Mitochondrial Inheritance, Incomplete Dominance, and Environment/Genotype Interaction

1. Watch these three videos

They’re each pretty short!

1.1. Mitochondrial Genes

1.2. Incomplete Dominance

1.3. Environmental Effect on Phenotype

2. Study this summary

Mitochondrial Genes and Non-nuclear inheritance

  • Non-nuclear inheritance refers to the inheritance of genes located on the chromosomes of mitochondria or chloroplast (as opposed to genes on chromosomes within the nucleus).
  • Non-nuclear genes are inherited solely from the mother (through the egg):
    • Mitochondrial genes are passed exclusively through the female gamete (egg), as sperm contribute no mitochondria during fertilization.
    • All offspring inherit mitochondria from their mother; males do not pass on mitochondrial genes, making them a “mitochondrial dead end.”
    • In plants, genes within chloroplasts are also inherited exclusively through the ovum (as opposed to the pollen grain that fertilizes the ovum).
  • Mitochondrial and chloroplast inheritance does not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
  • Not surprisingly, the function of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes is linked the the function of these organelles. Most mitochondrial inheritance involves functions related to aerobic respiration (though some mitochondrial genes related to apoptosis and other cellular processes). Similarly, most chloroplastic inheritance involves functions related to photosynthesis.

Incomplete Dominance

  • Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, as neither allele is dominant.
  • Notation: Alleles are represented with superscripts . For example, in carnations, there are two incompletely dominant alleles for flower color: R for read and W for white. To represent their incomplete dominance relation, we use the symbols CR for red and CW for white).
  • Typical Crosses involving incomplete dominance (using carnations as an illustrative example):
    • P Generation: Cross CRCR (red) with CWCW (white)
    • F1 Generation: Hybrids (CRCW) have an intermediate pink phenotype
    • F2 Generation: Results in a 1:2:1 ratio of red (CRCR), pink (CRCW), and white (CWCW) offspring.
    • “Dosing” model of incomplete dominance. For a carnation to have a bright red color, it needs to have two CR alleles, each of which is being expressed as protein. This produces enough red pigment to create the red phenotype. A heterozygote (CRCW) doesn’t produce enough red pigment to create the red phenotype. As a result, the offspring are pink. With no red pigment(CWCW) the offspring are white.
  • Note that incomplete dominance is distinct from co-dominance. In co-dominance, both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote, and both are dominant to a third allele. For example, in the ABO blood type inheritance system, both A and B are codominant to the o allele. An AB heterozygote will fully express both the A glycoprotein and the B glycoprotein and have the AB blood type. By contrast, an Ao heterozygote will fully express the A glycoprotein. For more on blood type inheritance, try this tutorial.

Environmental Effect on Phenotype

  • Key Concept: Genes do not solely determine traits; environmental factors play a significant role. As a result, the interaction between genotype and environment influences gene expression, leading to variation in phenotypes.
  • Examples:
    1. Hydrangea Flower Color: Determined by soil pH; acidic soil produces purple flowers, while alkaline soil results in red flowers.
    2. Fur Color in Himalayan Rabbits and Siamese Cats: Cooler body regions develop dark pigmentation due to differential gene expression in response to temperature.
    3. Human Traits: Height, weight, and skin color are influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors (e.g., nutrition, sunlight exposure).
    4. Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination: Seen in some reptiles, where the incubation temperature of eggs determines sex.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Mitochondrial Inheritance, Incomplete Dominance, and Environment/Genotype Interaction Flashcards, APBVP”]
[h]AP Biology Flashcards

[q]What is non-nuclear inheritance?
[a]Non-nuclear inheritance refers to the inheritance of genes located on the chromosomes of mitochondria or chloroplasts, rather than on nuclear chromosomes.

[q]How are mitochondrial genes inherited?
[a]Mitochondrial genes are inherited exclusively through the female gamete (egg), as sperm do not contribute mitochondria during fertilization.

[q]Why don’t males pass on mitochondrial genes?
[a]Males are “mitochondrial dead ends” because they do not pass on mitochondria to their offspring. Only the female’s mitochondria are inherited.

[q]Do mitochondrial genes follow Mendelian inheritance patterns?
[a]No, mitochondrial inheritance does not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance. Mitochondrial genes are inherited solely through the maternal line.

[q]In plants, what is inherited through the ovule but not the pollen?
[a]In plants, both mitochondria and chloroplasts are inherited through the ovule, not the pollen.

[q]What is incomplete dominance?
[a]Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, as neither allele is dominant.

[q]Using R and W to represent red and white pigment alleles in carnations, how are alleles represented in incomplete dominance?
[a]Alleles are represented with superscripts (e.g., CR for red and CW for white in carnations).

[q]In carnations, what is the phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of cross between two plants that are pink?
[a]The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 1 red (CRCR), 2 pink (CRCW), and 1 white (CWCW).

[q]Why do heterozygotes in incomplete dominance exhibit an intermediate phenotype?
[a]Heterozygotes only produce one “dose” of pigment, which is insufficient to display the full homozygous phenotype, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.

[q]What is the interaction between genotype and environment called?
[a]It is called genotype-environment interaction, where environmental factors influence gene expression and lead to variations in phenotype.

[q]How does soil pH affect hydrangea flower color?
[a]In acidic soil, hydrangea flowers appear purple, while in alkaline soil, they appear red.

[q]Why do Himalayan rabbits have dark fur on certain body regions?
[a]Dark fur develops in cooler body regions due to temperature-dependent gene expression, while warmer regions remain lighter.

[q]Give an example of genotype-environment interaction in humans.
[a]Height and weight are influenced by genes and environmental factors such as nutrition. Skin color changes with sun exposure due to environmental cues interacting with genes.

[q]How is sex determined in some reptiles?
[a]In certain reptiles, sex is determined by the incubation temperature of eggs, an example of genotype-environment interaction.
[/qdeck]

 

4. Tackle these quizzes

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Mitochondrial Inheritance, APBVP”]

[h] Mitochondrial Inheritance

[i]

A mitochondrion. The genes are in a loop of DNA at number 3.

 

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Because of mitochondrial genes, you’re more closely related to your

[c]IHNpc3RlciB0aGFuIHlvdSBhcmUgdG8geW91ciBicm90aGVy[Qq]

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[q] The diagram below illustrates how you inherit all of your mitochondria from your mother’s [hangman], but none from your father’s [hangman].

[c]IGVnZw==[Qq]

[c]IHNwZXJt[Qq]

[q] Mitochondria that you don’t inherit are indicated by the number

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

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[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q] The mitochondria that you inherit are indicated by the number

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Y=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuICYjODIyMDs2JiM4MjIxOyBhcmUgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhIGluIHRoZSBlZ2csIHdoaWNoIGFyZSB0aGUgb25lcyB0aGF0IGdldCBwYXNzZWQgb24gdG8gb2Zmc3ByaW5nLg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q multiple_choice=”true”]In the pedigree chart below, you know that the inheritance is not mitochondrial because

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[c]VGhlIGZhdGhlciBpbiBnZW5lcmF0aW9uIDEgcGFzc2VkIG9uIHRoZSB0cmFpdCB0byBhbGwgb2YgaGlzIG9mZnNwcmluZy4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEluIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpYWwgaW5oZXJpdGFuY2UsIHRoZSA=bW90aGVyIHBhc3NlcyBvbiBoZXIgdHJhaXQgdG8gYWxsIG9mIGhlciBvZmZzcHJpbmcu[Qq]

[q]Most mitochondrial genes are involved in mitochondrial gene expression or

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[f]Tm8uIFRoaW5rIG9mIGEgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhbCBmdW5jdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]TWl0b3Npcw==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoaW5rIG9mIGEgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhbCBmdW5jdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q]The two organelles that contain their own genes are the [hangman], which are involved in cellular respiration, and the [hangman], which carries out photosynthesis.

[c]bWl0b2Nob25kcmlh[Qq]

[c]Y2hsb3JvcGxhc3Q=[Qq]

[/qwiz]

 

4.2. Incomplete Dominance

In chickens, the CB allele codes for black feathers, while the CW allele codes for white feathers. A heterozygote with genotype CBCW has blue feathers.

Knowing that, solve the following problems.

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Incomplete Dominance, APBVP”]

[h]Solving incomplete dominance problems in chickens

[i]

[q]In a cross between two heterozygote chickens, genotype CBCW, the offspring will be

[c]MTAwJSBibHVlIGZlYXRoZXJlZA==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBob3cgdG8gc2V0IHVwIHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IHNxdWFyZQ==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CB
CW

As with any Punnett square, bring the alleles in the gametes together to form the zygotes, and interpret the results.

[c]MTAwJSBXaGl0ZSBmZWF0aGVyZWQ=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBob3cgdG8gc2V0IHVwIHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IHNxdWFyZQ==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CB
CW

As with any Punnett square, bring the alleles in the gametes together to form the zygotes, and interpret the results.

[c]NzUlIGJsYWNrIGZlYXRoZXJlZCwgMjUlIHdoaXRlIGZlYXRoZXJlZA==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBob3cgdG8gc2V0IHVwIHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IHNxdWFyZQ==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CB
CW

As with any Punnett square, bring the alleles in the gametes together to form the zygotes, and interpret the results.

[c]NTAlIGJsdWUgZmVhdGhlcmVkLCAyNSUgYmxhY2sgZm VhdGhlcmVkLCAyNSUgd2hpdGUgZmVhdGhlcmVkLg==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIFB1bm5ldHQgc3F1YXJl

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CB CBCB CBCW
CW CBCW CWCW

25% are black(CBCB), 50% blue (CBCW), and 25% white (CWCW)

[q]In a cross between a blue heterozygote chicken, genotype CBCW, and a white chicken, the offspring will be

[c]NTAlIGJsdWUsID UwJSB3aGl0ZQ==[Qq]

[f]V2F5IHRvIGdvISBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIFB1bm5ldHQgc3F1YXJlLg==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CW CBCW CWCW
CW CBCW CWCW

50% of the offspring have the genotype CBCW and a blue feathered phenotype. The other 50% have the genotype CWCW and a white feathered phenotype.

[c]MTAwJSBibGFjaw==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBob3cgdG8gc2V0IHVwIHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IHNxdWFyZQ==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CW
CW

As with any Punnett square, bring the alleles in the gametes together to form the zygotes, and interpret the results.

[c]NTAlIGJsYWNrLCA1MCUgd2hpdGU=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBob3cgdG8gc2V0IHVwIHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IHNxdWFyZQ==

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==
[Qq] CB CW
CW
CW

As with any Punnett square, bring the alleles in the gametes together to form the zygotes, and interpret the results.

[/qwiz]

 

4.3. Incomplete dominance, Genotype -Environment Interaction, and Mitochondrial inheritance

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Incomplete dominance, Genotype -Environment Interaction, and mitochondrial inheritance, APBVP”]

[h]Incomplete dominance, Genotype -Environment Interaction, and mitochondrial inheritance

[i]

[q labels=”top”]

Genotype Phenotype Description
CRCR  _______ _______________
CWCW  _______ _______________
CRCW  _______ _______________

 

[l]pink

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]red

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]white

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]homozygous

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]heterozygous

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[q multiple_choice=”true”]In a cross between two pink snapdragons, the expected phenotype ratio is

[c]MTAwJSBwaW5r[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFN0dWR5IHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IFNxdWFyZSBiZWxvdyBhbmQgdHJ5IGFnYWluLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]NTAlIHJlZDogNTAlIHdoaXRl[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFN0dWR5IHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IFNxdWFyZSBiZWxvdyBhbmQgdHJ5IGFnYWluLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]MjUlIHJlZDogNTAlIHBp bms6wqAgMjUlIHdoaXRl[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50ISBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIFB1bm5ldHQgc3F1YXJl

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]NzUlIHJlZDogMjUlIHdoaXRl[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFN0dWR5IHRoZSBQdW5uZXR0IFNxdWFyZSBiZWxvdyBhbmQgdHJ5IGFnYWluLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Which of the following is the best definition of incomplete dominance?

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[f]Tm8uIFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBhIHByZXR0eSBnb29kIGRlZmluaXRpb24gb2YgaG93IGRvbWluYW50IGFuZCByZWNlc3NpdmUgYWxsZWxlcyB3b3JrLg==[Qq]

[c]SW4gaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlcywgYm90aCBhbGxlbGVzIGFyZSBlcXVhbGx5IGV4cHJlc3NlZCBpbiB0aGUgcGhlbm90eXBlIG9mIHRoZSBvZmZzcHJpbmcu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGRlZmluaXRpb24gb2YgQ28tZG9taW5hbmNlLCBzdWNoIGFzIHdpdGggQUIgYmxvb2QgdHlwZS4gQm90aCB0aGUgQSBhbmQgdGhlIEIgcHJvdGVpbnMgYXJlIGV4cHJlc3NlZC4=[Qq]

[c]SW4gaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlcywgdGhlIHBoZW5vdHlwZSBvZiB0aGUgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlIGlz IGludGVybWVkaWF0ZSBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSB0d28gaG9tb3p5Z291cyBwaGVub3R5cGVzLg==[Qq]

[f]TmljZSBqb2IhIFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGdyZWF0IGRlZmluaXRpb24gb2YgaW5jb21wbGV0ZSBkb21pbmFuY2Uu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”]The most reasonable explanation for the pink color of heterozygous snapdragons is that

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[f]Tm8uIEhvdyBjb3VsZCB0b28gbXVjaCByZWQgcGlnbWVudCByZXN1bHQgaW4gYSBwaW5rPw==[Qq]

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[f]WWVzLiBXaXRoIG9ubHkgb25lIGFsbGVsZSBmb3IgcmVkLCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG5vdCBzdWZmaWNpZW50IHJlZCBwaWdtZW50IGJlaW5nIHByb2R1Y2VkIHRvIGNyZWF0ZSBhIGJyaWdodCByZWQgY29sb3Iu[Qq]

[c]VGhlIHdoaXRlIGFsbGVsZSBpbiB0aGUgaGV0ZXJvenlnb3RlcyBwcm9kdWNlcyBhIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCBibG9ja3MgdGhlIGV4cHJlc3Npb24gb2YgdGhlIHJlZCBhbGxlbGUu[Qq]

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[q multiple_choice=”true”]The pedigree below is best explained by

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[f]TmljZS4gWW91IGlkZW50aWZpZWQgdGhlIGtleSBwYXR0ZXJuOiB0aGUgbW90aGVyIHBhc3NlcyBvbiBoZXIgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhbCBnZW5lcyB0byBhbGwgb2YgaGVyIG9mZnNwcmluZy4=[Qq]

[c]SW5jb21wbGV0ZSBkb21pbmFuY2U=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGRlZmluaXRpb24gZm9yIGluY29tcGxldGUgZG9taW5hbmNlOiBJbiBoZXRlcm96eWdvdGVzLCB0aGUgcGhlbm90eXBlIG9mIHRoZSBoZXRlcm96eWdvdGUgaXMgaW50ZXJtZWRpYXRlIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIHR3byBob21venlnb3VzIHBoZW5vdHlwZXMuIA==SXQgZG9lc24mIzgyMTc7dCBzZWVtIGxpa2UgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhbnkgZXZpZGVuY2UgZm9yIHRoZSBibGVuZGluZyBvZiBwaGVub3R5cGVzLg==[Qq]

[c]IHNleC1saW5rZWQgaW5oZXJpdGFuY2U=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEluIGEgc2V4LWxpbmtlZCB0cmFpdCwgYSBtYWxlIHBhc3NlcyBvbiBhbiBhbGxlbGUgdGhhdCByZXNpZGVzIG9uIGhpcyBYIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgdG8gaGlzIGRhdWdodGVycy4gQmVjYXVzZSB0aGUgYWxsZWxlIGlzIG9uIHRoZSBYIGNocm9tb3NvbWUsIHRoZSBtYWxlIGNhbiYjODIxNzt0IHBhc3MgaXQgb24gdG8gaGlzIHNvbnMuIFRoYXQgcGF0dGVybiBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IHNlZW0gdG8gYmUgYXQgd29yayBoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[q]If an allele is on the DNA found at “1” or “5” below, we know that a gene coded for by that DNA can’t be [hangman].

[c]bWl0b2Nob25kcmlhbA==[Qq]

[q]A gene that’s passed on through mitochondrial inheritance would have to be on which number below?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Y=[Qq]

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[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgdGhlIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpYSB0aGF0IGNvbWUgZnJvbSB5b3VyIG1vdGhlci4gTG9vayBpbiB0aGUgZWdnIGNlbGwu[Qq]

[q]A tall woman and a short man have a child of intermediate height. Though this looks like incomplete dominance, it’s not. That’s because height in humans is a [hangman] trait.

[c]cG9seWdlbmlj[Qq]

[q]The color of hydrangeas can be determined by the acidity of the soil that the hydrangea plant is growing in. That makes hydrangea coloration an example of genotype-[hangman] interaction.

[c]ZW52aXJvbm1lbnQ=[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”]The color pattern on a siamese cat is best explained by which of the following.

[c]VGhlIGVuenltZSBmb3IgZXhwcmVzc2luZyBtZWxhbmluIChkYXJrIHBpZ21lbnQpIGlzIGRlbmF0dXJlZCBieSBjb2xkLCByZXN1bHRpbmcgaW4gZGFyayBmdXIgaW4gdGhlIGNvb2xlc3QgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgYm9keS4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIElmIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgZm9yIGRhcmsgcGlnbWVudCB3YXMgZGVuYXR1cmVkIGJ5IGNvbGQsIGhvdyBjb3VsZCBkYXJrIHBpZ21lbnQgYmUgZXhwcmVzc2VkIG9ubHkgaW4gdGhlIGNvb2xlc3QgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgYm9keT8=[Qq]

[c]VGhlIGVuenltZSBmb3IgZXhwcmVzc2luZyBtZWxhbmluIGlzIHNlbnNpdGl2ZSB0byBncmF2aXR5LCBhbmQgb25seSBleHByZXNzZWQgaW4gdGhlIGxvd2VzdCBwYXJ0cyBvZiB0aGUgYm9keS4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoYXQgbWlnaHQgbWFrZSBzZW5zZSBmb3IgdGhlIGZlZXQsIGJ1dCBub3QgZm9yIHRoZSBlYXJzLg==[Qq]

[c]VGhlIGVuenltZSBmb3IgZXhwcmVzc2luZyBtZWxhbmluIGlzIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBieSBjb29sZXIgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmVzLCBhbmQgb25s eSBleHByZXNzZWQgaW4gcGFydHMgb2YgdGhlIGJvZHkgdGhhdCBhcmUgZnVydGhlc3QgZnJvbSB0aGUgY29yZSBvZiB0aGUgYm9keS4=[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgd2h5IHlvdSBoYXZlIHRoZSBwYXR0ZXJuIG9mIGNvb2xlciBib2R5IHBhcnRzIGhhdmluZyBkYXJrZXIgY29sb3JhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] The diagram below shows the results of an experiment in which swallowtail butterflies were collected from Alaska and Michigan. Each population was then bred in the laboratory at different temperatures (with all other environmental factors kept the same). At each temperature, the orange bar on the left represents the butterflies originating in Alaska, and the blue bar on the right indicates the butterflies originating in Michigan.

Which of the following is the best conclusion to draw from this experiment?

[c]IFRoZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZXMgYXJlIGRldGVybWluZWQgYnkgdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOb3RlIHRoYXQgZm9yIGJvdGggdGhlIEFsYXNrYSBhbmQgTWljaGlnYW4gcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMsIHRoZSByZWxhdGl2ZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZSBpcyBzaWduaWZpY2FudGx5IGhpZ2hlciBhdCAyNMKwQy4gV2hpbGUgdGhhdCBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgdGhhdCwgYXQgbGVhc3QgdG8gc29tZSBleHRlbnQsIHRoZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZXMgYXJlIGluZmx1ZW5jZWQgYnkgdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50LCBpdCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IGV4cGxhaW4gdGhlIGRpZmZlcmVuY2VzIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIEFsYXNrYSBhbmQgTWljaGlnYW4gcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZXMgYXJlIGdlbmV0aWNhbGx5IGRldGVybWluZWQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGNsZWFybHkgYSBnZW5ldGljIGluZmx1ZW5jZS4gT3RoZXJ3aXNlLCBob3cgY291bGQgeW91IGV4cGxhaW4gdGhlIGRpZmZlcmVuY2UgYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgQWxhc2thIGFuZCBNaWNoaWdhbiBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucyB3aGVuIGdyb3duIGF0IHRoZSBzYW1lIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlPyBCdXQgZ2VuZXRpY3MgY2FuJiM4MjE3O3QgYmUgdGhlIGVudGlyZSBzdG9yeSwgYmVjYXVzZSB5b3UgYWxzbyBoYXZlIHRvIGV4cGxhaW4gd2h5IGJvdGggcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgZ3JvdyBmYXN0ZXIgYXQgMjTCsEMgdGhhbiB0aGV5IGRvIGF0IDEywrBDLiBMb29rIG92ZXIgdGhlIGNob2ljZXMgYWdhaW4gYW5kIGZpbmQgYSBiZXR0ZXIgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZXMgZXhoaWJpdCBhIGdlbm 90eXBlL2Vudmlyb25tZW50IGludGVyYWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQXMgd2l0aCBtb3N0IGJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgcGhlbm9tZW5hLCBwaGVub3R5cGUgZW1lcmdlcyBhcyBhIHJlc3VsdCBvZiBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbnMgYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgZ2Vub3R5cGUgYW5kIHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudC4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZXMgYXJlIGNvbnRyb2xsZWQgYnkgdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSBhZmZlY3RzIHRoZSBncm93dGggcmF0ZSwgaXQgY2FuJiM4MjE3O3QgYmUgdGhlIGVudGlyZSBzdG9yeS4gVGVtcGVyYXR1cmUgYWxvbmUgZG9lc24mIzgyMTc7dCBleHBsYWluIHdoeSBhdCB0aGUgc2FtZSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSwgdGhlIEFsYXNrYSBzd2FsbG93dGFpbHMgZ3JvdyBhdCBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCByYXRlIGZyb20gdGhlIE1pY2hpZ2FuIHN3YWxsb3d0YWlscy4gTG9vayBvdmVyIHRoZSBjaG9pY2VzIGFnYWluIGFuZCBmaW5kIGEgYmV0dGVyIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

 

What’s Next?

This topic ends Unit 5 of the AP Bio Video Pathway