Start by watching the video below. Then complete the flashcards and quizzes. For a deeper dive into this material, complete this tutorial in our AP Bio 2.0 Curriculum: Topic 6.7 Part 4: Mutation

1. Watch this video

2. Study this summary

General Overview

Mutation definition: A random change in DNA or an entire chromosome.
Point Mutation: A change in a single nucleotide (e.g., C to T).

Types of Point Mutations

Silent Mutation: DNA changes, but the amino acid and protein remain the same due to redundancy in the genetic code.
Nonsense Mutation: Inserts a stop codon, halting protein synthesis.
Missense Mutation: Changes one amino acid to another.
- Conservative Missense Mutation: Substituted amino acid has similar chemistry, resulting in a minimal effect on protein function.
- Non-Conservative Missense Mutation: Substituted amino acid has different chemistry, significantly impacts protein function.
- Note: “conservative mutation” v. “non-conservative mutation” are not essential terms for AP Bio, but you must understand the underlying concept

Point Mutation Illustrative Example: Sickle Cell Disease

Cause: A missense mutation substitutes valine (non-polar) for glutamic acid (polar) in hemoglobin.
Effect:
- Causes hemoglobin molecules to stick together, leading to sickled red blood cells under low oxygen conditions.
- Results in tissue damage and is a recessive condition.
- Heterozygote Advantage: One copy of the mutation provides resistance to malaria.

Frameshift Mutations

Definition: Caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides, altering the reading frame of codons.
Effect: Can result in extensive missense (wrong amino acids) or nonsense (premature stop codons).

Effects of Mutation on Fitness

Positive Mutation: Improves survival and reproduction (e.g., loss of pelvic spine in sticklebacks in freshwater environments).
Negative Mutation: Reduces fitness (e.g., sickle cell anemia causing tissue damage).
Neutral Mutation: No effect on phenotype (e.g., silent mutations or changes in non-coding DNA).

Mutations and Evolution

Role in Evolution:
- Provide genetic variation upon which natural selection acts.
- Enable adaptation and the creation of beneficial traits.
Without Mutations: Natural selection would only remove harmful variants.

Germline vs. Somatic Mutations

Germline Mutations:
- Occur in cells that produce gametes.
- Inherited by offspring and present in every cell of the organism.
- Can be passed on to future generations.
- Subject to natural selection (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
Somatic Mutations:
- Occur in body cells, not passed to offspring.
- Example: Mutations from UV exposure causing skin cancer.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck style= “width:650px min-height: 400px !important;” bold_text=”false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Mutation Flashcards, APBVP”]

[h] Mutation

[i]

[start]

[q] What is a silent mutation?

[a] A mutation where the DNA changes, but the amino acid and protein remain the same due to redundancy in the genetic code.

[q] What is a nonsense mutation?

[a] A mutation that inserts a stop codon, halting protein synthesis.

[q] Compare and contrast germline mutations and somatic mutations.

[a]

Germline mutations: Mutations in cells that produce gametes, inherited by offspring and present in every cell of the organism.
Somatic mutations: Mutations in body cells that are not passed to offspring, such as mutations causing skin cancer.
Key point: Germline mutations are inherited, while somatic mutations only affect the individual.

[q] Why are mutations important to natural selection?

[a] Mutations create new variants that can increase a population’s fitness, making evolution a creative process.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|17bf3b6cac510″ question_number=”253″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] 1. Define mutation. 2. Define “point mutation” and describe the three effects of point mutations.

[a] A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence (or the entire structure of a chromosome, though that will be addressed in another card). A point mutation involves a change in a single base pair. This change can result in a substitution (for example, substituting an adenine for guanine), a deletion of a single base, or an insertion of a single base.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|17af145a2e910″ question_number=”255″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] Sickle cell disease is caused by single substitution mutation. Explain how one such substitution can cause sickle cell disease.

[a] In sickle cell anemia, a substitution mutation in the gene for hemoglobin changes the DNA triplet CAG to CTG. This causes an acidic amino acid (glutamic acid) to be replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid (valine). This change occurs on the outer surface of hemoglobin, and, in low oxygen situations (such as that caused by physical exertion) it leads hemoglobin molecules to form polymer-like chains (below). These chains distort the shape of red blood cells, causing the sickling that is associated with this disease, and which also causes the disease’s negative effects by blocking capillaries, causing pain crises and tissue damage.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|17a5e96b5cd10″ question_number=”256″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] What is a frameshift mutation?

[a] Protein-coding genes have a reading frame. That’s because codons are sequences of 3 RNA bases, and starting with the start codon on a stretch of mRNA, the codons are read one at a time, with each codon being converted into an amino acid. A frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in DNA in a way that disrupts the reading frame in mRNA, causing all of the codons following the mutation to be misread by the ribosome. The most common result of this is extensive missense (codons coding for the wrong amino acids), though nonsense and silent mutations (coding for a stop codon) are also possible.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|179c993bccd10″ question_number=”257″ topic=”6.7.Mutation”] Mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral. Explain.

[a]

A positive mutation improves a protein (or regulatory pathway, or any other phenotype) in a way that increases evolutionary fitness (an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction).
A negative mutation does the opposite (reducing fitness).
A neutral mutation does not affect phenotype (because it’s in a non-coding or non-regulatory part of the genome,) or if it’s a mutation that doesn’t impact protein or RNA structure, such as a silent mutation).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.7.Mutation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1287a72c453414″ question_number=”258″] How are mutations important to evolution?

[a] Mutations provide the raw material upon which natural selection acts, and makes evolution a creative process that results in adaptation. Without mutation, natural selection could only cull harmful variants from a population. With mutation, new variants can arise that increase a population’s fitness.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.7.Mutation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1286cc4fe77c14″ question_number=”259″] How do mutations arise?

[a] Mutations can come about through errors in DNA replication or repair. In addition, mutations can be caused by environmental factors such as ionizing radiation or chemicals that interact with and alter DNA.

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these quizzes

4.1. Mutation and Sickle Cell Anemia

[qwiz style= “width:650px min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Mutation and Sickle Cell Anemia, APBVP”]

[h] Mutation and Sickle Cell Anemia

[i]

[q] A mutation is a [hangman] change in [hangman] information.

[c]IHJhbmRvbQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGdlbmV0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] In a cell, mutations occur in the cell’s genetic material, which is made of [hangman]. In certain viruses, mutations can also occur in [hangman].

[c]IEROQQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IFJOQQ==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the diagram below, which letter shows hemoglobin interacting in a way that leads to sickle cell anemia?

[c]IEE=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7QSYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3Mgbm9ybWFsIGhlbW9nbG9iaW4gbW9sZWN1bGVzLCB3aGljaCBkb24mIzgyMTc7dCBpbnRlcmFjdCB3aXRoIG9uZSBhbm90aGVyLg==[Qq]

[c]IE I=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQmUgc2hvd3MgaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBtb2xlY3VsZXMgZm9ybWluZyB0aGUgZmliZXJzIHRoYXQgY2F1c2Ugc2lja2xpbmcu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the gene for hemoglobin, how many nucleotides need to be mutated in to bring about sickle cell anemia.

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEp1c3QgYSBzaW5nbGUgbXV0YXRpb24gY2FuIGxlYWQgdG8gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc3Vic3RpdHV0aW9uIHRoYXQgY2F1c2VzIHNpY2tsZSBjZWxsIGFuZW1pYS4=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHVkeSB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBiZWxvdy4gSG93IG1hbnkgY2hhbmdlcyBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHVkeSB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBiZWxvdy4gSG93IG1hbnkgY2hhbmdlcyBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q labels=”top”]

[l]blocked

[f*] Great!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]fibrous

[f*] Good!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]free flowing

[f*] Good!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]globular

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]sickled

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]smooth

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]wild type

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]mutant

[f*] Good!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[q labels = “top”]Here are some lyrics from my “DNA Rap”. Try filling in the blanks.

Hundreds of bases spell one ______________ piece
Hundreds of A’s, G’s, ___, and Cs
The gene starts CAC-GTG-CAC
Then TGA-GGA-CTC-CTC

The key is these bases are ______________
For hemoglobin’s function and conformation
Hundreds of bases, in a predetermined ________
A single change brings on a major disorder

Change T to A in one _________ spot
This little point ____________ might not seem like a lot
Thymine to Adenine might not seem that big to ya’
But baby that’s the cause of ________ cell anemia!

[l]hemoglobin

[f*] Good!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]information

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]mutation

[f*] Great!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]order

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]sickle

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]single

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]Ts

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[/qwiz]

4.2. Mutation Quiz

[qwiz style= “width:650px min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Mutation, APBVP”]

[h] Mutations Quiz

[i]

[q] A mutation that can be inherited must be a mutation in the [hangman] line. By contrast, a mutation that arises in lung, skin, or muscle tissue would be a [hangman] mutation.

[c]IGdlcm0=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IHNvbWF0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q Labels=”top”]Label the diagram below.

[l]germ-line

[f*] Great!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]somatic

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[q] The type of mutation that doesn’t get passed on to the next generation is a [hangman] mutation.

[c]IHNvbWF0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] A mutation in which one DNA nucleotide is swapped for another is a __________ mutation.

[c]IHN1YnN0aX R1dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IEFic29sdXRlbHkuIEEgbXV0YXRpb24gaW4gd2hpY2ggb25lIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgaXMgc3dhcHBlZCBmb3IgYW5vdGhlciBpcyBhIHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbiBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IE1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBuZWNlc3NhcmlseS4gVGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIHdvdWxkIG9ubHkgYmUgbWlzc2Vuc2UgaWYgaXQgcmVzdWx0ZWQgaW4gYW4gaW5jb3JyZWN0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgYmVpbmcgaW5jb3Jwb3JhdGVkIGludG8gdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCB0aGUgRE5BIGNvZGVzIGZvci4=[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBuZWNlc3NhcmlseS4gQSBub25zZW5zZSBtdXRhdGlvbiBvbmx5IHJlc3VsdHMgaWYgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIGNvZG9uIGluIHN1Y2ggYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBpdCBzdWJzdGl0dXRlcyBhIFNUT1AgY29kb24gZm9yIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW4gdGhlIHdpbGQtdHlwZSBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgdGhhdCBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgYmUgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgb3IgZGVsZXRlZCBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWUu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The image below shows what kind of mutation?

[c]IHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBOb3RlIGhvdyBhbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGJhc2VzIGFyZSB0aGUgc2FtZS4gVGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBqdXN0IGJlaW5nIHJlYWQgZGlmZmVyZW50bHku[Qq]

[c]IE1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBxdWl0ZS4gVGhlcmUgaXMgZXh0ZW5zaXZlIG1pc3NlbnNlLiBCdXQgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGJldHRlciBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludDogTm90ZSBob3cgYWxtb3N0IGFsbCB0aGUgbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBiYXNlcyBhcmUgdGhlIHNhbWUuIFRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUganVzdCBiZWluZyByZWFkIGRpZmZlcmVudGx5Lg==[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIG5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9uIG9ubHkgcmVzdWx0cyBpZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24gY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgY29kb24gaW4gc3VjaCBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGl0IHN1YnN0aXR1dGVzIGEgU1RPUCBjb2RvbiBmb3IgYW4gYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBpbiB0aGUgd2lsZC10eXBlIHByb3RlaW4uIFNvbWV0aGluZyBlbHNlIGhhcHBlbmVkIGhlcmUu[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1l c2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQSBmcmFtZXNoaWZ0IG11dGF0aW9uIHJlcXVpcmVzIHRoYXQgYSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGJlIGluc2VydGVkIG9yIGRlbGV0ZWQgaW4gYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBjaGFuZ2VzIHRoZSByZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1lLCB3aGljaCBpcyBleGFjdGx5IHdoYXQgaGFwcGVuZWQgaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The best description for the mutation shown below would be a __________ mutation.

[c]IHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZXJlIHdhcyBhIHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbiwgYnV0IHRoZSByZXN1bHQgbWVhbnMgdGhhdCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgYmV0dGVyIGFuc3dlci4gTm90ZSB0aGF0IHRoZSByZXN1bHQgb2YgdGhpcyBtdXRhdGlvbiB3YXMgYSBzdWJzdGl0dXRpb24gb2YgYSBTVE9QIGNvZG9uIGZvciBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoZSB3aWxkLXR5cGUgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IE1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBxdWl0ZS4gTm90ZSB0aGF0IHRoZSByZXN1bHQgb2YgdGhpcyBtdXRhdGlvbiB3YXMgYSBzdWJzdGl0dXRpb24gb2YgYSBTVE9QIGNvZG9uIGZvciBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoZSB3aWxkLXR5cGUgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IG5vbn NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2VseSBkb25lLiBBIG5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9uIHJlc3VsdHMgaWYgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIGNvZG9uIGluIHN1Y2ggYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBpdCBzdWJzdGl0dXRlcyBhIFNUT1AgY29kb24gZm9yIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW4gdGhlIHdpbGQtdHlwZSBwcm90ZWluLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZXhhY3RseSB3aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgdGhhdCBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgYmUgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgb3IgZGVsZXRlZCBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWUuIFNvbWV0aGluZyBlbHNlIGhhcHBlbmVkIGhlcmUu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The best description for the mutation shown below would be a __________ mutation.

[c]IE1pc3 NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQsIG1ha2luZyB0aGlzIGEgbWlzc2Vuc2UgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIG5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9uIHJlc3VsdHMgaWYgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIGNvZG9uIGluIHN1Y2ggYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBpdCBzdWJzdGl0dXRlcyBhIFNUT1AgY29kb24gZm9yIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW4gdGhlIHdpbGQtdHlwZSBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[q]Compare each of the triplets below with the Wild type triplet, then describe each one.

[hangman]

[c]IHNpbGVudA==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IG1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation is a known mutagen?

[c]IHJhZGlvIHdhdmVz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSYWRpbyB3YXZlcyBhcmVuJiM4MjE3O3QgaW9uaXppbmcgcmFkaWF0aW9uIChiZWNhdXNlIHRoZXkgZG9uJiM4MjE3O3QgaGF2ZSBlbm91Z2ggZW5lcmd5KS4=[Qq]

[c]IEJsdWUgbGlnaHQgZnJvbSBhIHZpZGVvIG1vbml0b3I=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBWaXNpYmxlIGxpZ2h0IChzdWNoIGFzIGJsdWUgbGlnaHQpIGlzbiYjODIxNzt0IGlvbml6aW5nIHJhZGlhdGlvbiAoYmVjYXVzZSBpdCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IGhhdmUgZW5vdWdoIGVuZXJneSku[Qq]

[c]IFgtcm F5cw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gWC1yYXlzIGFyZSBhIHR5cGUgb2YgaW9uaXppbmcgcmFkaWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] A change in a nucleotide sequence of a gene is called a (n)

[c]IHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IG11dGF0 aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IHJlY29tYmluYXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSDigJh0cmFuc2Zvcm1hdGlvbuKAmSBpcyByb3VnaGx5IHN5bm9ueW1vdXMgd2l0aCDigJhjaGFuZ2Us4oCZIHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIGJldHRlciBtYXRjaCBmb3IgdGhlIGRlZmluaXRpb24gYWJvdmUuIEFkZGl0aW9uYWxseSwgdGhlcmXigJlzIGEgc3BlY2lhbCBiaW9sb2dpY2FsIGRlZmluaXRpb24gb2Yg4oCYdHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb2464oCZIHB1dHRpbmcgbmV3IEROQSBpbnRvIGEgY2VsbC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciB0ZXJtLg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIEEgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgYSBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc2VxdWVuY2Ugb2YgYSBnZW5lLg==[Qq]

[f]IFJlY29tYmluYXRpb24gZG9lcyBpbnZvbHZlIGNoYW5nZXMgaW4gRE5BLCBhcyBETkEgZnJvbSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgc291cmNlcyBpcyBtaXhlZCB0b2dldGhlci4gQnV0IHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIGJldHRlciB0ZXJtIHRvIG1hdGNoIHRoZSBkZWZpbml0aW9uIGFib3ZlLg==[Qq]

[q]True or false? When the environment changes, a population will evolve new mutations so that it can adapt.

[c]IFRydWU=[Qq]

[c]IEZh bHNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNdXRhdGlvbnMgYXJlIHJhbmRvbS4gRXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGFkYXB0YXRpb24gaXMgYWJvdXQgcHJldmlvdXNseSBleGlzdGluZyB2YXJpYXRpb25zIGJlaW5nIHNlbGVjdGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCwgYW5kIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBzaGlmdGluZyBpbiByZXNwb25zZS4=[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIE11dGF0aW9ucyBhcmUgcmFuZG9tLiBFdm9sdXRpb25hcnkgYWRhcHRhdGlvbiBpcyBhYm91dCBwcmV2aW91c2x5IGV4aXN0aW5nIHZhcmlhdGlvbnMgYmVpbmcgc2VsZWN0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50LCBhbmQgYWxsZWxlIGZyZXF1ZW5jaWVzIHNoaWZ0aW5nIGluIHJlc3BvbnNlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]A mutation causes a nucleotide sequence to change from

TGAGGTCTCCTC

TGAGGCCTCCTC

Both sequences code for the same amino acid sequence.

This type of mutation is known as a(n)

[c]IGluc2VydGlvbiBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IGRlbGV0aW9uIG11dGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IHNpbGVudCBt dXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbiBpbnNlcnRpb24gbXV0YXRpb24gd291bGQgYWRkIGEgbmV3IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc29tZXdoZXJlIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIHNlcXVlbmNlLCBhbmQgcHVzaCBhbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIG92ZXIgb25lIHBvc2l0aW9uLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGEgbGVzcyBkcmFzdGljIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGRlbGV0aW9uIG11dGF0aW9uIHdvdWxkIHJlbW92ZSBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc29tZXdoZXJlIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIHNlcXVlbmNlLCBhbmQgcHVsbCBhbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIG9uZSBwb3NpdGlvbiBmb3J3YXJkLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGEgbGVzcyBkcmFzdGljIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEEgc2lsZW50IG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIEROQSBidXQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgdGhhdCB0aGUgc2VxdWVuY2UgaXMgY29kaW5nIGZvci4=[Qq]

[f]IEEgZnJhbWVzaGlmdCBtdXRhdGlvbiByZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gZWl0aGVyIGluc2VydGluZyBvciBkZWxldGluZyBhIGJhc2UuIFRoZXNlIGluc2VydGlvbnMgY2hhbmdlIHRoZSByZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1lIGR1cmluZyB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbiBhbmQgY2F1c2UgbWFueSBvZiB0aGUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgaW4gdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCB0aGUgZ2VuZSBjb2RlcyBmb3IgdG8gYmUgY2hhbmdlZC4gSW4gdGhlIGV4YW1wbGUgYWJvdmUsIHdoYXQgd2UgaGF2ZSBpcyBhIHNpbXBsZSBzdWJzdGl0dXRpb246IG9uZSB0aGF0IGRvZXNu4oCZdCBjaGFuZ2UgZXZlbiBvbmUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZC4gQ2hvb3NlIGFub3RoZXIgYW5zd2VyIG5leHQgdGltZS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]What’s the most likely effect of a mutation that deletes one nucleotide near the start of a gene?

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIGEgc2luZ2xlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgdG8gYmUgY2hhbmdlZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbiB0aGF0IHRoaXMgZ2VuZSBjb2RlcyBmb3Iu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIGEgc2VyaWVzIG9mIGNoYW5nZXMg aW4gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRoYXQgdGhlIGdlbmUgY29kZXMgZm9yLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIG5vIGNoYW5nZSBpbiB0aGUgcmVzdWx0aW5nIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGlzIGRlbGV0ZWQgbmVhciB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgYSBnZW5lLCB0aGVuIHRoZSDigJhyZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1l4oCZIGZvciBhbGwgc3Vic2VxdWVudCBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBzaGlmdGVkLiBBbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBpbmNvcnJlY3RseSByZWFkLCBjaGFuZ2luZyBtYW55IGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoYXQgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy7CoCBJZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGlzIGRlbGV0ZWQgbmVhciB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgYSBnZW5lLCB0aGVuIHRoZSDigJhyZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1l4oCZIGZvciBhbGwgc3Vic2VxdWVudCBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBzaGlmdGVkLiBBbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBpbmNvcnJlY3RseSByZWFkLCByZXN1bHRpbmcgaW4gZXh0ZW5zaXZlIG1pc3NlbnNlLg==[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]Insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence results in a

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZn QgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[c]IHNpbGVudCBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IHBvaW50IG11dGF0aW9uIHRoYXQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZS4=[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISBJbnNlcnRpb25zIG9yIGRlbGV0aW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBzZXF1ZW5jZSBlaXRoZXIgcHVzaCBhbGwgdGhlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIGRvd24gb3IgcHVsbCB0aGVtIGFsbCBmb3J3YXJkLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHBvaW50IGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCBpbnNlcnRpbmcgb3IgZGVsZXRpbmcgYSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGZyb20gYSBETkEgc2VxdWVuY2Ugc2hpZnRzIGV2ZXJ5IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgZm9yd2FyZCBvciBiYWNrd2FyZC4gVGhpcyBkb2VzIGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q ]Which type of mutation is most likely to be acted upon by natural selection?

[c]IEEgc2lsZW50IG11dGF0aW9uICh3aGljaCBvbmx5IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIEROQSk=[Qq]

[c]IEFuIGFjdGl2ZSBtdXRhdGlvbiAod2hpY2ggY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUg RE5BLCBhbmQgdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhlIEROQSBjb2RlcyBmb3Ip[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTaWxlbnQgbXV0YXRpb25zIGRvIG5vdCBhZmZlY3QgYW4gb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gU2luY2UgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gb25seSBhY3RzIG9uIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUsIHNpbGVudCBtdXRhdGlvbiBjYW7igJl0IGJlIGFjdGVkIG9uIGJ5IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIEFjdGl2ZSBtdXRhdGlvbnMgY2hhbmdlIHByb3RlaW4sIHdoaWNoIGNoYW5nZXMgYW4gb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gU2luY2UgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gYWN0cyBvbiBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgcGhlbm90eXBlLCBhY3RpdmUgbXV0YXRpb25zIGJlY29tZSB0YXJnZXRzIGZvciBzZWxlY3Rpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]The most common consequence of an active mutation is for there to be

[c]IGltcHJvdmVtZW50IG9mIHRoZSBwcm90ZWluLCBtYWtpbmcgaXQgbW9yZSBlZmZlY3RpdmUgYW5kIGluY3JlYXNpbmcgYW4gb3JnYW5pc20mIzgyMTc7cyBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBzdXJ2aXZhbC4=[Qq]

[c]IG5vIGltcGFjdCBvbiB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGRhbWFnZSB0byBhIGZ1bmN0aW9uaW5nIHByb3RlaW4sIHJlc3VsdGluZyBpbiBk aXNlYXNlIGZvciB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc20gdGhhdCBiZWFycyB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGlzIGlzIHBvc3NpYmxlLCBhbmQgYW4gaW1wb3J0YW50IHBhcnQgb2YgZXZvbHV0aW9uLCBpdOKAmXMgdmVyeSB1bmxpa2VseS4gTXV0YXRpb25zIGFyZSByYW5kb20gY2hhbmdlcywgYW5kIHJhbmRvbSBjaGFuZ2VzIGFyZSBtb3JlIGxpa2VseSB0byBicmVhayB0aGluZ3MgdGhhbiB0byBmaXggdGhlbS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCeSBkZWZpbml0aW9uLCBhbiBhY3RpdmUgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgY2hhbmdpbmcgYSBwcm90ZWluLiBQcm90ZWlucywgb24gc29tZSBsZXZlbCwgYXJlIHdoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgcGhlbm90eXBlIChlaXRoZXIgZGlyZWN0bHksIG9yIHRocm91Z2ggZW56eW1lcyB0aGF0IGNvbnRyb2wgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQpLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTXV0YXRpb25zIGFyZSB0aGUgY2F1c2Ugb2YgbWFueSBnZW5ldGljIGRpc2Vhc2VzLiBUaGUgbW9zdCBsaWtlbHkgaW1wYWN0IG9mIGEgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgdG8gdGFrZSBhIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdOKAmXMgd29ya2luZyBhbmQgZGltaW5pc2ggb3IgZGVzdHJveSBpdHMgZnVuY3Rpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Please proceed to our next tutorial: Horizontal Gene Transfer