a survival or reproductive advantage.

[q]What is the founder effect?
[a]The founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals separates from a larger population to form a new population. Their allele frequencies may differ from the original population due to insufficient sampling.

[q]What is gene flow?
[a]Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations, often through migration or the movement of gametes (e.g., pollen transfer).

[q]What effect does gene flow have on populations?
[a]Gene flow can change allele frequencies in a population and reduce genetic differences between neighboring populations.

[q]What role does mutation play in population genetics?
[a]Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation and can lead to changes in allele frequencies over time if it is directional (e.g., one allele mutating to another).

[q]What is heterozygote advantage?
[a]Heterozygote advantage occurs when individuals with heterozygous genotypes have a higher fitness than either homozygous genotype.

[q]What is an example of heterozygote advantage?
[a]In regions with malaria, individuals heterozygous for the sickle cell allele (*AS*) are resistant to malaria without suffering from severe symptoms of sickle cell disease.

[q]How does the Hardy-Weinberg principle help identify evolution in populations?
[a]The Hardy-Weinberg principle provides a baseline for allele and genotype frequencies. Deviations from this baseline indicate that evolutionary forces (e.g., selection, drift, mutation, gene flow) are acting on the population.

[x] [restart]

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these quizzes

[qwiz random=”true” style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;”]

[h] Population Genetics Quiz 1

[i]

[q json=”true” topic=”alleles in populations” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e91af5d3dab29″ question_number=”4″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] The total of all the alleles for all of the genes in a population is known as its

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[c]IGNvbWJpbmVkIGFsbGVsZSBlbnNlbWJsZS4=[Qq]

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[c]IGdlbmUg cG9vbC4=[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”alleles in populations” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e91593785b729″ question_number=”7″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] The diagram below represents a gene pool for a population of five individuals with five genes. Which of the following alleles is a fixed allele?

[c]IGdlbmUgMQ==[Qq]

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[c]IGdlbm UgMi4=[Qq]

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[c]IGdlbmUgMw==[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”alleles in populations” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e90e279274b29″ question_number=”11″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Cheetahs, compared to other wild populations of cats, have

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[c]IMKgYWJvdXQgdGhlIHNhbWUgbnVtYmVyIG9mIGZpeGVkIGFsbGVsZXM=[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”determining_allele_frequency” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e90c688989b29″ question_number=”12″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Allele frequency is

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[c]IFRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlcyBmb3VuZCBpbiBhIGdlbmUgcG9vbC4=[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”determining_allele_frequency” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e90a843fe0729″ question_number=”13″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] The letters below represent the alleles for a single gene that controls fur color in a population of mice. In this population, the frequency of the ‘a’ allele is

aa	Aa	aa	Aa
Aa	aa	aa	aa
aa	Aa	aa	Aa

[c]IDUwJQ==[Qq]

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[c]IDcvMTIgb3IgNTguMzMl[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”determining_allele_frequency” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e906bbac8df29″ question_number=”15″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] The letters below represent the alleles for a single gene that controls fur color in a population of mice. In this population, the frequency of the recessive allele is

Aa	aa	aa	Aa	aa	aa	Aa	aa
Aa	aa	AA	Aa	Aa	aa	Aa	aa

[c]IDIz[Qq]

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[c]IDIzLzMyLCBv ciA3MS45JS4=[Qq]

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[c]IDE2LzMyIG9yIDUwJQ==[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”determining_allele_frequency” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e902835700b29″ question_number=”17″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] If an allele is fixed in a population, then its frequency would be

[c]IDAsIG9yIDAl[Qq]

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[c]IDAuNSwgb3IgNTAl[Qq]

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[c]IDEuMCwgb3 IgMTAwJQ==[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”determining_allele_frequency” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e9002f4b1cb29″ question_number=”18″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Which of the following is true about purebred dogs?

[c]IEZvciBtb3N0IG9mIHRoZSBnZW5lcyBpbiB0aGUgZG9nIGdlbm9tZSwgcHVyZWJyZWQgZG9ncyBhcmUgbW9yZSBoZXRlcm96eWdvdXMgdGhhbiBtdXR0cy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQdXJlYnJlZCBkb2dzIGhhdmUgYmVlbiBicmVkIGZvciB0aGUgcHJlZGljdGFibGUgdHJhaXRzIG9mIHRoZWlyIGJyZWVkLiBGb3IgdGhlc2UgdHJhaXRzLCBtZW1iZXJzIG9mIGEgcHVyZWJyZWQgYnJlZWQgYXJlIG1vc3RseSBob21venlnb3VzLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZXkgaGF2ZSBtYW55IG1vcmUgZml4 ZWQgYWxsZWxlcyB0aGFuIG11dHRzLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUHVyZWJyZWQgZG9ncyBoYXZlLCB0aHJvdWdoIHRoZSBwcm9jZXNzIG9mIHNlbGVjdGl2ZSBicmVlZGluZywgYmVjb21lIGV4dHJlbWVseSBob21venlnb3VzIGF0IG1hbnkgYWxsZWxlcywgbGVhZGluZyB0byBtYW55IGZpeGVkIGFsbGVsZXMgd2l0aGluIHRoZWlyIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8fc66b7ca329″ question_number=”20″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] True or false? In any population, the most common allele is the dominant allele.

[c]IFRydWU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZnJlcXVlbmN5IG9mIGFuIGFsbGVsZSBoYXMgbm90aGluZyB0byBkbyB3aXRoIHdoZXRoZXIgaXTigJlzIGRvbWluYW50IG9yIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZS4=wqAgSnVzdCB0aGluayBhYm91dCB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IHNvbWUgZGlzZWFzZS1yZWxhdGVkIGFsbGVsZXMgYXJlIGRvbWluYW50LCB5ZXQgcmFyZSAobGlrZSB0aGUgYWxsZWxlIGZvciBhY2hvbmRyb3BsYXNpYWMgZHdhcmZpc20pLiBPciB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGluIHRoZSBTY2FuZGluYXZpYW4gY291bnRyaWVzLCBzb21lIHBoZW5vdHlwZXMgY29udHJvbGxlZCBieSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlcyAoYmx1ZSBleWVzLCBmb3IgZXhhbXBsZSkgYXJlIHRoZSBtb3N0IGNvbW1vbi4=[Qq]

[c]IEZh bHNl[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIFRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgYW4gYWxsZWxlIGhhcyBub3RoaW5nIHRvIGRvIHdpdGggd2hldGhlciBpdOKAmXMgZG9taW5hbnQgb3IgcmVjZXNzaXZlLiBSZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlcyBjYW4gYmUgbW9yZSBjb21tb24gdGhhdCBkb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGVzLiBJdCBhbGwgZGVwZW5kcyBvbiB0aGUgYWxsZWxlLCB0aGUgZXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGhpc3Rvcnkgb2YgdGhlIHBvcHVsYXRpb24sIGFuZCBzZWxlY3RpdmUgcHJlc3N1cmVzIGZyb20gdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8f82e623cf29″ question_number=”22″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Natural selection acts on an organism’s

[c]IGdlbm90eXBl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZ2Vub3R5cGUgaXMgdGhlIHVuZGVybHlpbmcgZ2VuZXMuIE5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uICh0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQpIGNhbuKAmXQgc2VlIHRoZSB1bmRlcmx5aW5nIGdlbmVzLiBJdCBjYW4gb25seSBzZWUgdGhlIGV4cHJlc3Npb24gb2YgdGhvc2UgZ2VuZXMu[Qq]

[c]IFBoZW5v dHlwZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIE5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uICh0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQpIGNhbiBvbmx5IGFjdCB1cG9uIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNt4oCZcyA=cGhlbm90eXBlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8f64a1893b29″ question_number=”23″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] What evolves? Populations or individuals?

[c]IHBvcHVs YXRpb25z[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gT25lIHdheSB0byBsb29rIGF0IGV2b2x1dGlvbiBpcyBhcyBhIHNoaWZ0IGluIHRoZSBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgaW4gYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9u4oCZcyBnZW5lIHBvb2wuIEluZGl2aWR1YWxzIGdldCBzZWxlY3RlZCB0byBzdXJ2aXZlIGFuZCByZXByb2R1Y2UuIFBvcHVsYXRpb25zIGV2b2x2ZS4=[Qq]

[c]IEluZGl2aWR1YWxz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPbmUgd2F5IHRvIGxvb2sgYXQgZXZvbHV0aW9uIGlzIGFzIGEgc2hpZnQgaW4gdGhlIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBpbiBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb27igJlzIGdlbmUgcG9vbC4gSW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgZ2V0IHNlbGVjdGVkIHRvIHN1cnZpdmUgYW5kIHJlcHJvZHVjZS4gV2hhdCBldm9sdmVzPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8f2818541329″ question_number=”25″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In the rock pocket mouse, allele “b” codes for light coloration. Allele “B” codes for darker coloration, as is shown in the table below. If a population of mice is living on dark, volcanic rock, which of the following would most likely be correct?

[c]IE93bHMgd2lsbCBkaXJlY3RseSBzZWxlY3QgYWdhaW5zdCBkYXJrIGZ1ci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBhIGRhcmstY29sb3JlZCBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCwgdGhlIG93bHMgd2lsbCBiZSBjYXRjaGluZyBhbmQgZWF0aW5nIG1vcmUgb2YgdGhlIG1pY2Ugd2l0aCBsaWdodCBmdXIuIEluIG90aGVyIHdvcmRzLCBwcmVkYXRpb24gYnkgb3dscyByZXN1bHRzIGluIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBGT1IgdGhlIGRhcmstZnVycmVkIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gVGhpcyBpcyBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZSBkYXJrLWZ1cnJlZCBtaWNlIHdpbGwgYmUgZWF0ZW4gbGVzcywgYW5kIHdpbGwgc3Vydml2ZSBtb3JlLCBlbmFibGluZyB0aGVtIHRvIHJlcHJvZHVjZS4=[Qq]

[c]IE93bHMgd2lsbCBkaXJlY3RseSBzZWxlY3QgYWdhaW5zdCB0aGUg4oCcQuKAnSBhbGxlbGUu4oCd[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHByZWRhdG9yIGlzIG9ubHkgZ29pbmcgdG8gc2VlIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUsIG5vdCB0aGUgZ2Vub3R5cGUuIFRoZSBvd2xzIGNhbuKAmXQgc2VlIHRoZSDigJhC4oCZIGFsbGVsZS4gV2hhdCBwaGVub3R5cGUgY2FuIHRoZXkgc2VlPw==[Qq]

[c]IE93bHMgd2lsbCBkaXJlY3RseSBzZWxlY3QgYWdhaW5zdCB0aGUg4oCcYmLigJ0gZ2Vub3R5cGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHByZWRhdG9yIGlzIG9ubHkgZ29pbmcgdG8gc2VlIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUsIG5vdCB0aGUgZ2Vub3R5cGUuIFRoZSBvd2xzIGNhbuKAmXQgc2VlIGEgZ2Vub3R5cGUuIFdoYXQgcGhlbm90eXBlIGNhbiB0aGV5IHNlZT8gVGhhdOKAmXMgdGhlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSB0aGV54oCZbGwgYmUgc2VsZWN0aW5nIGFnYWluc3Qu[Qq]

[c]IE93bHMgd2lsbCBkaXJlY3RseSBzZW xlY3QgYWdhaW5zdCBsaWdodCBmdXIu[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEluIGEgZGFyay1jb2xvcmVkIGVudmlyb25tZW50LCBvd2xzIHdpbGwgc2VlIGFuZCBlYXQgbWljZSB3aXRoIGxpZ2h0IGZ1ci4gSW4gb3RoZXIgd29yZHMsIHRoZSBvd2xzIGFyZSBzZWxlY3RpbmcgYWdhaW5zdCB0aGUgbGlnaHQtZnVycmVkIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8f09d3b97f29″ question_number=”26″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Natural selection changes

[c]IFBoZW5vdHlwZXMgaW4gaW5kaXZpZHVhbHM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOYXR1cmUgY2FuIHNlbGVjdCBhIHBoZW5vdHlwZSBmb3Igc3Vydml2YWwgYW5kIHJlcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4gQnV0IHRoZSBzZWxlY3Rpb24gcHJvY2VzcyBkb2VzbuKAmXQgY2hhbmdlIHRoYXQgcGhlbm90eXBlLiBPdmVyIHRpbWUsIHdoYXQgY2hhbmdlcz8=[Qq]

[c]IEdlbm90eXBlcyBpbiBpbmRpdmlkdWFscw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgZ2Vub3R5cGUuIEV2b2x1dGlvbmFyeSBjaGFuZ2UgZG9lc27igJl0IGhhcHBlbiBvbiBhbiBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIGxldmVsLiBXaGF04oCZcyB0aGUgbGV2ZWwgb2YgYmlvbG9naWNhbCBvcmdhbml6YXRpb24gdGhhdOKAmXMgbGFyZ2VyIHRoYW4gdGhlIGluZGl2aWR1YWwgKGFuZCB0aGUgbGV2ZWwgb24gd2hpY2ggZXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGNoYW5nZSBvY2N1cnM/KQ==[Qq]

[c]IEFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2ll cyBpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucw==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEJ5IHNlbGVjdGluZyBwaGVub3R5cGVzLCBuYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBjaGFuZ2VzIHRoZSBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgb2YgYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8ee93b130729″ question_number=”27″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In a gene pool, a dominant allele has a frequency of 0.2 (20%) and the recessive allele has a frequency of 0.8 (80%). If neither allele is for a phenotype that is being acted upon by the environment, then after 10 generations, you would expect that

[c]IHRoZSBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgd2 lsbCByZW1haW4gYWJvdXQgdGhlIHNhbWUu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVW5sZXNzIHNvbWUgZm9yY2UgbGlrZSBuYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBpcyBhY3RpbmcgdXBvbiBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24sIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgdGhlIGFsbGVsZXMgdGhhdCBtYWtlIHVwIGl0cyBnZW5lIHBvb2wgc2hvdWxkIHJlbWFpbiBhYm91dCB0aGUgc2FtZS4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlLCBiZWNhdXNlIGl04oCZcyBhbHJlYWR5IHNvIG11Y2ggbW9yZSBjb21tb24sIHdpbGwgYmVjb21lIGZpeGVkIGF0IDEuMCBvciAxMDAl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZeKAmXMgbm8gYnVpbHQtaW4gdGVuZGVuY3kgZm9yIGZyZXF1ZW50IGFsbGVsZXMgdG8gYmVjb21lIG1vcmUgZnJlcXVlbnQuIFVubGVzcyBzb21lIGZvcmNlIGxpa2UgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gaXMgYWN0aW5nIHVwb24gYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLCB0aGUgZnJlcXVlbmN5IG9mIHRoZSBhbGxlbGVzIHRoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCBpdHMgZ2VuZSBwb29sIHNob3VsZCByZW1haW4gYWJvdXQgdGhlIHNhbWUu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBkb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGUsIGJlY2F1c2UgaXQgZG9taW5hdGVzIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlLCB3aWxsIHN0ZWFkaWx5IGluY3JlYXNlIGluIGZyZXF1ZW5jeS4=[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”why_harmful_alleles_persist” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8ecd4a845729″ question_number=”28″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] True or false: because of natural selection, harmful alleles will disappear from a gene pool.

[c]IFRydWU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSBoYXJtZnVsIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBhbGxlbGVzIHdpbGwgYmUgc2VsZWN0ZWQgYWdhaW5zdCwgaXTigJlzIGFsbW9zdCBpbXBvc3NpYmxlIGZvciB0aGVtIHRvIGNvbXBsZXRlbHkgZGlzYXBwZWFyIGZyb20gYSBnZW5lIHBvb2wuIFRoYXTigJlzIGJlY2F1c2UgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gY2FuIG9ubHkg4oCYc2Vl4oCZIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUsIG5vdCB0aGUgZ2Vub3R5cGUuIFJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBhbGxlbGVzIGNhbiBoaWRlIG91dCBpbiBoZXRlcm96eWdvdGVzLCBhbGxvd2luZyB0aGVtIHRvIHBlcnNpc3QgaW4gZ2VuZSBwb29scy4=[Qq]

[c]IEZh bHNl[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEJlY2F1c2UgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGFsbGVsZXMgY2FuIGhpZGUgb3V0IGluIGhldGVyb3p5Z290ZXMsIHRoZXkgY2FuIHBlcnNpc3QgaW4gZ2VuZSBwb29scywgcHJhY3RpY2FsbHkgaW5kZWZpbml0ZWx5Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”why_harmful_alleles_persist” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8ea809c61729″ question_number=”29″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Which type of genotype allows for recessive alleles to hide out, shielded from natural selection?

[c]IGhvbW96eWdvdXMgcmVjZXNzaXZlcw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIb21venlnb3VzIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZXMgaGF2ZSB0d28gY29waWVzIG9mIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlLiBXaGF0ZXZlciBwaGVub3R5cGUgdGhhdCBhbGxlbGUgaXMgY29ubmVjdGVkIHdpdGggd2lsbCBiZSBmdWxseSBleHBvc2VkIHRvIG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIHRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHdoaWNoIGtpbmQgb2YgaW5kaXZpZHVhbCBjb3VsZCBwb3NzZXNzIGEgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGFsbGVsZSwgYnV0IG5vdCBleHByZXNzIHRoYXQgYWxsZWxlIGluIGhpcyBvciBoZXIgcGhlbm90eXBlLg==[Qq]

[c]IGhldGVyb3 p5Z290ZXM=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEluIGEgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlcywgYSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlIHdpbGwgYmUgbWFza2VkIGJ5IHRoZSBkb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGUuIFRoaXMgYWxsb3dzIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlIHRvIGhpZGUgb3V0IGluIHRoZSBoZXRlcm96eWdvdGUsIHNoaWVsZGluZyBpdCBmcm9tIG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGhvbW96eWdvdXMgZG9taW5hbnRz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIb21venlnb3VzIGRvbWluYW50cyBkb27igJl0IGNhcnJ5IGFueSBjb3BpZXMgb2YgdGhlIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBhbGxlbGUuIE5leHQgdGltZSwgdGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgd2hpY2gga2luZCBvZiBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIGNvdWxkIHBvc3Nlc3MgYSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlLCBidXQgbm90IGV4cHJlc3MgdGhhdCBhbGxlbGUgaW4gaGlzIG9yIGhlciBwaGVub3R5cGUu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”why_harmful_alleles_persist” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8e0e5eb54f29″ question_number=”34″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] UNIT 5 (GENETICS) REVIEW: The pedigree chart below shows the inheritance of a lethal recessive allele. If ‘B’ represents the normal allele, and ‘b’ the recessive allele, what would be the genotype of IV-2?

[c]IMKgQkI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBhIHBlZGlncmVlIGNoYXJ0LCBpZiB0aGUgc3F1YXJlIG9yIGNpcmNsZSBpcyBjb2xvcmVkIGluLCBpdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoZSBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIGhhcyB0aGUgY29uZGl0aW9uLiBBbiBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIHdpdGggZ2Vub3R5cGUgQkLCoHdpbGwgbm90IGhhdmUgdGhlIGNvbmRpdGlvbiwgc28gSVYtMiBjb3VsZCBub3QgYmUg4oCYQkIu4oCZ[Qq]

[c]IMKg YmI=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGZpbGxlZC1pbiBjaXJjbGUgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoYXQgdGhpcyBnaXJsIGhhcyB0aGUgY29uZGl0aW9uLiBTaW5jZSB0aGUgY29uZGl0aW9uIGlzIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSwgdGhlIG9ubHkgd2F5IHRoYXQgeW91IGNhbiBoYXZlIGl0IGlzIHRvIGJlIGhvbW96eWdvdXMsIG1ha2luZyDigJhiYuKAmSB0aGUgb25seSBwb3NzaWJsZSBnZW5vdHlwZS4=[Qq]

[c]IMKgQmI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBhIHBlZGlncmVlIGNoYXJ0LCBpZiB0aGUgc3F1YXJlIG9yIGNpcmNsZSBpcyBjb2xvcmVkIGluLCBpdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoZSBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIGhhcyB0aGUgY29uZGl0aW9uLiBBbiBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIHdpdGggZ2Vub3R5cGUgQmIgaXMgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3VzIGZvciB0aGUgZG9taW5hbnQgcGhlbm90eXBlIGFuZCBkb2VzIG5vdCBoYXZlIHRoZSBjb25kaXRpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”why_harmful_alleles_persist” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8dac94c1e729″ question_number=”37″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Achondroplasia, a genetic form of dwarfism, is caused by a dominant allele. Which of the following is NOT a reason why achondroplasia has stayed in the gene pool? In other words, from the list below, find the FALSE statement.

[c]IE9jY2FzaW9uYWxseSwgbm9ybWFsIGFsbGVsZXMgbXV0YXRlIGludG8gdGhlIGFjaG9uZHJvcGxhc2lhIGFsbGVsZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHlvdeKAmXJlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIGEgZmFsc2Ugc3RhdGVtZW50LiBUaGlzIG9uZeKAmXMgdHJ1ZS4gV2hpbGUgYWNob25kcm9wbGFzaWEgaXMgdW5jb21tb24sIGFtb25nIGFjaG9uZHJvcGxhc2lhY3MgaXTigJlzIG5vdCB1bmNvbW1vbiBmb3IgdHdvIG5vcm1hbC1zaXplZCBwYXJlbnRzIHRvIGhhdmUgYSBjaGlsZCB3aXRoIGFjaG9uZHJvcGxhc2lhLiBUaGUgbmV3IGFsbGVsZSBpcyBhIG11dGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IEFjaG9uZHJvcGxhc2lhY3MgaGF2ZSBzb21lIGhlYWx0aCBwcm9ibGVtcywgYnV0IHRoZXkgY2FuIGJlY29tZSBhZHVsdHMgd2hvIGhhdmUgY2hpbGRyZW4gb2YgdGhlaXIgb3duLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHlvdeKAmXJlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIGEgZmFsc2Ugc3RhdGVtZW50Lg==wqAgSXQgaXMgdHJ1ZSB0aGF0IGFjaG9uZHJvcGxhc2lhY3MgY2FuIGhhdmUgY2hpbGRyZW4uIFdoZW4gdGhleSBkbywgdGhlcmXigJlzIGEgMSBpbiAyIGNoYW5jZSB0aGF0IHRoZXnigJlsbCBwYXNzIG9uIHRoZWlyIGFjaG9uZHJvcGxhc2lhIGFsbGVsZSAoYWNob25kcm9wbGFzaWFjcyBhcmUgbmV2ZXIgaG9tb3p5Z291cyBkb21pbmFudHM6IHRoYXQgY29tYmluYXRpb24gaXMgbGV0aGFsKS4=[Qq]

[c]IERvbWluYW50IGFsbGVsZXMsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhleeKAmXJlIGRvbWluYW 50LCB0ZW5kIHRvIGluY3JlYXNlIGluIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvdmVyIHRpbWUu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gWW914oCZdmUgZm91bmQgdGhlIA==ZmFsc2U=IHN0YXRlbWVudC4gRG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlcyBhcmUgb25seSBkb21pbmFudCBiZWNhdXNlIHdoZW4gdGhleeKAmXJlIHBhaXJlZCB3aXRoIGEgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGFsbGVsZSwgdGhlIGRvbWluYW50IGFsbGVsZSBkZXRlcm1pbmVzIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUuIA==T24gYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGxldmVsLCB0aGV5IHNob3cgbm8gdGVuZGVuY3kgdG8gZ3JvdyBvciBzcHJlYWQu

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”why_harmful_alleles_persist” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8d90a4333729″ question_number=”38″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant allele. Why does it persist in the gene pool?

[c]IEJlY2F1c2UgZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlcywgc2luY2UgdGhleeKAmXJlIGRvbWluYW50LCB0ZW5kIHRvIGluY3JlYXNlIGluIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvdmVyIHRpbWUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGlzIGlzIGEgbWFqb3IgbWlzY29uY2VwdGlvbiBpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGdlbmV0aWNzLCBhbmQgeW91IHNob3VsZCByZS1yZWFkIHRoZSBtaXNjb25jZXB0aW9uIGFsZXJ0IGVhcmxpZXIgaW4gdGhpcyB0dXRvcmlhbCBzZXJpZXMuIERvbWluYW50IGFsbGVsZXMgYXJlIG9ubHkgZG9taW5hbnQgd2hlbiB0aGV54oCZcmUgcGFpcmVkIHdpdGggYSByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlLiBJbiB0aGF0IHNpdHVhdGlvbiwgdGhlIGRvbWluYW50IGFsbGVsZSBkZXRlcm1pbmVzIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUuIE9uIGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBsZXZlbCwgdGhleSBzaG93IG5vIHRlbmRlbmN5IHRvIGdyb3cgb3Igc3ByZWFkLg==[Qq]

[c]IEh1bnRpbmd0b27igJlzIGRpc2Vhc2 Ugc2V0cyBpbiBsYXRlciBpbiBsaWZl[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEh1bnRpbmd0b27igJlzIGRpc2Vhc2Ugc2V0cyBpbiBsYXRlIGluIGxpZmUuIFRocm91Z2hvdXQgaGlzdG9yeSAoZXNwZWNpYWxseSB3aGVuIGxpZmUgc3BhbnMgd2VyZSBzaG9ydGVyIHRoYW4gdGhleSBhcmUgdG9kYXkgYW5kIHRoZXJlIHdhcyBsZXNzIGtub3dsZWRnZSBvZiBnZW5ldGljcyksIHBlb3BsZSB3aXRoIEh1bnRpbmd0b27igJlzIHJlcHJvZHVjZWQgYmVmb3JlIHRoZXkga25ldyB0aGV5IGhhZCB0aGUgZGlzZWFzZSwgb3IgdW5kZXJzdG9vZCB0aGF0IHRoZXkgY291bGQgcGFzcyBpdCBvbiB0byB0aGVpciBvZmZzcHJpbmcu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8d51c6f22b29″ question_number=”40″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] True or false? When the environment changes, a population will evolve new mutations in order to be able to adapt.

[c]IFRydWU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNdXRhdGlvbnMgYXJlIHJhbmRvbS4gRXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGFkYXB0YXRpb24gaXMgYWJvdXQgcHJldmlvdXNseSBleGlzdGluZyB2YXJpYXRpb25zIGJlaW5nIHNlbGVjdGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCwgYW5kIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBzaGlmdGluZyBpbiByZXNwb25zZS4=[Qq]

[c]IEZh bHNl[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIE11dGF0aW9ucyBhcmUgcmFuZG9tLiBFdm9sdXRpb25hcnkgYWRhcHRhdGlvbiBpcyBhYm91dCBwcmV2aW91c2x5IGV4aXN0aW5nIHZhcmlhdGlvbnMgYmVpbmcgc2VsZWN0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50LCBhbmQgYWxsZWxlIGZyZXF1ZW5jaWVzIHNoaWZ0aW5nIGluIHJlc3BvbnNlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8d12e9b11f29″ question_number=”42″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] A mutation causes a nucleotide sequence to change from

TGAGGTCTCCTC

TGAGGCCTCCTC

Both sequences code for the same amino acid sequence.

This type of mutation is known as a

[c]IGluc2VydGlvbiBtdXRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbiBpbnNlcnRpb24gbXV0YXRpb24gd291bGQgYWRkIGEgbmV3IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc29tZXdoZXJlIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIHNlcXVlbmNlLCBhbmQgcHVzaCBhbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIG92ZXIgb25lIHBvc2l0aW9uLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGEgbGVzcyBkcmFzdGljIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[c]IGRlbGV0aW9uIG11dGF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGRlbGV0aW9uIG11dGF0aW9uIHdvdWxkIHJlbW92ZSBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc29tZXdoZXJlIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIHNlcXVlbmNlLCBhbmQgcHVsbCBhbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIG9uZSBwb3NpdGlvbiBmb3J3YXJkLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGEgbGVzcyBkcmFzdGljIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[c]IHNpbGVudCBt dXRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEEgc2lsZW50IG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIEROQSwgYnV0IGRvZXNu4oCZdCBjaGFuZ2UgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRoYXQgdGhlIHNlcXVlbmNlIGlzIGNvZGluZyBmb3Iu[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IEEgZnJhbWVzaGlmdCBtdXRhdGlvbiByZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gZWl0aGVyIGluc2VydGluZyBvciBkZWxldGluZyBhIGJhc2UuIFRoZXNlIGluc2VydGlvbnMgY2hhbmdlIHRoZSByZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1lIGR1cmluZyB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbiwgYW5kIGNhdXNlIG1hbnkgb2YgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoZSBwcm90ZWluIHRoYXQgdGhlIGdlbmUgY29kZXMgZm9yIHRvIGJlIGNoYW5nZWQuIEluIHRoZSBleGFtcGxlIGFib3ZlLCB3aGF0IHdlIGhhdmUgaXMgYSBzaW1wbGUgc3Vic3RpdHV0aW9uLCBhbmQgb25lIHRoYXQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSBldmVuIG9uZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkLiBDaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIgbmV4dCB0aW1lLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8cf2510aa729″ question_number=”43″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] What’s the most likely effect of a mutation that deletes one nucleotide near the start of a gene?

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIGEgc2luZ2xlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgdG8gYmUgY2hhbmdlZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbiB0aGF0IHRoaXMgZ2VuZSBjb2RlcyBmb3Iu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGlzIGRlbGV0ZWQgbmVhciB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgYSBnZW5lLCB0aGVuIHRoZSDigJhyZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1l4oCZIGZvciBhbGwgc3Vic2VxdWVudCBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBzaGlmdGVkLiBBbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBpbmNvcnJlY3RseSByZWFkLCBjaGFuZ2luZyBtYW55IGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoYXQgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIGEgc2VyaWVzIG9mIGNoYW5nZXMg aW4gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRoYXQgdGhlIGdlbmUgY29kZXMgZm9yLg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIHRoZSBtb3N0IGxpa2VseSByZXN1bHQuIElmIGEgc2luZ2xlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgaXMgZGVsZXRlZCBuZWFyIHRoZSBzdGFydCBvZiBhIGdlbmUsIHRoZW4gdGhlIOKAmHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWXigJkgZm9yIGFsbCBzdWJzZXF1ZW50IGNvZG9ucyB3aWxsIGJlIHNoaWZ0ZWQuIEFsbW9zdCBhbGwgdGhlIGNvZG9ucyB3aWxsIGJlIGluY29ycmVjdGx5IHJlYWQsIGNoYW5naW5nIG1hbnkgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgaW4gdGhhdCBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIG5vIGNoYW5nZSBpbiB0aGUgcmVzdWx0aW5nIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8cd40c701329″ question_number=”44″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence results in a

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZn QgbXV0YXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISBJbnNlcnRpb25zIG9yIGRlbGV0aW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBzZXF1ZW5jZSBlaXRoZXIgcHVzaCBhbGwgdGhlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIGRvd24gb3IgcHVsbCB0aGVtIGFsbCBmb3J3YXJkLg==wqAgVGhlIG1haW4gY29uc2VxdWVuY2Ugb2YgdGhpcyBpcyB0aGF0IGl0IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWUsIGFuZCBjaGFuZ2VzIGV2ZXJ5IGNvZG9uIGRvd25zdHJlYW0gb2YgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IHNpbGVudCBtdXRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IHBvaW50IG11dGF0aW9uIHRoYXQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHBvaW50IGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCBpbnNlcnRpbmcgb3IgZGVsZXRpbmcgYSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGZyb20gYSBETkEgc2VxdWVuY2Ugc2hpZnRzIGV2ZXJ5IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgZm9yd2FyZCBvciBiYWNrd2FyZC4gVGhpcyBkb2VzIGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8c92db232329″ question_number=”46″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] The most common consequence of an active mutation is

[c]IEltcHJvdmVtZW50IG9mIHRoZSBwcm90ZWluLCBtYWtpbmcgaXQgbW9yZSBlZmZlY3RpdmU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGlzIGlzIHBvc3NpYmxlLCBhbmQgYW4gaW1wb3J0YW50IHBhcnQgb2YgZXZvbHV0aW9uLCBpdOKAmXMgdmVyeSB1bmxpa2VseS4gTXV0YXRpb25zIGFyZSByYW5kb20gY2hhbmdlcywgYW5kIHJhbmRvbSBjaGFuZ2VzIGFyZSBtb3JlIGxpa2VseSB0byBicmVhayB0aGluZ3MgdGhhbiB0byBmaXggdGhlbS4=[Qq]

[c]IE5vIGltcGFjdCBvbiB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCeSBkZWZpbml0aW9uLCBhbiBhY3RpdmUgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgY2hhbmdpbmcgYSBwcm90ZWluLiBQcm90ZWlucywgb24gc29tZSBsZXZlbCwgYXJlIHdoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgcGhlbm90eXBlIChlaXRoZXIgZGlyZWN0bHksIG9yIHRocm91Z2ggZW56eW1lcyB0aGF0IGNvbnRyb2wgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQpLg==[Qq]

[c]IERhbWFnaW5nIGEgZnVuY3Rpb25pbmcgcHJvdGVpbiwgcmVzdWx0aW5nIGluIGRp c2Vhc2UgZm9yIHRoZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGJlYXJzIHRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTXV0YXRpb24gaXMgdGhlIGNhdXNlIG9mIG1hbnkgZ2VuZXRpYyBkaXNlYXNlcy4gVGhlIG1vc3QgbGlrZWx5IGltcGFjdCBvZiBhIG11dGF0aW9uIGlzIHRvIHRha2UgYSBwcm90ZWluIHRoYXTigJlzIHdvcmtpbmcgYW5kIHRvIGRpbWluaXNoIG9yIGRlc3Ryb3kgaXRzIGZ1bmN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8c7496888f29″ question_number=”47″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In a population, a specific gene has two alleles, ‘A’ and ‘a.’ Individuals with genotype ‘aa’ die in early childhood. Individuals with genotype ‘Aa’ have a higher rate of surviving and reproducing than individuals with genotype ‘AA.’ This phenomenon is called

[c]IG11dGF0aW9uIHNlbGVjdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGlzIHdpbGwgYWx0ZXIgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiBhbGxlbGVzIGluIHRoaXMgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBpbiBmYXZvciBvZiB0aGUgbGV0aGFsIGFsbGVsZSwgdGhhdOKAmXMgbm90IHRoZSBuYW1lIHRoYXTigJlzIHVzZWQuIFRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHdoaWNoIGdlbm90eXBlIGhhcyB0aGUgc3Vydml2YWwgYWR2YW50YWdlLg==[Qq]

[c]IGhldGVyb3p5Z290 ZSBhZHZhbnRhZ2U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhpcyBzaXR1YXRpb24sIHdoZXJlIGhldGVyb3p5Z290ZXMgc3Vydml2ZSBhdCBoaWdoZXIgcmF0ZXMsIGV2ZW4gdGhvdWdoIHRoZXkgY2FycnkgYSBsZXRoYWwgYWxsZWxlLCBpcyBjYWxsZWQgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlIGFkdmFudGFnZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGFsbGVsZSBzZWxlY3Rpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPbiBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gZ2VuZXRpYyBsZXZlbCwgdGhlIGxldGhhbCBhbGxlbGUgd2lsbCB3aW5kIHVwIHdpdGggYSBtdWNoIGhpZ2hlciBmcmVxdWVuY3kgdGhhbiB3b3VsZCBiZSBleHBlY3RlZCBmb3IgYSBsZXRoYWwgYWxsZWxlLiBCdXQgdGhhdOKAmXMgbm90IHRoZSBuYW1lIGZvciB0aGlzIHBoZW5vbWVub24uIFRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHdoaWNoIGdlbm90eXBlIGhhcyB0aGUgc3Vydml2YWwgYWR2YW50YWdlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8c51a9d63329″ question_number=”48″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] For this question, let ‘S’ represent the normal hemoglobin allele, and ‘s’ represent the sickle cell allele. In areas affected by malaria, which of the following sequences of genotypes correctly shows which genotype has the highest survival rate, followed by the second highest, followed by the lowest survival rate.

[c]IFNTLCBTcyzCoHNz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7U1MmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHRoZSBub3JtYWwgaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBnZW5vdHlwZSwgYnV0IGluZGl2aWR1YWxzIHdpdGggdGhpcyBnZW5vdHlwZSBzdWZmZXIgZnJvbSBtYWxhcmlhLiBZb3XigJlyZSBjb3JyZWN0IGluIHB1dHRpbmcgJiM4MjIwO3NzJiM4MjIxOyBsYXN0IHNpbmNlIGl0IHJlc3VsdHMgaW4gc2lja2xlIGNlbGwgYW5lbWlhLCBhIHNlcmlvdXMgZGlzZWFzZS4gVGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgd2hpY2ggZ2Vub3R5cGUgcHJvZHVjZXMgYSBwaGVub3R5cGUgdGhhdCBkb2VzIGJlc3QgaW4gbWFsYXJpYS1hZmZlY3RlZCBhcmVhcywgYW5kIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIHNlcXVlbmNlLg==[Qq]

[c]IHNzLCBTUyzCoFNz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7c3MmIzgyMjE7IGlzIGZvciBzaWNrbGUgY2VsbCBhbmVtaWEsIGEgc2VyaW91cyBkaXNlYXNlLiB3aXRoIGEgbG93IHN1cnZpdmFsIHJhdGUuICYjODIyMDtzcyYjODIyMTsgc2hvdWxkIGdvIGxhc3QuICYjODIyMDtTUyYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIG5vcm1hbCBoZW1vZ2xvYmluIGdlbm90eXBlLCBidXQgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgd2l0aCB0aGlzIGdlbm90eXBlIHN1ZmZlciBmcm9tIG1hbGFyaWEuIFRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHdoaWNoIGdlbm90eXBlIHByb2R1Y2VzIGEgcGhlbm90eXBlIHRoYXQgZG9lcyBiZXN0IGluIG1hbGFyaWEtYWZmZWN0ZWQgYXJlYXMsIGFuZCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBzZXF1ZW5jZS4=[Qq]

[c]IFNTLCBzcyzCoFNz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7U1MmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHRoZSBub3JtYWwgaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBnZW5vdHlwZSwgYnV0IGluZGl2aWR1YWxzIHdpdGggdGhpcyBnZW5vdHlwZSBzdWZmZXIgZnJvbSBtYWxhcmlhLiAmIzgyMjA7c3MmIzgyMjE7IGlzIGZvciBzaWNrbGUgY2VsbCBhbmVtaWEsIGEgc2VyaW91cyBkaXNlYXNlIHdpdGggaGlnaCBtb3J0YWxpdHkgKCYjODIyMDtzcyYjODIyMTsgc2hvdWxkIGdvIGxhc3QpLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCB3aGljaCBnZW5vdHlwZSBwcm9kdWNlcyBhIHBoZW5vdHlwZSB0aGF0IGRvZXMgYmVzdCBpbiBtYWxhcmlhLWFmZmVjdGVkIGFyZWFzLCBhbmQgY2hvb3NlIGFub3RoZXIgc2VxdWVuY2Uu[Qq]

[c]IFNzLCBT UyzCoHNz[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gSGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlcyBoYXZlIHRoZSBhZHZhbnRhZ2UgYW5kIHN1cnZpdmUgYXQgdGhlIGhpZ2hlc3QgcmF0ZS4gJiM4MjIwO1NTJiM4MjIxOyBpcyBmb3Igbm9ybWFsIGhlbW9nbG9iaW4sIGJ1dCB0aGUgbm9ybWFsIHBoZW5vdHlwZSBpcyB2dWxuZXJhYmxlIHRvIG1hbGFyaWEsIGEgdmVyeSBzZXJpb3VzIGRpc2Vhc2UgdGhhdCBjYW4gYmUgZGVhZGx5LsKgIEdlbm90eXBlICYjODIyMDtzcyYjODIyMTsgaXMgbm90IGltbWVkaWF0ZWx5IGxldGhhbCwgYnV0IGl0IHJlc3VsdHMgaW4gc2lja2xlIGNlbGwgYW5lbWlhLCBhIGRpc2Vhc2Ugd2l0aCBsb3dlcmVkIHN1cnZpdmFsIHJhdGVzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8bed8bd6e729″ question_number=”51″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Change in allele frequencies caused by random selection and reproduction of alleles is called

[c]IG11dGF0aW9uYWwgdmFyaWF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGF04oCZcyBkZXNjcmliZWQgYWJvdmUgaXMgYSByYW5kb20gcHJvY2Vzcywgd2l0aG91dCBkaXJlY3Rpb24uIFRoaW5rIG9mIHdoYXQgYSByYWZ0IGRvZXMgaW4gYSBzd2ltbWluZyBwb29sLCBhbmQgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[c]IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBpcyBkaXJlY3Rpb25hbC4gV2hhdOKAmXMgZGVzY3JpYmVkIGFib3ZlIGlzIGEgcmFuZG9tIHByb2Nlc3MsIHdpdGhvdXQgZGlyZWN0aW9uLiBUaGluayBvZiB3aGF0IGEgcmFmdCBkb2VzIGluIGEgc3dpbW1pbmcgcG9vbCwgYW5kIHlvdeKAmWxsIGhhdmUgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[c]IHNleHVhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZXh1YWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGlzIGRpcmVjdGlvbmFsLiBXaGF04oCZcyBkZXNjcmliZWQgYWJvdmUgaXMgYSByYW5kb20gcHJvY2Vzcywgd2l0aG91dCBkaXJlY3Rpb24uIFRoaW5rIG9mIHdoYXQgYSByYWZ0IGRvZXMgaW4gYSBzd2ltbWluZyBwb29sLCBhbmQgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[c]IGdlbmV0aW MgZHJpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCYR2VuZXRpYyBkcmlmdOKAmSBpcyBhIA==Y2hhbmdlIGluIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBjYXVzZWQgYnkgcmFuZG9tIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBhbmQgcmVwcm9kdWN0aW9uIG9mIGFsbGVsZXMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8bcf473c5329″ question_number=”52″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Genetic drift is

[c]IGRpc3J1cHRpdmU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGdlbmV0aWNzLCAmIzgyMjA7ZGlzcnVwdGl2ZSBzZWxlY3Rpb24mIzgyMjE7IGlzIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBzZWxlY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBzZWxlY3RzIGFnYWluc3QgdGhlIG1lYW4sIGFuZCBmb3IgdGhlIGV4dHJlbWVzLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBKdXN0IHRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSB3b3JkIOKAmGRyaWZ0LOKAmSBhbmQgaG93IGRyaWZ0aW5nIG1vdmVzIHlvdSBhcm91bmQsIGFuZCB5b3XigJlsbCBoYXZlIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[c]IHJhbm RvbQ==[Qq]

[f]IFllcyBBIGtleSBmZWF0dXJlIG9mIGdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQgaXMgaXRzIHJhbmRvbW5lc3MuIEluIGdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQsIA==Y2hhbmdlIGluIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBpcyBjYXVzZWQgYnkgcmFuZG9tIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBhbmQgcmVwcm9kdWN0aW9uIG9mIGFsbGVsZXM=[Qq]

[c]IGRpcmVjdGlvbmFsIChsaWtlIG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uKS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGtleSBmZWF0dXJlIG9mIGdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQgaXMgdGhhdCBpdOKAmXMgTk9UIGRpcmVjdGlvbmFsLiBKdXN0IHRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSB3b3JkIOKAmGRyaWZ0LOKAmSBhbmQgaG93IGRyaWZ0aW5nIG1vdmVzIHlvdSBhcm91bmQsIGFuZCB5b3XigJlsbCBoYXZlIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8b5adce9cb29″ question_number=”55″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Populations that have experienced genetic drift will most likely have _________ fixed alleles in their gene pools than populations that haven’t experienced genetic drift.

[c]IHRoZSBzYW1lIGFtb3VudCBvZg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHZW5ldGljIGRyaWZ0LCB3aXRoIGl0cyByYW5kb20gc2VsZWN0aW9uIG9mIGFsbGVsZXMsIG1vc3QgbGlrZWx5IHJlc3VsdHMgaW4gcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgd2l0aCBMRVNTIHZhcmlhdGlvbiB0aGFuIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIHRoYXQgaGF2ZW7igJl0IGV4cGVyaWVuY2VkIGdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQuIExlc3MgdmFyaWF0aW9uIG1lYW5zIE1PUkUgZml4ZWQgYWxsZWxlcy4=[Qq]

[c]IG1v cmU=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gR2VuZXRpYyBkcmlmdCwgd2l0aCBpdHMgcmFuZG9tIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBvZiBhbGxlbGVzLCBtb3N0IGxpa2VseSByZXN1bHRzIGluIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIHdpdGggTEVTUyB2YXJpYXRpb24gdGhhbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucyB0aGF0IGhhdmVu4oCZdCBleHBlcmllbmNlZCBnZW5ldGljIGRyaWZ0LiBMZXNzIHZhcmlhdGlvbiBtZWFucyBNT1JFIGZpeGVkIGFsbGVsZXMu[Qq]

[c]IGxlc3M=[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8b359c2b8b29″ question_number=”56″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a genetic disease whose symptoms include extra fingers and toes, dwarfism, and heart defects. This disease is in very high frequency in the Amish people who live in Eastern Pennsylvania. The most likely explanation for this is

[c]IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IHJhbmRvbSBtdXRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSBzb21lIGRpc2Vhc2VzIGxpa2UgYWNob25kcm9wbGFzaWEgKGFub3RoZXIgZnJvbSBvZiBkd2FyZmlzbSkgYXJlIG1haW50YWluZWQgYnkgbXV0YXRpb24sIHRoaXMgaXMgbm90IGEgY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlIGhpZ2ggaW5jaWRlbmNlIG9mIEVsbGlzLXZhbiBDcmV2ZWxkIHN5bmRyb21lIGFtb25nIHRoZSBBbWlzaC4=[Qq]

[c]IGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBib3R0bGVuZWNr[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSBFbGxpcy12YW4gQ3JldmVsZCBzeW5kcm9tZSBpcyBhbiBleGFtcGxlIG9mIGdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQsIHRoZSBoaXN0b3J5IG9mIHRoZSBBbWlzaCBzaG93cyBubyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGJvdHRsZW5lY2su[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBmb3VuZG VyIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIFRoZSBpbmNpZGVuY2Ugb2YgRWxsaXMtdmFuIENyZXZlbGQgc3luZHJvbWUgaXMgYmVzdCBleHBsYWluZWQgYnkgdGhlIOKAmGZvdW5kZXIgZWZmZWN0LuKAmSBBIHNtYWxsIG51bWJlciBvZiBmb3VuZGVycyBicm91Z2h0IHdpdGggdGhlbSB0aGUgYWxsZWxlIGZvciB0aGlzIHN5bmRyb21lLCBhbmQgdGhpcyBhbGxlbGUgaXMgbm93IGluIGhpZ2ggZnJlcXVlbmN5IGluIHRoZSBBbWlzaCBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8aa5414a5329″ question_number=”57″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In the diagram below, the different colored shapes represent different alleles in populations, which are represented by circles. What process is shown in the diagram?

[c]IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBpbnZvbHZlcyB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgc2VsZWN0aW5nIHBoZW5vdHlwZXMgdGhhdCBhcmUgYmVuZWZpY2lhbCwgYW5kIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBzaGlmdGluZyBpbiByZXNwb25zZS4gSGVyZSB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgbGFyZ2UgcGFyZW50IHBvcHVsYXRpb24sIGFuZCBzZXZlcmFsIG5ldyBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucyBiZWluZyBmb3VuZGVkLiBUd28gb2YgdGhlIG5ldyBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucyBoYXZlIGxlc3MgZGl2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIGFsbGVsZXMgdGhhbiB0aGUgcGFyZW50IHBvcHVsYXRpb24u[Qq]

[c]IHJhbmRvbSBtdXRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiB0aGlzIHdlcmUgcmFuZG9tIG11dGF0aW9uLCB5b3XigJlkIHNlZSBuZXcgYWxsZWxlcyBhcHBlYXJpbmcuIEhlcmUgeW91IHNlZSBhIGxhcmdlIHBhcmVudCBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLCBhbmQgc2V2ZXJhbCBuZXcgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgYmVpbmcgZm91bmRlZC4gVHdvIG9mIHRoZSBuZXcgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgaGF2ZSBsZXNzIGRpdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBhbGxlbGVzIHRoYW4gdGhlIHBhcmVudCBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBib3R0bGVuZWNr[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gYm90dGxlbmVjayB3b3VsZCBiZXN0IGJlIGRlcGljdGVkIGJ5IG1hbnkgbWVtYmVycyBvZiB0aGUgcGFyZW50IHBvcHVsYXRpb24gYmVpbmcgd2lwZWQgb3V0LCB3aXRoIG9ubHkgYSBmZXcgc3Vydml2b3JzIGxlZnQuIEhlcmUgeW91IHNlZSBhIGxhcmdlIHBhcmVudCBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLCBhbmQgc2V2ZXJhbCBuZXcgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgYmVpbmcgZm91bmRlZC4gVHdvIG9mIHRoZSBuZXcgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgaGF2ZSBsZXNzIGRpdmVyc2l0eSBvZiBhbGxlbGVzIHRoYW4gdGhlIHBhcmVudCBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBmb3VuZG VyIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIFdoYXTigJlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbSBpcyB0aGUgZm91bmRlciBlZmZlY3QuIFlvdSBzZWUgYSBsYXJnZSBwYXJlbnQgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiwgYW5kIHNldmVyYWwgbmV3IHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIGJlaW5nIGZvdW5kZWQuIFR3byBvZiB0aGUgbmV3IHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIGhhdmUgbGVzcyBkaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgYWxsZWxlcyB0aGFuIHRoZSBwYXJlbnQgcG9wdWxhdGlvbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8a80008c1329″ question_number=”58″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] What process is shown in the diagram?

[c]IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBpbnZvbHZlcyB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgc2VsZWN0aW5nIHBoZW5vdHlwZXMgdGhhdCBhcmUgYmVuZWZpY2lhbCwgYW5kIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBzaGlmdGluZyBpbiByZXNwb25zZS4gSGVyZSB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgbGFyZ2UgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiB0aGF0IGdldHMgcmVkdWNlZCwgYW5kIHRoZW4gcmVjb3ZlcnMuIFdoYXQgZXZlbnQgaW4gcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBnZW5ldGljcyBoYXMgdGhpcyBwYXR0ZXJuPw==[Qq]

[c]IHJhbmRvbSBtdXRhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSYW5kb20gbXV0YXRpb24gYnJpbmdzIGFib3V0IG5ldyBhbGxlbGVzIGluIGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbi4gVGhlcmXigJlzIG5vIGV2aWRlbmNlIG9mIHRoYXQgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLiBIZXJlIHlvdSBzZWUgYSBsYXJnZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIHRoYXQgZ2V0cyByZWR1Y2VkLCBhbmQgdGhlbiByZWNvdmVycy4gV2hhdCBldmVudCBpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGdlbmV0aWNzIGhhcyB0aGlzIHBhdHRlcm4/[Qq]

[c]IGEgcG9wdWxhdGlv biBib3R0bGVuZWNr[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGJvdHRsZW5lY2sgd291bGQgYmUgZGVwaWN0ZWQgYnkgbWFueSBtZW1iZXJzIG9mIHRoZSBwYXJlbnQgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBiZWluZyB3aXBlZCBvdXQsIHdpdGggb25seSBhIGZldyBzdXJ2aXZvcnMgbGVmdC4gVGhlIHN1cnZpdm9ycyB0aGVuIHJlYnVpbGQgdGhlIHBvcHVsYXRpb24uIFRoYXTigJlzIGV4YWN0bHkgd2hhdCB5b3Ugc2VlIGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4=[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBmb3VuZGVyIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZm91bmRlciBlZmZlY3Qgd291bGQgYmUgc2hvd24gYnkgYSBmZXcgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgYnJhbmNoaW5nIG9mZiBmcm9tIGEgcGFyZW50IHBvcHVsYXRpb24gdG8gZm9ybSBhIG5ldyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLiBIZXJlIHlvdSBzZWUgYSBsYXJnZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIHRoYXQgZ2V0cyByZWR1Y2VkLCBhbmQgdGhlbiByZWNvdmVycy4gV2hhdCBldmVudCBpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGdlbmV0aWNzIGhhcyB0aGlzIHBhdHRlcm4/

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” topic=”genetic_drift” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8a3c7b333f29″ question_number=”60″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] One consequence of the population bottleneck experienced by the Northern elephant seal is

[c]IGxvdyBnZW5ldGlj IHZhcmlhYmlsaXR5[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIE5vcnRoZXJuIGVsZXBoYW50IHNlYWwsIHRob3VnaCBpdCBoYXMgYmVlbiBzdWNjZXNzZnVsIGluIHJlYnVpbGRpbmcgaXRzIHBvcHVsYXRpb24sIGhhcyBsb3cgZ2VuZXRpYyB2YXJpYWJpbGl0eS4=[Qq]

[c]IGhpZ2ggcmF0ZXMgb2YgbXV0YXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZeKAmXMgbm8gZXZpZGVuY2UgdGhhdCBtdXRhdGlvbiByYXRlcyBhcmUgYW55IGhpZ2hlciBpbiBOb3J0aGVybiBlbGVwaGFudCBzZWFscyB0aGFuIHRoZXkgYXJlIGluIGFueSBvdGhlciBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGhpZ2ggZ2VuZXRpYyB2YXJpYWJpbGl0eQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQb3B1bGF0aW9uIGJvdHRsZW5lY2tzLCBzdWNoIGFzIHRoYXQgZXhwZXJpZW5jZWQgYnkgdGhlIE5vcnRoZXJuIEVsZXBoYW50IFNlYWwsIGRvIG5vdCBpbmNyZWFzZSBnZW5ldGljIHZhcmlhYmlsaXR5Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8a1e3698ab29″ question_number=”61″ topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Of the following, what evolves?

[c]IGluZGl2aWR1YWxz[Qq]

[f]IMKgTm8uIEluZGl2aWR1YWxzIGFyZSBib3JuLCBkZXZlbG9wLCBsaXZlLCBkaWUsIGFuZCBtYXliZSBwYXNzIHRoZWlyIGdlbmVzIG9uLiBCdXQgYmlvbG9naWNhbGx5LCBpbmRpdmlkdWFscyBhcmUgbm90IHdoYXQgZXZvbHZlLg==[Qq]

[c]IHBvcHVs YXRpb25z[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IGpvYiEgVGhlIHVuaXQgb2YgZXZvbHV0aW9uIGlzIHRoZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGNvbW11bml0aWVz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDb21tdW5pdGllcyBhcmUgdGhlIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIGZvdW5kIGluIGEgc2luZ2xlwqBhcmVhLiBJbiB0aGUgaGllcmFyY2h5IG9mIGxpZmUsIGV2b2x1dGlvbiBoYXBwZW5zIGF0IGEgbGV2ZWwgYmVsb3cgdGhlIGNvbW11bml0eSBsZXZlbC4=[Qq]

[c]IG11dGF0aW9ucw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNdXRhdGlvbnMgYXJlIHRoZSByYXcgbWF0ZXJpYWwgZm9yIGV2b2x1dGlvbiwgYnV0IHRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUgbm90IHdoYXQgZXZvbHZlcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e89fd9df23329″ question_number=”62″ topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Natural selection selects for or against…

[c]IGdlbm90eXBlcw==[Qq]

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[c]IHBoZW5v dHlwZXM=[Qq]

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[c]IGdlbmUgcG9vbHM=[Qq]

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[c]IHBvcHVsYXRpb25z[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e89ca64ec9b29″ question_number=”63″ topic=”Population_Genetics_Key_Concepts” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Which of the definitions below best defines microevolution?

[c]IEEgY2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBnZW5ldGljIG1ha2V1 cCBvZiBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gb3ZlciB0aW1lLg==[Qq]

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[c]IEEgY2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBmb3JtIG9mIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNtLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBiaW9sb2d5LCBhwqBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIGZvcm0gb2YgYW4gb3JnYW5pc23CoGlzIHVzdWFsbHkgZGVmaW5lZCBhcyA=ZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQ=LiBFdm9sdXRpb24gaXMgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgb2NjdXJzwqBpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucy4=[Qq]

[c]IEEgY2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBnZW5ldGljIG1ha2V1cCBvZiBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBiaW9sb2d5LCBldm9sdXRpb24gaXMgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgb2NjdXJzIGluIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zLg==[Qq]

[c]IE9uZSBzcGVjaWVzIGRpdmVyZ2luZyBpbnRvIHR3byBzcGVjaWVz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7T25lIHNwZWNpZXMgZGl2ZXJnaW5nIGludG8gdHdvIHNwZWNpZXMmIzgyMjE7IGlzIGEgZ29vZCBkZWZpbml0aW9uIG9mIA==c3BlY2lhdGlvbg==LCBidXQgbm90IGEgZ29vZCBkZWZpbml0aW9uIGZvciA=ZXZvbHV0aW9uLg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e89a7783a3f29″ question_number=”64″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] A population includes 250 individuals homozygous dominant (AA = red flowers), 250 heterozygous individuals (Aa= red flowers) and 125 homozygous recessive (aa=white). What are the percentages of alleles for red and white?

[c]IDc1JSByZWQsIDI1JSB3aGl0ZQ==[Qq]

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[c]IDYwJSByZWQsID QwJSB3aGl0ZQ==[Qq]

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[c]IDUwJSByZWQsIDUwJSB3aGl0ZQ==[Qq]

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[c]IDQwJSByZWQsIDYwJSB3aGl0ZQ==[Qq]

[c]IDI1JSByZWQsIDc1JSB3aGl0ZQ==[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8989339fab29″ question_number=”65″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, “p” represents _________, and “q” represents __________.

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[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7cCYjODIyMTsgYW5kICYjODIyMDtxJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnQgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiA=YWxsZWxlcywgbm90IGdlbm90eXBlcw==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgaG9tb3p5Z291cyBpbmRpdmlkdWFscyYjODIzMDsgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiBoZXRlcm96eWdvdXMgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7cCYjODIyMTsgYW5kICYjODIyMDtxJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnQgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiA=YWxsZWxlcw==LCBub3QgZ2Vub3R5cGVz[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGFsbGVsZXMmIzgyMzA7IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlcw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7cCYjODIyMTsgYW5kICYjODIyMDtxJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnQgYWxsZWxlIGZyZXF1ZW5jaWVzLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjIxO3ZlIGdvdCB0aGVtIHJldmVyc2VkLg==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlcyYjODIz MDsgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlcw==[Qq]

[f]IFBlcmZlY3QhICYjODIyMDtwJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgdGhlIGRvbWluYW50IGFsbGVsZSwgYW5kICYjODIyMDtxJiM4MjIxOyB0aGUgZnJlcXVlbmN5IG9mIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZcKgYWxsZWxlcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e896646ed4f29″ question_number=”66″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, “2pq” represents the frequency of:

[c]IGhvbW96eWdvdXMgZG9taW5hbnQgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLsKgVGhpbmsgb2YgaXQgdGhpcyB3YXkuIElmICYjODIyMDtwJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBkb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGUgKHN1Y2ggYXMgJiM4MjIwO0EmIzgyMjE7KSBhbmQgJiM4MjIwO3EmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBhbGxlbGUgKHN1Y2ggYXMgJiM4MjIwO2EmIzgyMjE7KSwgdGhlbiBwcSB3b3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgd2hpY2ggZ2Vub3R5cGU/[Qq]

[c]IGhldGVyb3p5Z291cy BpbmRpdmlkdWFscw==[Qq]

[f]IEFtYXppbmchIEluIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBlcXVhdGlvbiwgMnBxIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiBoZXRlcm96eWdvdXMgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMu[Qq]

[c]IGhvbW96eWdvdXMgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGluZGl2aWR1YWxz[Qq]

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[c]IHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBhbGxlbGVz[Qq]

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[c]IGRvbWluYW50IGFsbGVsZXM=[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e8945ae46d729″ question_number=”67″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In a gene pool, two alleles are under study: “r” and “R.” If the frequency of “R” is 0.4; what is the expected frequency of heterozygous individuals?

[c]IC42[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBwcmluY2lwbGUs

Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

“R” is the dominant allele, so if “R” = 0.4, then “p” = 0.4 and “q” = 0.6. To find heterozygotes (2pq) multiply 2 * 0.4 * 0.6.

[c]IC4yNA==[Qq]

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Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

“R” is the dominant allele, so if “R” = 0.4, then “p” = 0.4 and “q” = 0.6. To find heterozygotes (2pq) multiply 2 * 0.4 * 0.6.

[c]IC40 OA==[Qq]

[f]IEdlbml1cyHCoEFjY29yZGluZyB0byB0aGUgSGFyZHktV2VpbmJlcmcgcHJpbmNpcGxlLA==

Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

“R” is the dominant allele, so if “R” = 0.4, then “p” = 0.4 and “q” = 0.6. To find heterozygotes (2pq) multiply 2 * 0.4 * 0.6. = 0.48

[c]IC4xNg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBwcmluY2lwbGUs

Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

“R” is the dominant allele, so if “R” = 0.4, then “p” = 0.4 and “q” = 0.6. To find heterozygotes (2pq) multiply 2 * 0.4 * 0.6.

[c]IC44[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBwcmluY2lwbGUs

Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

“R” is the dominant allele, so if “R” = 0.4, then “p” = 0.4 and “q” = 0.6. To find heterozygotes (2pq) multiply 2 * 0.4 * 0.6.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e891e197cb329″ question_number=”68″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In a population that”s in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of homozygous (RR) individuals is .09. What is the frequency of the “r” allele?

[c]IDAuMw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBwcmluY2lwbGUs

Cg==

cCArIHEgPSAxICh3aGljaCBtZWFucyB0aGUgZnJlcXVlbmN5IG9mIHRoZSBkb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGUgKHApICsgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGFsbGVsZSAocSkgPSAxLg==
[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

If the frequency of individuals with genotype RR is 0.09, then that number is p². To find p, just take the square root of 0.09, which is 0.3, which is the frequency of the “R” alleles. If the frequency of “R” is 0.3, then use p + q = 1 to find the frequency of “r.”

[c]IC 43[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IEpvYiEgQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBwcmluY2lwbGUs

Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

[c]IC40Mg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAwLjQyIGlzIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3Rlcy4gVG8gZ2V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIsIHRoaW5rIG9mIGl0IHRoaXMgd2F5LiBBY2NvcmRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIEhhcmR5LVdlaW5iZXJnIHByaW5jaXBsZSw=

Cg==

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[Qq]p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

[c]IDAuNDk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAwLjQ5IGlzIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgaG9tb3p5Z291cyByZWNlc3NpdmVzIChx^Mg==KSAuIFRvIGdldCB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLCB0aGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBwcmluY2lwbGUs

Cg==

[Qq]p + q = 1 (which means the frequency of the dominant allele (p) + the frequency of the recessive allele (q) = 1.
p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (which means that the frequency of homozygous dominants (p²) + the frequency of heterozygotes(2pq) + the frequency of homozygous recessives (q²) = 1

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e88fd80d63b29″ question_number=”69″ topic=”Population_Genetics_Key_Concepts” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Which of the following statements is true?

[c]IE5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGlzIHRoZSBvbmx5IG1lY2hhbmlzbSBmb3IgZXZvbHV0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBhZGRpdGlvbiB0byBuYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiwgb3RoZXIgcHJvY2Vzc2VzIHN1Y2ggYXMgZ2VuZXRpYyBkcmlmdCBjYW4gY2F1c2UgY2hhbmdlcyBpbiBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgd2l0aGluIGEgZ2VuZSBwb29sLg==[Qq]

[c]IE5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGNhdXNlcyBnZW5ldGljIGNoYW5nZSBpbiBhbiBpbmRpdmlkdWFs[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBzZWxlY3RzIHdoaWNoIHBoZW5vdHlwZXMgZ2V0IHRvIHN1cnZpdmUgYW5kIHJlcHJvZHVjZSwgYnV0IGl0IGRvZXNuJiM4MjIxO3QgY2F1c2UgZ2VuZXRpYyBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMu[Qq]

[c]IE5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGNhdXNlcyBnZW 5ldGljIGNoYW5nZSBpbiBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IFJpZ2h0ISBOYXR1cmFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBjaGFuZ2VzIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucywgd2hpY2ggYW1vdW50cyB0byBjYXVzaW5nIGdlbmV0aWMgY2hhbmdlIGluIGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IEV2b2x1dGlvbiBjYXVzZXMgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMjE7dmUgZ290IGl0IGJhY2t3YXJkcy4gTmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gY2FuIGJlIGEgY2F1c2Ugb2YgZXZvbHV0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e88da9423df29″ question_number=”70″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which of the following is would cause allele frequencies in a population to change?

[c]IHJhbmRvbSBtYXRpbmc=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLsKgUmFuZG9tIG1hdGluZyBpcyBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIHJlcXVpcmVkIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMgZm9yIGdlbmV0aWMgZXF1aWxpYnJpdW0gd2l0aGluIGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbi4gTWFrZSBhbm90aGVyIGNob2ljZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUu[Qq]

[c]IG1pZ3Jh dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IGpvYiEgTWlncmF0aW9uIA==d291bGQgaW52b2x2ZSBnZW5lIGZsb3csIHdoaWNoIHdvdWxkIGNoYW5nZSBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgaW4gYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJiM4MjE3O3MgZ2VuZSBwb29sLg==[Qq]

[c]IGxhcmdlIHBvcHVsYXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLsKgTGFyZ2UgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBzaXplIGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgY29uZGl0aW9ucyB0aGF0IGtlZXAgYWxsZWxlIGZyZXF1ZW5jaWVzIHdpdGhpbiBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gc3RhYmxlLiBNYWtlIGFub3RoZXIgY2hvaWNlIG5leHQgdGltZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGJvdGggYWxsZWxlcyBwcm9kdWNlIHBoZW5vdHlwZXMgdGhhdCBjb25mZXIgZXF1YWwgbGV2ZWxzIG9mIGZpdG5lc3Mu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiBib3RoIGFsbGVsZXMgcHJvZHVjZSBwaGVub3R5cGVzIHRoYXQgY29uZmVyIGVxdWFsIGxldmVscyBvZiBmaXRuZXNzLCB0aGV5JiM4MjE3O3JlIHdpbGwgYmUgbm8gbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24uIFRoYXQgd2lsbCBtYWludGFpbiBnZW5ldGljIGVxdWlsaWJyaXVtLiBMb29rIGZvciBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBkaXNydXB0IGdlbmV0aWMgZXF1aWxpYnJpdW0gYW5kIGxlYWQgdG8gYSBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gYWxsZWxlIGZyZXF1ZW5jaWVzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e88b0ab4dd729″ question_number=”71″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Imagine a population of fruit flies where wing shape is determined by one pair of alleles: C is normal, c is curly-wings. A population of 1000 flies includes 100 curly-winged flies. In this population, what,s 2pq?

[c]IDAuMQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjIxO3MgaG93IHRvIHByb2NlZWQuIFRoZSB0b3RhbCBudW1iZXIgb2YgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgaW4gdGhpcyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGlzIDEwMDAuIElmIDEwMCBoYXZlIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgcGhlbm90eXBlIChjdXJseSB3aW5ncyksIHRoZW4gdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSBpcyAwLjEuIE5vdywgc2V0IHVwIGEgY3Jvc3MtbXVsdGlwbGljYXRpb24gdGFibGUuIFB1dCAwLjEgaW4gdGhlIGJvdHRvbSByaWdodCwgYW5kIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBlbHNlIGZyb20gdGhlcmU=

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]	C (0.684)	c (0.316)
C (0.684)	CC	Cc (0.216)
c (0.316)	Cc (0.216)	cc (0.1)

The square root of 0.1 is 0.316, so that”s q. 1 – 0.316 is .684, so that”s p. What”s 2pq?

[c]IDAuNjg0[Qq]

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]	C (0.684)	c (0.316)
C (0.684)	CC	Cc (0.216)
c (0.316)	Cc (0.216)	cc (0.1)

The square root of 0.1 is 0.316, so that’s q. 1 – 0.316 is .684, so that”s p. So, what”s 2pq?

[c]IDAu NDMy[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QhIFRoZSB0b3RhbCBudW1iZXIgb2YgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgaW4gdGhpcyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGlzIDEwMDAuIElmIDEwMCBoYXZlIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgcGhlbm90eXBlIChjdXJseSB3aW5ncyksIHRoZW4gdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSBpcyAwLjEuIE5vdywgc2V0IHVwIGEgY3Jvc3MtbXVsdGlwbGljYXRpb24gdGFibGUuIFB1dCAwLjEgaW4gdGhlIGJvdHRvbSByaWdodCwgYW5kIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBlbHNlIGZyb20gdGhlcmU=

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]	C (0.684)	c (0.316)
C (0.684)	CC	Cc (0.216)
c (0.316)	Cc (0.216)	cc (0.1)

The square root of 0.1 is 0.316, so that”s q. 1 – 0.316 is .684, so that”s p. So, 2pq = .316 x .684 x 2 = .432

[c]IDAuNDU1[Qq]

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]	C (0.684)	c (0.316)
C (0.684)	CC	Cc (0.216)
c (0.316)	Cc (0.216)	cc (0.1)

The square root of 0.1 is 0.316, so that”s q. 1 – 0.316 is .684, so that”s p. So, what”s 2pq?

[c]IDAuMzE2[Qq]

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]	C (0.684)	c (0.316)
C (0.684)	CC	Cc (0.216)
c (0.316)	Cc (0.216)	cc (0.1)

The square root of 0.1 is 0.316, so that”s q. 1 – 0.316 is .684, so that”s p. So, what”s 2pq?

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e888b6a8f9729″ question_number=”72″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Imagine a population of mice where color is determined by one pair of alleles: A is normal, a is albino. A population of 400 mice includes 36 albinos. What”s the frequency homozygous dominant mice?

[c]IDAuNDI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjIxO3MgaG93IHRvIHByb2NlZWQuIFRoZSB0b3RhbCBudW1iZXIgb2YgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgaW4gdGhpcyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGlzIDQwMC4gSWYgMzYgaGF2ZSB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSAoYWxiaW5vKSwgdGhlbiB0aGUgZnJlcXVlbmN5IG9mIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgcGhlbm90eXBlIGlzIDAuMDkgKDklKS4gTm93LCBzZXQgdXAgYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZS4gUHV0IDAuMDkgaW4gdGhlIGJvdHRvbSByaWdodCAoYmVjYXVzZSB0aGF0JiM4MjIxO3MgcQ==^Mg==KSwgYW5kIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBlbHNlIGZyb20gdGhlcmU=

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

	A (0.7)	a (0.3)
A (0.7)	AA (0.49)	Aa (0.21)
a (0.3)	Aa(0.21)	aa (0.09)

The square root of 0.09 is 0.3, so that”s q. 1 – 0.3 is .7, so that”s p. So, what”s p²?

[c]IDAu NDk=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UuIEp1c3QgaW4gY2FzZSB5b3Ugd2VyZW4mIzgyMTc7dCAxMDAlIGNlcnRhaW4sIGhlcmUmIzgyMjE7cyB0aGUgc29sdXRpb24uIFRoZSB0b3RhbCBudW1iZXIgb2YgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgaW4gdGhpcyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGlzIDQwMC4gSWYgMzYgaGF2ZSB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSAoYWxiaW5vKSwgdGhlbiB0aGUgZnJlcXVlbmN5IG9mIHRoZSByZWNlc3NpdmUgcGhlbm90eXBlIGlzIDAuMDkgKDklKS4gTm93LCBzZXQgdXAgYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZS4gUHV0IDAuMDkgaW4gdGhlIGJvdHRvbSByaWdodCAoYmVjYXVzZSB0aGF0JiM4MjIxO3MgcQ==^Mg==KSwgYW5kIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBlbHNlIGZyb20gdGhlcmU=

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

	A (0.7)	a (0.3)
A (0.7)	AA (0.49)	Aa (0.21)
a (0.3)	Aa(0.21)	aa (0.09)

The square root of 0.09 is 0.3, so that”s q. 1 – 0.3 is .7, so that”s p. So, p²= 0.49

[c]IDAuMw==[Qq]

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

	A (0.7)	a (0.3)
A (0.7)	AA (0.49)	Aa (0.21)
a (0.3)	Aa(0.21)	aa (0.09)

The square root of 0.09 is 0.3, so that”s q. 1 – 0.3 is .7, so that”s p. So, what”s p²?

[c]IDAuNw==[Qq]

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

	A (0.7)	a (0.3)
A (0.7)	AA (0.49)	Aa (0.21)
a (0.3)	Aa(0.21)	aa (0.09)

The square root of 0.09 is 0.3, so that”s q. 1 – 0.3 is .7, so that”s p. So, what”s p²?

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e886629d15729″ question_number=”73″ topic=”natural_selection_in_gene_pools” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Which of these is not one of the major categories of natural selection?

[c]IERpcmVjdGlvbmFs[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEaXJlY3Rpb25hbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gaXMgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGFnYWluc3Qgb25lIGV4dHJlbWUgd2l0aGluIHRoZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLiBJdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIHRoaXMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IHN0YWJpbGl6aW5n[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdGFiaWxpemluZyAob3IgYmFsYW5jaW5nKSBzZWxlY3Rpb24gaXMgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGFnYWluc3QgYm90aCBleHRyZW1lcywgYW5kIGZvciB0aGUgbWVhbi4gSXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSB0aGlzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IGRpc3J1cHRpdmU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEaXNydXB0aXZlIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBpcyBzZWxlY3Rpb24gYWdhaW5zdCB0aGUgbWVhbiwgYW5kIGZvciB0aGUgZXh0cmVtZXMuIEl0IGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgdGhpcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IEludHJh c2V4dWFs[Qq]

[f]IEZhbnRhc3RpYyBqb2IhIMKgSW50cmFzZXh1YWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGlzIGEgdHlwZSBvZiA=c2V4dWFsIHNlbGVjdGlvbg==LiBJdCBsZWFkcyB0byBldm9sdXRpb24sIGJ1dCBpdCYjODIxNztzIGluIGEgZGlmZmVyZW50IGNhdGVnb3J5IGZyb20gbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e883e95073329″ question_number=”74″ topic=”Population_Genetics_Key_Concepts” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] In nature, populations are constantly evolving. This means that

[c]IHRoZXkgYXJlIGJlY29taW5nIG1vcmUgYWRhcHRlZA==[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBuZWNlc3NhcmlseS4gUG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgY2FuIGp1c3QgYXMgZWFzaWx5IGV4cGVyaWVuY2UgZ2VuZXRpYyBkcmlmdCBvciBiZWNvbWUgZXh0aW5jdC4=[Qq]

[c]IHRoZXkgYXJlIGF0IGVxdWlsaWJyaXVt[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBhbiBldm9sdXRpb25hcnkgY29udGV4dCwgYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIHRoYXQmIzgyMjE7cyBhdCBlcXVpbGlicml1bSB3aWxsIGV4cGVyaWVuY2UsIG92ZXIgdGltZSwgbm8gY2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBvZiB0aGUgYWxsZWxlcyBpbiBpdHMgZ2VuZSBwb29sLiBUaGF0JiM4MjIxO3MgdGhlIA==b3Bwb3NpdGU=IG9mIGV2b2x2aW5nLg==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZXkgYXJlwqBpbmNyZWFzaW5nIGluIHNpemUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQb3B1bGF0aW9uIGluY3JlYXNlIG9yIGRlY3JlYXNlIGlzIGFuIGltcG9ydGFudCBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBldm9sdXRpb25hcnkgcHJvY2VzcywgYnV0IGl0JiM4MjIxO3MgcG9zc2libGUgdG8gaW1hZ2luZSBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gdGhhdCYjODIyMTtzIGluY3JlYXNpbmcgaW4gc2l6ZSB3aXRob3V0IGNoYW5nZSBvY2N1cmluZyBpbiBpdHMgZ2VuZSBwb29sLg==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgaW4gdG hlaXIgZ2VuZSBwb29sIGFyZSBjaGFuZ2luZw==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIENoYW5nZSBpbiBhbGxlbGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMsIGZyb20gYSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGdlbmV0aWNzIHBlcnNwZWN0aXZlLCBpcyB0aGUgZGVmaW5pdGlvbiBvZiBldm9sdXRpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e881dfc60bb29″ question_number=”75″ topic=”Hardy-Weinberg” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] A population geneticist creates a computer model of a large population. The initial settings of the model include the following: no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all matings are random, and each individual has an equal chance of reproducing. What will happen to this model population over the next 100 generations?

[c]IEl0IHdpbGwgYmVjb21lIGV4dGluY3Qu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSBleHRpbmN0aW9uIGlzIGFuIGltcG9ydGFudCBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBldm9sdXRpb25hcnkgcHJvY2VzcywgdGhlcmUmIzgyMjE7cyBubyByZWFzb24gdG8gdGhpbmsgdGhhdCB0aGlzIG1vZGVsIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gd2lsbCBleHBlcmllbmNlIGV4dGluY3Rpb24u[Qq]

[c]IEEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBib3R0bGVuZWNrIHdpbGwgZGVjcmVhc2UgdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgZGl2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIHRoaXMgcG9wdWxhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTaW5jZSB0aGUgc2V0dGluZ3Mgb2YgdGhlIG1vZGVsIHNldCB0aGUgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBhdCBhIGxhcmdlIHNpemUsIHRoZXJlJiM4MjIxO3Mgbm8gcmVhc29uIHRvIHByZWRpY3QgdGhhdCBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gYm90dGxlbmVjayB3aWxsIG9jY3VyIChiZWNhdXNlIHN1Y2ggYm90dGxlbmVja3MgYXJlIGFzc29jaWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBhIHJlZHVjdGlvbiBvZiBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIHNpemUgdG8gc3VjaCBhIHNtYWxsIGxldmVsIHRoYXQgcmFuZG9tIGdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQgY2FuIG9jY3VyKS4=[Qq]

[c]IE5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIHdpbGwgbGVhZCBjZXJ0YWluIGFsbGVsZXMgdG8gaW5jcmVhc2UgaW4gZnJlcXVlbmN5[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgaW5pdGlhbCBzZXR0aW5ncyBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWwgaGF2ZSBlYWNoIGluZGl2aWR1YWwgd2l0aCBhbiBlcXVhbCBjaGFuY2Ugb2YgcmVwcm9kdWNpbmcuIFRoYXQmIzgyMjE7cyBwcmV0dHkgbXVjaCB0aGUgZGVmaW5pdGlvbiBvZiAmIzgyMjA7bm8gbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24mIzgyMjE7IChiZWNhdXNlIG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uIGlzIGFsbCBhYm91dCBkaWZmZXJlbnRpYWwgc3Vydml2YWwgcmF0ZXMpLg==[Qq]

[c]IEFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyB3aWxsIHJl bWFpbiBtb3JlIG9yIGxlc3MgY29uc3RhbnQu[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIFdoYXQgdGhlIHNjaWVudGlzdCBoYXMgZG9uZSBpcyBzZXQgdGhlIGluaXRpYWwgY29uZGl0aW9ucyBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWwgdG8gbWF0Y2ggdGhlIEhhcmR5LVdlaW5iZXJnIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMgZm9yIGdlbmV0aWMgZXF1aWxpYnJpdW0uIEhlbmNlLCB5b3UgY2FuIGV4cGVjdCB0aGF0IGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyB3aWxsIHJlbWFpbiBtb3JlIG9yIGxlc3MgY29uc3RhbnQu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e87fb0fae5f29″ question_number=”76″ topic=”gene_pools_and_mutation” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Of the following, which is not a source of variation within a population’s gene pool?

[c]IG1laW9zaXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSBtZWlvc2lzIGRvZXNuJiM4MjE3O3QgaW50cm9kdWNlIG5ldyBhbGxlbGVzIGludG8gYSBnZW5lIHBvb2wsIGl0IGNyZWF0ZXMgbmV3IGNvbWJpbmF0aW9ucyBvZiBhbGxlbGVzLCB3aGljaCByZXN1bHRzIGluIGEgdmFyaWV0eSBvZiBwaGVub3R5cGVzLg==[Qq]

[c]IG11dGF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNdXRhdGlvbiBpcyB0aGUgdWx0aW1hdGUgc291cmNlIG9mIG5ldyB2YXJpYXRpb24gd2l0aGluIGEgZ2VuZSBwb29sLg==[Qq]

[c]IHNleHVhbCByZXByb2R1Y3Rpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZXh1YWwgcmVwcm9kdWN0aW9uLCB3aGljaCBpbnZvbHZlcyBib3RoIG1laW90aWMgcHJvZHVjdGlvbiBvZiBnYW1ldGVzIGFuZCBjb21iaW5hdGlvbiBvZiBnYW1ldGVzIGZyb20gZGlmZmVyZW50IGluZGl2aWR1YWxzLCBpcyBhIGtleSBzb3VyY2Ugb2YgdmFyaWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGNyb3NzaW5nIG92ZXI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDcm9zc2luZyBvdmVyIG9jY3VycyBkdXJpbmcgcHJvcGhhc2Ugb2YgbWVpb3NpcyAxLiBCeSByZWNvbWJpbmluZyBETkEgZnJvbSBtYXRlcm5hbCBhbmQgcGF0ZXJuYWwgY2hyb21vc29tZXMsIGl0IGNyZWF0ZXMgYm90aCBuZXcgY29tYmluYXRpb25zIG9mIGFsbGVsZXMsIGFuZCBuZXcgYWxsZWxlcy4gSW4gb3RoZXIgd29yZHMsIGNyb3NzaW5nIG92ZXIgaXMgYSBzb3VyY2Ugb2YgdmFyaWF0aW9uIHdpdGhpbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucw==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]
A tetrad during synapsis, before crossing over	Recombinant chromosomes after crossing over

[c]IG5hdHVyYWwg c2VsZWN0aW9u[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Population Genetics Speed Trial Dataset|1e87d822fc0329″ question_number=”77″ topic=”genetic_drift” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”Population_Genetics”] Genetic drift is most likely to occur in…

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[/qwiz]

4.2 Population Genetics Quiz 2 (with lots of H-W practice problems)

[qwiz style=”width: 650px !important; min-height: 450px !important;”]

[h]Population Genetics Quiz 2

[i]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20ee0b54e39aeb” question_number=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg”] Which of the following statements about genetic drift is FALSE?

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20edf6607896eb” question_number=”5″] The image below represents a scenario in which allele frequencies in Population 1 will change. The cause of this change is

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20ede16c0d92eb” question_number=”6″ topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg”] A population geneticist is studying tail feather length in a population of wrens. Within this population, 36% of the sampled individuals have a homozygous recessive phenotype. What percentage of individuals will have the dominant phenotype?

[c]IDAuMzYg[Qq][c]IDAuNzQg[Qq][c]IDAu NjQg[Qq][c]IDAuNDAg[Qq][c]IDAuNDg=

Cg==[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20edcc77a28eeb” question_number=”7″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg”] Which of the following assumptions would not be true in a population that’s in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|2138e54b277407″ question_number=”4″] Inheritance of two copies of the sickle cell allele (HbS) causes sickle cell anemia, which, without advanced medical treatment, frequently causes death in children.

The map on the left shows the frequency of the sickle cell allele throughout Africa. The map on the right shows the incidence of malaria, a deadly disease caused by a mosquito-borne parasite.

The high incidence of the sickle cell allele in certain parts of Africa is best explained by

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[c]IHRoZSBmb3VuZGVyIGVmZmVjdA==[Qq]

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[c]IGdlbmUgZmxvdw==[Qq]

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[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|2138c95a98c407″ question_number=”5″] Within the gene pool of any population, dominant alleles

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[c]IHdpbGwgaW5jcmVhc2UgaW4gZnJlcXVlbmN5IG92ZXIgdGltZS4=[Qq]

[c]IHdpbGwgaW5jcmVhc2UsIGRlY3JlYXNlLCBvciBzdGF5IGNvbnN0YW50 LCBkZXBlbmRpbmcgb24gdGhlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSB0aGV5IHByb2R1Y2Uu[Qq]

[f]IFdheSB0byBnby4gJiM4MjIwO0RvbWluYW50JiM4MjIxOyByZWZlcnMgc29sZWx5IHRvIHRoZSBpbmhlcml0YW5jZSBwYXR0ZXJuIG9mIGFuIGFsbGVsZTogZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlcyBhbHdheXMgc2hvdyB1cCBpbiBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbSYjODIxNztzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gVGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBubyBjb25uZWN0aW9uIGJldHdlZW4gYW4gYWxsZWxlJiM4MjE3O3MgaW5oZXJpdGFuY2UgcGF0dGVybiAoZG9taW5hbnQgb3IgcmVjZXNzaXZlKSBhbmQgaG93IGZyZXF1ZW50IHRoYXQgYWxsZWxlIGlzIGluIGEgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiYjODIxNztzIGdlbmUgcG9vbC4=[Qq]

[c]IHdpbGwgYmUgc2VsZWN0ZWQgZm9yIGJ5IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7RG9taW5hbnQmIzgyMjE7IHJlZmVycyBzb2xlbHkgdG8gdGhlIGluaGVyaXRhbmNlIHBhdHRlcm4gb2YgYW4gYWxsZWxlOiBkb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGVzIGFsd2F5cyBzaG93IHVwIGluIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNtJiM4MjE3O3MgcGhlbm90eXBlLiBEb21pbmFudCBhbGxlbGVzIGNhbiBiZSBoYXJtZnVsIG9yIGJlbmVmaWNpYWwsIGFuZCB0aGF0IHdpbGwgZGV0ZXJtaW5lIHdoZXRoZXIgdGhlIGFsbGVsZSB3aWxsIGJlIHNlbGVjdGVkIGZvciBvciBzZWxlY3RlZCBhZ2FpbnN0IGJ5IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|2138ad6a0a1407″ question_number=”6″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg”] Scientists studied a population of Southern African penguins. They took a random sample of 400 penguins and found a trait that was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The trait is controlled by the alleles A and a. Given that 36 penguins in this sample had genotype “aa,” calculate how many penguins in the sample are expected to carry at least one allele A.

[c]IDM2IA==[Qq][c]IDE2OCA=[Qq][c]IDE5NiA=[Qq][c]IDM2 NA==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZWFzaWVzdCB3YXkgdG8gZGV0ZXJtaW5lIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIgaXMgYXMgZm9sbG93cy4gWW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIHRvbGQgdGhhdCAzNiBvdXQgb2YgNDAwIHBlbmd1aW5zIGhhdmUgZ2Vub3R5cGUgYWEuIFRoYXQgbWVhbnMgdGhhdCA5JSBvZiB0aGUgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiAoMzYvNDAwKSBoYXMgdGhlIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBwaGVub3R5cGUuIFRoZSBIYXJkeS1XZWluYmVyZyBlcXVpbGlicml1bSBtb2RlbCBzdGF0ZXMgdGhhdCBw^Mg==ICsgMnBxICsgcQ==^Mg==ID0gMS4gS25vd2luZyB0aGF0IHlvdSBjYW4gZmlndXJlIG91dCBhbGwgdGhlIGdlbm90eXBlIGFuZCBwaGVub3R5cGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgZm9yIHRoaXMgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBieSB1c2luZyBhIGNyb3NzIG11bHRpcGxpY2F0aW9uIHRhYmxlLg==

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q2(.09)

q is going to be the square root of .09. To solve for p, use the equation p + q = 1

The completed square will look like this.

	.7	.3
.7	.49	.21
.3	.21	(.09)

Add up p² and 2pq, and you’ll have your answer as a percentage. You know from the question that there are 400 penguins…so figure out the rest!

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZWFzaWVzdCB3YXkgdG8gZGV0ZXJtaW5lIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIgaXMgYXMgZm9sbG93cy4gWW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIHRvbGQgdGhhdCAzNiBvdXQgb2YgNDAwIHBlbmd1aW5zIGhhcyBnZW5vdHlwZSBhYS4gVGhhdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IDklIG9mIHRoZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uICgzNi80MDApIGhhcyB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gVGhlIEhhcmR5LVdlaW5iZXJnIGVxdWlsaWJyaXVtIG1vZGVsIHN0YXRlcyB0aGF0IHA=^Mg==ICsgMnBxICsgcQ==^Mg==ID0gMS4gS25vd2luZyB0aGF0IHlvdSBjYW4gZmlndXJlIG91dCBhbGwgdGhlIGdlbm90eXBlIGFuZCBwaGVub3R5cGUgZnJlcXVlbmNpZXMgZm9yIHRoaXMgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBieSB1c2luZyBhIGNyb3NzLW11bHRpcGxpY2F0aW9uIHRhYmxlLg==

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q2(.09)

q is going to be the square root of .09. To solve for p, use the equation p + q = 1

The completed square will look like this.

	.7	.3
.7	.49	.21
.3	.21	(.09)

Add up p² and 2pq, and you’ll have your answer as a percentage. You know from the question that there are 400 penguins…so figure out the rest!

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q2(.09)

q is going to be the square root of .09. To solve for p, use the equation p + q = 1

The completed square will look like this.

	.7	.3
.7	.49	.21
.3	.21	(.09)

Add up p² and 2pq, and you’ll have your answer as a percentage. You know from the question that there are 400 penguins…so figure out the rest!

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzISAzNi80MDAgcGVuZ3VpbnMgaGF2ZSB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSwgd2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdGhlaXIgZ2Vub3R5cGUgaXMgJiM4MjIwO2FhLiYjODIyMTsgMzYvNDAwID0gOSUsIG9yIC4wOS4gQmFzZWQgb24gdGhlIEhhcmR5LVdlaW5iZXJnIGVxdWF0aW9ucywgdGhhdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgdGhlIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBwaGVub3R5cGUgaXMgLjA5Lg==

Cg==

RnJvbSB0aGVyZSzCoCBJIHVzZWQgYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZSwgYW5kIHBsdWdnZWQgaW4gdGhlIGZvbGxvd2luZyB2YWx1ZXM6

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

	.7 (p)	.3 (q)
.7 (p)	.49 (p²)	.21 (pq)
.3 (q)	.21 (pq)	(.09) (q²)

I added up p² and 2pq, which came to .91. Knowing that there are 400 penguins, I took 91% of 400 to get 364.

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|213891797b6407″ question_number=”7″ topic=”7.4-7.5.Population_Genetics/Hardy_Weinberg”] A population geneticist is studying tail feather length in a population of wrens. Within this population, 36% of the sampled individuals have a homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the heterozygotes within this population?

[c]IDAuMzYg[Qq][c]IDAu NDgg[Qq][c]IDAuNzQg[Qq][c]IDAuNiA=[Qq][c]IDAuNA==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAwLjM2IGlzIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgaG9tb3p5Z291cyBkb21pbmFudHMgaW4gdGhpcyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLiBJJiM4MjE3O20gbm90IHN1cmUgd2hlcmUgeW91IHdlbnQgd3JvbmcsIHNvIEkmIzgyMTc7bGwgd2FsayB5b3UgdGhyb3VnaCB0aGUgd2hvbGUgdGhpbmcu

Cg==

VGhpcyBpcyBhIHBvcHVsYXRpb24gZ2VuZXRpY3MgcHJvYmxlbSwgYW5kIHRoZSBlYXNpZXN0IHdheSB0byBzb2x2ZSB0aGlzIHByb2JsZW0gaXMgdG8gdXNlIGEgY3Jvc3MtbXVsdGlwbGljYXRpb24gdGFibGUgKGEga2luZCBvZiBQdW5uZXR0IHNxdWFyZSkuIFlvdSBzdGFydCBmcm9tIHRoZSBpZGVhIHRoYXQgcCArIHEgPSAxLCB3aGVyZSBwIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiB0aGUgZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlLCBhbmQgcSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBmcmVxdWVuY3kgb2YgdGhlIHJlY2Vzc2l2ZSBhbGxlbGUu

Cg==

SWYgeW91IHBsdWcgdGhlc2UgdmFsdWVzIGludG8gYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZSwgeW91JiM4MjE3O2QgZ2V0Og==

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q²

You’re told in the problem that 0.36 (36 percent) of the population has this recessive phenotype. So plug that value into the lower right corner of the square. Note that q² represents the frequency of individuals with the recessive phenotype.

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	.36

To find the frequency of the recessive allele (q), just take the square root of q²(in other words, take the square root of 0.36). That gives you the value of q, which in this case is equal to 0.6. If q = 0.6, then p = 1 – 0.6, or 0.4.

There’s just one more step. The frequency of heterozygotes in a population is 2pq. So, multiply 2 times p times q and you’ll have your answer.

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgVGhlIHBlcmNlbnRhZ2Ugb2YgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlcyBpbiB0aGUgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBpcyAwLjQ4Lg==

Cg==

SSBob3BlIHlvdSBzZXQgaXQgdXAgbGlrZSB0aGlzOg==

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	.36

and solved it like this:

	.4	.6
.4	p²	.24
.6	.24	.36

[f]IE5vLiBJJiM4MjE3O20gbm90IHN1cmUgd2hlcmUgeW91IHdlbnQgd3JvbmcsIHNvIEkmIzgyMTc7bGwgd2FsayB5b3UgdGhyb3VnaCB0aGUgd2hvbGUgdGhpbmcu

Cg==

SWYgeW91IHBsdWcgdGhlc2UgdmFsdWVzIGludG8gYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZSwgeW91JiM4MjE3O2QgZ2V0Og==

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q²

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	.36

There’s just one more step. The frequency of heterozygotes in a population is 2pq. So, multiply 2 times p times q and you’ll have your answer.

[f]IE5vLiAwLjYgaXMgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiB0aGUgcmVjZXNzaXZlIGFsbGVsZS4gVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGEgZ29vZCBzdGFydCwgYnV0IHNpbmNlIEkmIzgyMTc7bSBub3Qgc3VyZSB3aGVyZSB5b3Ugd2VudCB3cm9uZywgSSYjODIxNztsbCB3YWxrIHlvdSB0aHJvdWdoIHRoZSB3aG9sZSB0aGluZy4=

Cg==

SWYgeW91IHBsdWcgdGhlc2UgdmFsdWVzIGludG8gYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZSwgeW91JiM4MjE3O2QgZ2V0Og==

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q²

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	.36

There’s just one more step. The frequency of heterozygotes in a population is 2pq. So, multiply 2 times p times q and you’ll have your answer.

[f]IE5vLiAwLjQgaXMgdGhlIGZyZXF1ZW5jeSBvZiB0aGUgZG9taW5hbnQgYWxsZWxlLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgYSBnb29kIHN0YXJ0LCBidXQgc2luY2UgSSYjODIxNzttIG5vdCBzdXJlIHdoZXJlIHlvdSB3ZW50IHdyb25nLCBJJiM4MjE3O2xsIHdhbGsgeW91IHRocm91Z2ggdGhlIHdob2xlIHRoaW5nLg==

Cg==

SWYgeW91IHBsdWcgdGhlc2UgdmFsdWVzIGludG8gYSBjcm9zcy1tdWx0aXBsaWNhdGlvbiB0YWJsZSwgeW91JiM4MjE3O2QgZ2V0Og==

[Qq]

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	q²

	p	q
p	p²	pq
q	pq	.36

There’s just one more step. The frequency of heterozygotes in a population is 2pq. So, multiply 2 times p times q and you’ll have your answer.

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Proceed to the next tutorial: Evidence for Evolution