Mutation

1. Watch this video

2. Study this summary

General Overview

  • Mutation Definition: A random change in DNA or an entire chromosome.
  • Point Mutation: A change in a single nucleotide (e.g., C to T).

Types of Point Mutations

  • Silent Mutation: DNA changes, but the amino acid and protein remain the same due to redundancy in the genetic code.
  • Nonsense Mutation: Inserts a stop codon, halting protein synthesis.
  • Missense Mutation: Changes one amino acid to another.
    • Conservative Missense Mutation: Substituted amino acid has similar chemistry, resulting in a minimal effect on protein function.
    • Non-Conservative Missense Mutation: Substituted amino acid has different chemistry, significantly impacts protein function.
    • Note: “conservative mutation” v. “non-conservative mutation” are not essential terms for AP Bio, but you must understand the underlying concept

Frameshift Mutations

  • Definition: Caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides, altering the reading frame of codons.
  • Effect:
    • Can result in extensive missense (wrong amino acids) or nonsense (premature stop codons).
    • Example: Deleting or inserting a nucleotide shifts the reading frame, drastically changing the protein.

Example: Sickle Cell Disease

  • Cause: A missense mutation substitutes valine (non-polar) for glutamic acid (polar) in hemoglobin.
  • Effect:
    • Causes hemoglobin molecules to stick together, leading to sickled red blood cells under low oxygen conditions.
    • Results in tissue damage and is a recessive condition.
    • Heterozygote Advantage: One copy of the mutation provides resistance to malaria.

Mutation Effects on Fitness

  • Positive Mutation: Improves survival and reproduction (e.g., loss of pelvic spine in sticklebacks in freshwater environments).
  • Negative Mutation: Reduces fitness (e.g., sickle cell anemia causing tissue damage).
  • Neutral Mutation: No effect on phenotype (e.g., silent mutations or changes in non-coding DNA).

Mutations and Evolution

  • Role in Evolution:
    • Provide genetic variation upon which natural selection acts.
    • Enable adaptation and the creation of beneficial traits.
  • Without Mutations: Natural selection would only remove harmful variants.

Germline vs. Somatic Mutations

  • Germline Mutations:
    • Occur in cells that produce gametes.
    • Inherited by offspring and present in every cell of the organism.
    • Subject to natural selection (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
  • Somatic Mutations:
    • Occur in body cells, not passed to offspring.
    • Example: Mutations from UV exposure causing skin cancer.

Final Notes

  • Mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral, depending on environmental context.
  • Mutation is essential for generating the diversity required for evolution.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck]
[h]Mutations (AP Biology Topic 6.7)

[q]What is a mutation?
[a]A random change in DNA or an entire chromosome.

[q]What is a point mutation?
[a]A change in a single nucleotide, such as C mutating to T.

[q]What is a silent mutation?
[a]A mutation where the DNA changes, but the amino acid and protein remain the same due to redundancy in the genetic code.

[q]What is a nonsense mutation?
[a]A mutation that inserts a stop codon, halting protein synthesis.

[q]What is a missense mutation?
[a]A mutation that changes one amino acid to another.

[q]What is a conservative missense mutation?
[a]A missense mutation where the substituted amino acid has similar chemistry, leading to minimal effect on protein function.

[q]What is a non-conservative missense mutation?
[a]A missense mutation where the substituted amino acid has different chemistry, significantly affecting protein function.

[q]What is a frameshift mutation?
[a]A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides, altering the reading frame of codons.

[q]How do frameshift mutations affect proteins?
[a]They can cause extensive missense (wrong amino acids) or nonsense (premature stop codons).

[q]What causes sickle cell disease?
[a]A missense mutation substituting valine (non-polar) for glutamic acid (polar) in hemoglobin.

[q]What is the effect of the sickle cell mutation on hemoglobin?
[a]It causes hemoglobin molecules to stick together, leading to sickled red blood cells under low oxygen conditions.

[q]What is the heterozygous advantage of the sickle cell allele?
[a]One copy of the mutation provides resistance to malaria.

[q]What is a positive mutation?
[a]A mutation that improves survival and reproduction, increasing evolutionary fitness.

[q]Give an example of a positive mutation.
[a]Loss of the pelvic spine in sticklebacks in freshwater environments, which improved survival.

[q]What is a negative mutation?
[a]A mutation that reduces fitness, such as sickle cell anemia causing tissue damage.

[q]What is a neutral mutation?
[a]A mutation with no effect on phenotype, such as silent mutations or changes in non-coding DNA.

[q]How do mutations contribute to evolution?
[a]They provide genetic variation, enabling adaptation and the creation of beneficial traits.

[q]What are germline mutations?
[a]Mutations in cells that produce gametes, inherited by offspring and present in every cell of the organism.

[q]What are somatic mutations?
[a]Mutations in body cells that are not passed to offspring, such as mutations causing skin cancer.

[q]What is the key difference between germline and somatic mutations?
[a]Germline mutations are inherited, while somatic mutations only affect the individual.

[q]Why are mutations important to natural selection?
[a]Mutations create new variants that can increase a population’s fitness, making evolution a creative process.

[/qdeck]

 

4. Tackle these quizzes

4.1. Sickle Cell Anemia

[qwiz]

[h]Mutation Quiz 1 (Sickle Cell Anemia)

[i]

[q] A mutation is a [hangman] change in [hangman] information.

[c]IHJhbmRvbQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGdlbmV0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] In a cell, mutations occur in the cell’s genetic material, which is made of [hangman]. In certain viruses, mutations can also occur in [hangman].

[c]IEROQQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IFJOQQ==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the diagram below, which letter shows hemoglobin interacting in a way that leads to sickle cell anemia?

[c]IEE=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7QSYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3Mgbm9ybWFsIGhlbW9nbG9iaW4gbW9sZWN1bGVzLCB3aGljaCBkb24mIzgyMTc7dCBpbnRlcmFjdCB3aXRoIG9uZSBhbm90aGVyLg==[Qq]

[c]IE I=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQmUgc2hvd3MgaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBtb2xlY3VsZXMgZm9ybWluZyB0aGUgZmliZXJzIHRoYXQgY2F1c2Ugc2lja2xpbmcu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] In the gene for hemoglobin, how many nucleotides need to be mutated in to bring about sickle cell anemia.

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEp1c3QgYSBzaW5nbGUgbXV0YXRpb24gY2FuIGxlYWQgdG8gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc3Vic3RpdHV0aW9uIHRoYXQgY2F1c2VzIHNpY2tsZSBjZWxsIGFuZW1pYS4=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHVkeSB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBiZWxvdy4gSG93IG1hbnkgY2hhbmdlcyBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHVkeSB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBiZWxvdy4gSG93IG1hbnkgY2hhbmdlcyBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q labels=”top”]

 

[l]blocked

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]fibrous

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]free flowing

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]globular

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]sickled

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]smooth

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]wild type

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]mutant

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[q labels = “top”]Here are some lyrics from my “DNA Rap”. Try filling in the blanks.

Hundreds of bases spell one ______________ piece
Hundreds of A’s, G’s, ___, and Cs
The gene starts CAC-GTG-CAC
Then TGA-GGA-CTC-CTC

The key is these bases are ______________
For hemoglobin’s function and conformation
Hundreds of bases, in a predetermined ________
A single change brings on a major disorder

Change T to A in one _________ spot
This little point ____________ might not seem like a lot
Thymine to Adenine might not seem that big to ya’
But baby that’s the cause of ________ cell anemia!

[l]hemoglobin

[f*] Good!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]information

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]mutation

[f*] Great!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]order

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]sickle

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]single

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]Ts

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[/qwiz]

 

4.2. Mutations Quiz 2

[qwiz style= “width:650px”]

[h] Mutations Quiz 2

[i]

[q] A mutation that can be inherited must be a mutation in the[hangman] line. By contrast, a mutation that arises in lung, skin, or muscle tissue would be a [hangman] mutation.

[c]IGdlcm0=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IHNvbWF0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q Labels=”top”]Label the diagram below.

 

[l]germ-line

[f*] Great!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]somatic

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[q] The type of mutation that doesn’t get passed on to the next generation is a [hangman] mutation.

[c]IHNvbWF0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] A mutation in which one DNA nucleotide is swapped for another is a __________ mutation.

[c]IHN1YnN0aX R1dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IEFic29sdXRlbHkuIEEgbXV0YXRpb24gaW4gd2hpY2ggb25lIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgaXMgc3dhcHBlZCBmb3IgYW5vdGhlciBpcyBhIHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbiBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IE1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBuZWNlc3NhcmlseS4gVGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIHdvdWxkIG9ubHkgYmUgbWlzc2Vuc2UgaWYgaXQgcmVzdWx0ZWQgaW4gYW4gaW5jb3JyZWN0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgYmVpbmcgaW5jb3Jwb3JhdGVkIGludG8gdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCB0aGUgRE5BIGNvZGVzIGZvci4=[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBuZWNlc3NhcmlseS4gQSBub25zZW5zZSBtdXRhdGlvbiBvbmx5IHJlc3VsdHMgaWYgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIGNvZG9uIGluIHN1Y2ggYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBpdCBzdWJzdGl0dXRlcyBhIFNUT1AgY29kb24gZm9yIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW4gdGhlIHdpbGQtdHlwZSBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgdGhhdCBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgYmUgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgb3IgZGVsZXRlZCBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWUu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The image below shows what kind of mutation?

[c]IHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBOb3RlIGhvdyBhbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGJhc2VzIGFyZSB0aGUgc2FtZS4gVGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBqdXN0IGJlaW5nIHJlYWQgZGlmZmVyZW50bHku[Qq]

[c]IE1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBxdWl0ZS4gVGhlcmUgaXMgZXh0ZW5zaXZlIG1pc3NlbnNlLiBCdXQgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGJldHRlciBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludDogTm90ZSBob3cgYWxtb3N0IGFsbCB0aGUgbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBiYXNlcyBhcmUgdGhlIHNhbWUuIFRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUganVzdCBiZWluZyByZWFkIGRpZmZlcmVudGx5Lg==[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIG5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9uIG9ubHkgcmVzdWx0cyBpZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24gY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgY29kb24gaW4gc3VjaCBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGl0IHN1YnN0aXR1dGVzIGEgU1RPUCBjb2RvbiBmb3IgYW4gYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBpbiB0aGUgd2lsZC10eXBlIHByb3RlaW4uIFNvbWV0aGluZyBlbHNlIGhhcHBlbmVkIGhlcmUu[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1l c2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQSBmcmFtZXNoaWZ0IG11dGF0aW9uIHJlcXVpcmVzIHRoYXQgYSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGJlIGluc2VydGVkIG9yIGRlbGV0ZWQgaW4gYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBjaGFuZ2VzIHRoZSByZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1lLCB3aGljaCBpcyBleGFjdGx5IHdoYXQgaGFwcGVuZWQgaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The best description for the mutation shown below would be a __________ mutation.

[c]IHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZXJlIHdhcyBhIHN1YnN0aXR1dGlvbiwgYnV0IHRoZSByZXN1bHQgbWVhbnMgdGhhdCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgYmV0dGVyIGFuc3dlci4gTm90ZSB0aGF0IHRoZSByZXN1bHQgb2YgdGhpcyBtdXRhdGlvbiB3YXMgYSBzdWJzdGl0dXRpb24gb2YgYSBTVE9QIGNvZG9uIGZvciBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoZSB3aWxkLXR5cGUgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IE1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBxdWl0ZS4gTm90ZSB0aGF0IHRoZSByZXN1bHQgb2YgdGhpcyBtdXRhdGlvbiB3YXMgYSBzdWJzdGl0dXRpb24gb2YgYSBTVE9QIGNvZG9uIGZvciBvbmUgb2YgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoZSB3aWxkLXR5cGUgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IG5vbn NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2VseSBkb25lLiBBIG5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9uIHJlc3VsdHMgaWYgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIGNvZG9uIGluIHN1Y2ggYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBpdCBzdWJzdGl0dXRlcyBhIFNUT1AgY29kb24gZm9yIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW4gdGhlIHdpbGQtdHlwZSBwcm90ZWluLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZXhhY3RseSB3aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgdGhhdCBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgYmUgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgb3IgZGVsZXRlZCBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWUuIFNvbWV0aGluZyBlbHNlIGhhcHBlbmVkIGhlcmUu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The best description for the mutation shown below would be a __________ mutation.

[c]IE1pc3 NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQsIG1ha2luZyB0aGlzIGEgbWlzc2Vuc2UgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIG5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9uIHJlc3VsdHMgaWYgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIGNvZG9uIGluIHN1Y2ggYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBpdCBzdWJzdGl0dXRlcyBhIFNUT1AgY29kb24gZm9yIGFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgaW4gdGhlIHdpbGQtdHlwZSBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgdGhhdCBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgYmUgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgb3IgZGVsZXRlZCBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIHJlYWRpbmcgZnJhbWUuIFNvbWV0aGluZyBlbHNlIGhhcHBlbmVkIGhlcmUu[Qq]

 

[q]Compare each of the triplets below with the Wild type triplet, then describe each one.

[hangman]
[hangman]
[hangman]

[c]IHNpbGVudA==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IG5vbnNlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IG1pc3NlbnNl[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation is a known mutagen?

[c]IHJhZGlvIHdhdmVz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSYWRpbyB3YXZlcyBhcmVuJiM4MjE3O3QgaW9uaXppbmcgcmFkaWF0aW9uIChiZWNhdXNlIHRoZXkgZG9uJiM4MjE3O3QgaGF2ZSBlbm91Z2ggZW5lcmd5KS4=[Qq]

[c]IEJsdWUgbGlnaHQgZnJvbSBhIHZpZGVvIG1vbml0b3I=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBWaXNpYmxlIGxpZ2h0IChzdWNoIGFzIGJsdWUgbGlnaHQpIGlzbiYjODIxNzt0IGlvbml6aW5nIHJhZGlhdGlvbiAoYmVjYXVzZSBpdCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IGhhdmUgZW5vdWdoIGVuZXJneSku[Qq]

[c]IFgtcm F5cw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gWC1yYXlzIGFyZSBhIHR5cGUgb2YgaW9uaXppbmcgcmFkaWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The type of radiation that is most associated with skin cancer is

[c]IHJlZCBsaWdodA==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZWQgbGlnaHQgZG9lc24mIzgyMTc7dCBoYXZlIGVub3VnaCBlbmVyZ3kgdG8gZGlzcnVwdCBETkEgKGl0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGlvbml6aW5nKS4=[Qq]

[c]IFJhZGlhdGlvbiBmcm9tIGNlbGwgcGhvbmVzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBY2NvcmRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIFVTIEZvb2QgYW5kIERydWcgQWRtaW5pc3RyYXRpb24sIHRoZXJlJiM4MjE3O3Mgbm8gZXZpZGVuY2UgdGhhdCB0aGUgcmFkaW8gd2F2ZXMgdXNlZCBieSBjZWxsIHBob25lcyBjYXVzZSBhbnkgdHlwZSBvZiBjYW5jZXIu[Qq]

[c]IHVsdHJhLXZpb2xl dCByYWRpYXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gRXhwb3N1cmUgdG8gdWx0cmF2aW9sZXQgcmFkaWF0aW9uIGlzIGFzc29jaWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBza2luIGNhbmNlci4=[Qq]

[q] A substance or type of energy that can cause mutation is known as a [hangman]. If that substance or energy can also cause cancer, it’s known as a  [hangman].

[c]IG11dGFnZW4=[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmNpbm9nZW4=[Qq]

[q] A change in a nucleotide sequence of a gene is called a (n)

[c]IHRyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IG11dGF0 aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IHJlY29tYmluYXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSDigJh0cmFuc2Zvcm1hdGlvbuKAmSBpcyByb3VnaGx5IHN5bm9ueW1vdXMgd2l0aCDigJhjaGFuZ2Us4oCZIHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIGJldHRlciBtYXRjaCBmb3IgdGhlIGRlZmluaXRpb24gYWJvdmUuIEFkZGl0aW9uYWxseSwgdGhlcmXigJlzIGEgc3BlY2lhbCBiaW9sb2dpY2FsIGRlZmluaXRpb24gb2Yg4oCYdHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb2464oCZIHB1dHRpbmcgbmV3IEROQSBpbnRvIGEgY2VsbC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciB0ZXJtLg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIEEgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgYSBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc2VxdWVuY2Ugb2YgYSBnZW5lLg==[Qq]

[f]IFJlY29tYmluYXRpb24gZG9lcyBpbnZvbHZlIGNoYW5nZXMgaW4gRE5BLCBhcyBETkEgZnJvbSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgc291cmNlcyBpcyBtaXhlZCB0b2dldGhlci4gQnV0IHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIGJldHRlciB0ZXJtIHRvIG1hdGNoIHRoZSBkZWZpbml0aW9uIGFib3ZlLg==[Qq]

[q]True or false? When the environment changes, a population will evolve new mutations so that it can adapt.

[c]IFRydWU=[Qq]

[c]IEZh bHNl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNdXRhdGlvbnMgYXJlIHJhbmRvbS4gRXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGFkYXB0YXRpb24gaXMgYWJvdXQgcHJldmlvdXNseSBleGlzdGluZyB2YXJpYXRpb25zIGJlaW5nIHNlbGVjdGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCwgYW5kIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyBzaGlmdGluZyBpbiByZXNwb25zZS4=[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIE11dGF0aW9ucyBhcmUgcmFuZG9tLiBFdm9sdXRpb25hcnkgYWRhcHRhdGlvbiBpcyBhYm91dCBwcmV2aW91c2x5IGV4aXN0aW5nIHZhcmlhdGlvbnMgYmVpbmcgc2VsZWN0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50LCBhbmQgYWxsZWxlIGZyZXF1ZW5jaWVzIHNoaWZ0aW5nIGluIHJlc3BvbnNlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]A mutation causes a nucleotide sequence to change from

TGAGGTCTCCTC

to

TGAGGCCTCCTC

Both sequences code for the same amino acid sequence.

This type of mutation is known as a(n)

[c]IGluc2VydGlvbiBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IGRlbGV0aW9uIG11dGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IHNpbGVudCBt dXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbiBpbnNlcnRpb24gbXV0YXRpb24gd291bGQgYWRkIGEgbmV3IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc29tZXdoZXJlIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIHNlcXVlbmNlLCBhbmQgcHVzaCBhbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIG92ZXIgb25lIHBvc2l0aW9uLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGEgbGVzcyBkcmFzdGljIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGRlbGV0aW9uIG11dGF0aW9uIHdvdWxkIHJlbW92ZSBhIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgc29tZXdoZXJlIGluIHRoZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIHNlcXVlbmNlLCBhbmQgcHVsbCBhbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIG9uZSBwb3NpdGlvbiBmb3J3YXJkLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGEgbGVzcyBkcmFzdGljIGVmZmVjdC4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEEgc2lsZW50IG11dGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIEROQSBidXQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgdGhhdCB0aGUgc2VxdWVuY2UgaXMgY29kaW5nIGZvci4=[Qq]

[f]IEEgZnJhbWVzaGlmdCBtdXRhdGlvbiByZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gZWl0aGVyIGluc2VydGluZyBvciBkZWxldGluZyBhIGJhc2UuIFRoZXNlIGluc2VydGlvbnMgY2hhbmdlIHRoZSByZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1lIGR1cmluZyB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbiBhbmQgY2F1c2UgbWFueSBvZiB0aGUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgaW4gdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCB0aGUgZ2VuZSBjb2RlcyBmb3IgdG8gYmUgY2hhbmdlZC4gSW4gdGhlIGV4YW1wbGUgYWJvdmUsIHdoYXQgd2UgaGF2ZSBpcyBhIHNpbXBsZSBzdWJzdGl0dXRpb246IG9uZSB0aGF0IGRvZXNu4oCZdCBjaGFuZ2UgZXZlbiBvbmUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZC4gQ2hvb3NlIGFub3RoZXIgYW5zd2VyIG5leHQgdGltZS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]What’s the most likely effect of a mutation that deletes one nucleotide near the start of a gene?

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIGEgc2luZ2xlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgdG8gYmUgY2hhbmdlZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbiB0aGF0IHRoaXMgZ2VuZSBjb2RlcyBmb3Iu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIGEgc2VyaWVzIG9mIGNoYW5nZXMg aW4gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRoYXQgdGhlIGdlbmUgY29kZXMgZm9yLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiB3aWxsIGNhdXNlIG5vIGNoYW5nZSBpbiB0aGUgcmVzdWx0aW5nIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGlzIGRlbGV0ZWQgbmVhciB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgYSBnZW5lLCB0aGVuIHRoZSDigJhyZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1l4oCZIGZvciBhbGwgc3Vic2VxdWVudCBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBzaGlmdGVkLiBBbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBpbmNvcnJlY3RseSByZWFkLCBjaGFuZ2luZyBtYW55IGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIHRoYXQgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy7CoCBJZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGlzIGRlbGV0ZWQgbmVhciB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgYSBnZW5lLCB0aGVuIHRoZSDigJhyZWFkaW5nIGZyYW1l4oCZIGZvciBhbGwgc3Vic2VxdWVudCBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBzaGlmdGVkLiBBbG1vc3QgYWxsIHRoZSBjb2RvbnMgd2lsbCBiZSBpbmNvcnJlY3RseSByZWFkLCByZXN1bHRpbmcgaW4gZXh0ZW5zaXZlIG1pc3NlbnNlLg==[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]Insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence results in a

[c]IGZyYW1lc2hpZn QgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[c]IHNpbGVudCBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IHBvaW50IG11dGF0aW9uIHRoYXQgZG9lc27igJl0IGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZS4=[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISBJbnNlcnRpb25zIG9yIGRlbGV0aW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBzZXF1ZW5jZSBlaXRoZXIgcHVzaCBhbGwgdGhlIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIGRvd24gb3IgcHVsbCB0aGVtIGFsbCBmb3J3YXJkLiBUaGUgbWFpbiBjb25zZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgaXQgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZSwgYW5kIGNoYW5nZXMgZXZlcnkgY29kb24gZG93bnN0cmVhbSBvZiB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHBvaW50IGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCBpbnNlcnRpbmcgb3IgZGVsZXRpbmcgYSBudWNsZW90aWRlIGZyb20gYSBETkEgc2VxdWVuY2Ugc2hpZnRzIGV2ZXJ5IG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgZm9yd2FyZCBvciBiYWNrd2FyZC4gVGhpcyBkb2VzIGNoYW5nZSB0aGUgcmVhZGluZyBmcmFtZS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q ]Which type of mutation is most likely to be acted upon by natural selection?

[c]IEEgc2lsZW50IG11dGF0aW9uICh3aGljaCBvbmx5IGNoYW5nZXMgdGhlIEROQSk=[Qq]

[c]IEFuIGFjdGl2ZSBtdXRhdGlvbiAod2hpY2ggY2hhbmdlcyB0aGUg RE5BLCBhbmQgdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhlIEROQSBjb2RlcyBmb3Ip[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTaWxlbnQgbXV0YXRpb25zIGRvIG5vdCBhZmZlY3QgYW4gb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gU2luY2UgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gb25seSBhY3RzIG9uIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGUsIHNpbGVudCBtdXRhdGlvbiBjYW7igJl0IGJlIGFjdGVkIG9uIGJ5IG5hdHVyYWwgc2VsZWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIEFjdGl2ZSBtdXRhdGlvbnMgY2hhbmdlIHByb3RlaW4sIHdoaWNoIGNoYW5nZXMgYW4gb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4gU2luY2UgbmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gYWN0cyBvbiBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgcGhlbm90eXBlLCBhY3RpdmUgbXV0YXRpb25zIGJlY29tZSB0YXJnZXRzIGZvciBzZWxlY3Rpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]The most common consequence of an active mutation is for there to be

[c]IGltcHJvdmVtZW50IG9mIHRoZSBwcm90ZWluLCBtYWtpbmcgaXQgbW9yZSBlZmZlY3RpdmUgYW5kIGluY3JlYXNpbmcgYW4gb3JnYW5pc20mIzgyMTc7cyBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBzdXJ2aXZhbC4=[Qq]

[c]IG5vIGltcGFjdCBvbiB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIHBoZW5vdHlwZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGRhbWFnZSB0byBhIGZ1bmN0aW9uaW5nIHByb3RlaW4sIHJlc3VsdGluZyBpbiBk aXNlYXNlIGZvciB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc20gdGhhdCBiZWFycyB0aGUgbXV0YXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGlzIGlzIHBvc3NpYmxlLCBhbmQgYW4gaW1wb3J0YW50IHBhcnQgb2YgZXZvbHV0aW9uLCBpdOKAmXMgdmVyeSB1bmxpa2VseS4gTXV0YXRpb25zIGFyZSByYW5kb20gY2hhbmdlcywgYW5kIHJhbmRvbSBjaGFuZ2VzIGFyZSBtb3JlIGxpa2VseSB0byBicmVhayB0aGluZ3MgdGhhbiB0byBmaXggdGhlbS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCeSBkZWZpbml0aW9uLCBhbiBhY3RpdmUgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgY2hhbmdpbmcgYSBwcm90ZWluLiBQcm90ZWlucywgb24gc29tZSBsZXZlbCwgYXJlIHdoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgcGhlbm90eXBlIChlaXRoZXIgZGlyZWN0bHksIG9yIHRocm91Z2ggZW56eW1lcyB0aGF0IGNvbnRyb2wgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQpLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTXV0YXRpb25zIGFyZSB0aGUgY2F1c2Ugb2YgbWFueSBnZW5ldGljIGRpc2Vhc2VzLiBUaGUgbW9zdCBsaWtlbHkgaW1wYWN0IG9mIGEgbXV0YXRpb24gaXMgdG8gdGFrZSBhIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdOKAmXMgd29ya2luZyBhbmQgZGltaW5pc2ggb3IgZGVzdHJveSBpdHMgZnVuY3Rpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Please proceed to our next tutorial: Horizontal Gene Transfer