Feedback and Homeostasis – learn-biology

1. Watch this video

2. Study this summary

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis:
- Definition: the tendency of living systems to maintain internal conditions at a relatively constant, optimal level.
- Examples:
  - Maintaining body temperature around 37°C (98.6°F).
  - Keeping blood glucose within a relatively narrow range (about 90 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter).
Feedback Mechanisms:
- Systems where the output is also an input, influencing further activity.
- Two types:
  - Negative Feedback: Stabilizes a system by returning it to a set point.
  - Positive Feedback: Accelerates a process toward a conclusion.

Negative Feedback

Set Points:
- A target value (e.g., 90 mg/dL for blood glucose, or 37 degrees Celsius for human body temperature).
- When the physiological variable moves above or below the set point, homeostatic processes work to return a system to its setpoint
Paired Antagonistic Negative Feedback Loops:
- Two systems work in opposition to maintain homeostasis.
- Non-Biological Example: Home heating and cooling systems.
  - If the temperature rises above the set point, an air conditioner is activated (cooling the home)
  - If the temperature drops below the set point, the furnace is activated (warming the home).

Biological Examples of Negative Feedback

Blood Glucose Regulation:
- Insulin:
  - Released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose.
  - Signals liver, muscle, and fat cells to absorb glucose and store it as glycogen or fat.
  - Lowers blood glucose, restoring homeostasis.
- Glucagon:
  - Released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose.
  - Signals the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, raising blood glucose levels. Additional glycogen is converted to glucose in muscle tissue, and more energy can be made available through metabolizing stored fat.
What Happens when Blood Glucose Homeostasis Breaks Down?
- Type 1 Diabetes:
  - Autoimmune disorder where insulin-producing cells are destroyed.
  - Treated with insulin injections.
- Type 2 Diabetes:
  - Insulin resistance prevents signaling pathways from working.
  - Leads to high blood glucose levels and organ damage.

Positive Feedback

Definition:
- The output of a system amplifies the system’s activity, driving a process to completion.
- Example: Childbirth.
  - Uterine stretch activates receptors, triggering oxytocin release.
  - Oxytocin causes stronger contractions, leading to more oxytocin release until the baby is born.
Fruit Ripening:
- Ethylene gas released by ripening fruit induces nearby fruit to release more ethylene.
- Accelerates the ripening process for all fruit in proximity.
- Controlled in shipping by suppressing ethylene with carbon dioxide.

Key Takeaways

Negative Feedback maintains homeostasis by counteracting deviations from a set point.
Positive Feedback accelerates processes to achieve specific outcomes (e.g., childbirth, fruit ripening).
Disruptions in feedback systems (e.g., diabetes) highlight the importance of regulatory mechanisms in maintaining health.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;”]

[h]Feedback and Homeostasis Flashcards

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|ac4066d771a7d” question_number=”151″] What are the functions of negative feedback mechanisms?

[a] Negative feedback mechanisms allow organisms to maintain homeostasis as they respond to internal and external changes.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|ac311f496967d” question_number=”152″] Define the physiological concept of a set point.

[a] A set point is the value around which a physiological process fluctuates. For example, the set point for human body temperature is 37 degrees C.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b43fee4dbd10″ question_number=”153″ topic=”4.5.Feedback”] Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback.

[a] In positive feedback, the output of a system feeds back into the system, increasing the system’s activity and output. Positive feedback drives a biological process (such as childbirth) to a conclusion, after which the system shuts down.

In negative feedback, the output of a system feeds back to the system in a way that decreases the system’s output. Negative feedback is essential in homeostasis, returning a system to its set point.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b2f0a79d7d10″ question_number=”154″ topic=”4.5.Feedback”] Describe how feedback functions during childbirth.

[a] Childbirth is an example of positive feedback. During childbirth, the baby’s head pushes against its mother’s cervix (the tip of the uterus at the end of a female mammal’s vagina), stretching the tissue. Nerve impulses from the cervix to the brain cause secretion of the hormone oxytocin from the pituitary gland into the blood. In the uterus, oxytocin causes the uterine muscles to contract. This pushes the baby’s head against the cervix even more, which feeds back to the pituitary, which secretes more oxytocin, increasing uterine contractions. The process ends when the baby is born.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b256fc8cb510″ question_number=”155″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback”] Describe how feedback functions during fruit ripening.

[a] Fruit ripening is an example of positive feedback. As a fruit ripens, a variety of cellular changes occur, one of which is the production of the hormone ethylene, a gas that is released into the surrounding air. Ethylene receptors in nearby fruit bind with the ethylene, inducing them to ripen and produce their own ethylene. Increased concentration of ethylene accelerates the ripening process in all the affected fruit, causing the release of more ethylene, which in turn enhances the ripening process.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b14fe34d1110″ question_number=”156″ topic=”4.5.Feedback”] Explain how insulin works to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

[a] When blood glucose levels increase above their optimal set point (about 90 mg/dL), Beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin into the blood. When insulin binds with insulin receptors in tissues in the liver and skeletal muscles, these cells open up glucose channels. Glucose diffuses from the blood into these cells, where it’s converted into glycogen, a polysaccharide. In fat cells, the absorbed glucose is converted into fat. This absorption of blood glucose lowers blood glucose levels back to the set point, and this feeds back to the pancreas, shutting down insulin secretion.

[q json=”true” unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1afe7001a0510″ question_number=”157″ topic=”4.5.Feedback”] Explain how glucagon works to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

[a] When blood glucose levels fall, alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon. Glucagon diffuses into the bloodstream. When glucagon binds with receptors in its target cells in the liver and skeletal muscles, it causes these cells to break down glycogen into glucose. The glucose diffuses into the bloodstream, raising blood glucose levels back to the set point. This is detected by cells in the pancreas, which shut down glucagon secretion.

[q json=”true” unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|d377d673b953″ question_number=”158″] Sketch a diagram showing how glucagon and insulin maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

[a] Key to unlabeled parts:

A. Glucose set point; D. Insulin; G. Blood glucose falls; J. Glucagon; L. Blood glucose rises.

[q json=”true” unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” question_number=”159″] What is the role of antagonistic negative feedback loops in maintaining homeostasis?

[a] Antagonistic negative feedback loops use two opposing mechanisms to stabilize a system. For example:
– Insulin decreases blood glucose levels when they are high.
– Glucagon increases blood glucose levels when they are low.
This dual mechanism ensures precise control of homeostasis.

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these quizzes

4.1. Homeostasis and Feeback: General Concepts

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Homeostasis, Endotherms, Ectotherms (v2.0)”]

[h]Homeostasis and Feedback: General Concepts

[i]

[q] The tendency of a living system to maintain internal stability, even in the face of external change, is called [hangman]. x

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[q]The optimal level around which a physiological variable fluctuates is called a [hangman] [hangman]

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[q]During the clotting process, each arriving cell platelet releases signals that attract more platelets. This type of feedback loop in which the system’s output leads to more output is called a [hangman] feedback loop. These loops are often characterized by an [hangman] increase in intensity until the system shuts down (indicated by the line indicating platelet numbers over time).

[c]cG9zaXRpdmU=[Qq]

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[q]During the birth process, the enlargement of the fetus leads to the activation of pressure sensors in the [hangman] (the bottom of the uterus). This causes nerve impulses to be sent to the [hangman] gland in the brain, which releases the hormone [hangman]. This feeds back to the uterus, triggering contractions that increase pressure on the cervix. The overall system is thus a [hangman] feedback loop.

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[q]In the diagram below, which number represents the release of the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream?

[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE Q=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUuIExldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7RCYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoZSByZWxlYXNlIG9mIG94eXRvY2luIGludG8gdGhlIGJsb29kc3RyZWFt[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q]Fruit ripening is stimulated by a plant hormone called [hangman] gas. The release of this gas causes nearby fruit to also release the gas, leading to a rapid rise in hormone levels. That makes this process a [hangman] feedback loop.

[c]ZXRoeWxlbmU=[Qq]

[c]cG9zaXRpdmU=[Qq]

[/qwiz]

4.2 Blood glucose regulation and Diabetes

[qwiz]

[q multiple_choice=”true”]In the diagram below, the effect of insulin can first be seen

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[c]QmV0d2VlbiBDIGFuZCBE[Qq]

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[q]In the diagram below, at what point would you predict that glucagon would be released?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE M=[Qq]

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[q]In the diagram below, at what point would glucose first start to be converted into glycogen and fat?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE I=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UuICYjODIyMDtCJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyB0aGUgaGlnaGVzdCBibG9vZCBnbHVjb3NlIGxldmVsLCBmb2xsb3dlZCBieSBhIGRyb3AuIFRoYXQgZHJvcCBvY2N1cnMgYXMgaW5zdWxpbiBpbmR1Y2VzIHRoZSBsaXZlciAoYW5kIG90aGVyIHRpc3N1ZXMpIHRvIGFic29yYiBnbHVjb3NlIGZyb20gdGhlIGJsb29kIGFuZCBjb252ZXJ0IGl0IGludG8gZ2x5Y29nZW4u[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBBcyBnbHVjb3NlIGlzIGNvbnZlcnRlZCBpbnRvIGdseWNvZ2VuIGFuZCBmYXQsIGJsb29kIGdsdWNvc2UgbGV2ZWxzIHdvdWxkIHN0YXJ0IGRyb3BwaW5nLiBBdCB3aGF0IHBvaW50IGRvIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhhdCBzdGFydGluZyB0byBoYXBwZW4/[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the glucose set point is represented by

[textentry single_char=”true”]

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[f]IE5pY2UuICYjODIyMDtFJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzZXQgcG9pbnQu[Qq]

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[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2V0IHBvaW50IGlzIHRoZSBsZXZlbCB0aGF0IHRoZSBib2R5IGlzICYjODIyMDt0cnlpbmcmIzgyMjE7IHRvIGFjaGlldmUgdGhyb3VnaCB2YXJpb3VzIGhvbWVvc3RhdGljIG1lY2hhbmlzbXMuIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgdmFsdWUgdGhhdCBldmVyeXRoaW5nIGluIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHNlZW1zIHRvIGJlIG9zY2lsbGF0aW5nIGFyb3VuZD8=[Qq]

[q]The organ that’s responsible for releasing the hormones that maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the [hangman]. The hormone that lowers blood glucose back to the set point is [hangman]. The hormone that raises blood glucose back to the set point is [hangman].

[c]cGFuY3JlYXM=[Qq]

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[q]To lower blood glucose levels, glucose in the blood is converted by cells in the liver and muscles into the polysaccharide [hangman] and [hangman], which is a lipid.

[c]Z2x5Y29nZW4=[Qq]

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[q]In the diagram below, insulin is at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

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[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJbnN1bGluIGlzIHRoZSBsaWdhbmQuIFdoZW4gaXQgYmluZHMgd2l0aCBpdHMgcmVjZXB0b3IsIGl0IGFsbG93cyBnbHVjb3NlIHRvIGRpZmZ1c2UgaW50byB0aGUgY2VsbC4=[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the insulin receptor is at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

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[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJbnN1bGluIGlzIHRoZSBsaWdhbmQuIFdoYXQgaXMgdGhpcyBsaWdhbmQgYmluZGluZyB3aXRoPw==[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, facilitated diffusion of glucose is indicated by

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[f]IE5pY2UuwqAgTGV0dGVyICYjODIyMDtlJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyBnbHVjb3NlIGVudGVyaW5nIGludG8gY2VsbHMgdGhyb3VnaCBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbCwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hhdCBmYWNpbGl0YXRlZCBkaWZmdXNpb24gaXMgYWxsIGFib3V0Lg==[Qq]

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[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBMb29rIGZvciBhIG1vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBkaWZmdXNpbmcgaW50byB0aGUgY2VsbCB0aHJvdWdoIGEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsLiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZmFjaWxpdGF0ZWQgZGlmZnVzaW9uLg==[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, a signal transduction cascade is indicated by

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[q]In the diagram below, glycogen formation is shown at

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[q]In the diagram below, glycolysis is shown at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

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[q labels = “top”]

[l]Alpha cells release glucagon

[f*] Great!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]Beta cells release insulin

[f*] Excellent!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]Blood glucose falls

[f*] Good!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]Blood glucose rises

[f*] Great!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l]Body cells take up glucose

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]Liver breaks down glycogen, releases glucose

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]Liver takes up glucose; makes glycogen

[f*] Good!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]insulin

[f*] Great!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l]glucagon

[f*] Great!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[q] In the diagram below, which letter shows where Beta cells would be releasing insulin?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE M=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gJiM4MjIwO0MmIzgyMjE7IHNob3dzIHRoZSBwYW5jcmVhcyByZWxlYXNpbmcgaW5zdWxpbiBpbiByZXNwb25zZSB0byBhIHJpc2UgaW4gYmxvb2QgZ2x1Y29zZS4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q] In the diagram below, where would glucose be converted into glycogen?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE Y=[Qq]

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[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q] In the diagram below, what letter indicates insulin?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]RA ==[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiAmIzgyMjA7RCYjODIyMTsgaGFzIHRvIGJlIGluc3VsaW46IHRoZSBob3Jtb25lIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByZWxlYXNlZCBpbiByZXNwb25zZSB0byByaXNpbmcgYmxvb2QgbGV2ZWxzLg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q] In the diagram below, what letter indicates falling blood glucose levels?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Rw ==[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUuICYjODIyMDtHJiM4MjIxOyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgdGhlIGJvZHkmIzgyMTc7cyByZXNwb25zZSB0byBpbnN1bGluIHJlbGVhc2U6IGZhbGxpbmcgYmxvb2QgZ2x1Y29zZSBsZXZlbHMu[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBibG9vZCBnbHVjb3NlIGxldmVscyB3aWxsIGZhbGwgaW4gcmVzcG9uc2UgdG8gdGhlIHJlbGVhc2Ugb2YgaW5zdWxpbiwgd2hpY2ggaXMgcmVsZWFzZWQgaW4gcmVzcG9uc2UgdG8gcmlzaW5nIGJsb29kIGdsdWNvc2UgbGV2ZWxzLg==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, what letter indicates glucagon?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Sg ==[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUuICYjODIyMDtKJiM4MjIxOyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgZ2x1Y2Fnb24=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBnbHVjYWdvbiBpcyByZWxlYXNlZCBpbiByZXNwb25zZSB0byByaXNpbmcgYmxvb2QgZ2x1Y29zZSBsZXZlbHMu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, what letter indicates where glycogen is being broken down to glucose?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Sw ==[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UuICYjODIyMDtLJiM4MjIxOyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGxpdmVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGJyZWFraW5nIGRvd24gZ2x5Y29nZW4gdG8gZ2x1Y29zZS4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q] In the diagram below, what letter indicates where Beta cells are releasing insulin?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Qw ==[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugd29yay4gJiM4MjIwO0MmIzgyMjE7IGluZGljYXRlcyB3aGVyZSBiZXRhIGNlbGxzIGluIHRoZSBwYW5jcmVhcyB3b3VsZCBiZSByZWxlYXNpbmcgaW5zdWxpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBCZXRhIGNlbGxzIHJlbGVhc2UgaW5zdWxpbi4gVGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgd2hhdCBvcmdhbiByZWxlYXNlcyBpbnN1bGluLCBhbmQgdW5kZXIgd2hhdCBjb25kaXRpb25zIGluc3VsaW4gaXMgcmVsZWFzZWQu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, what letter indicates where alpha cells are releasing glucagon?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]SQ ==[Qq]

[f]IFdheSB0byBnby4gJiM4MjIwO0kmIzgyMjE7IGluZGljYXRlcyB3aGVyZSBhbHBoYSBjZWxscyBpbiB0aGUgcGFuY3JlYXMgd291bGQgYmUgcmVsZWFzaW5nIGdsdWNhZ29uLg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBBbHBoYSBjZWxscyBpbiB0aGUgcGFuY3JlYXMgcmVsZWFzZSBnbHVjYWdvbiwgd2hpY2ggaXMgcmVsZWFzZWQgd2hlbiBibG9vZCBnbHVjb3NlIGZhbGxzIGJlbG93IHRoZSBzZXQgcG9pbnQuIFB1dCB0aG9zZSB0d28gdG9nZXRoZXIsIGFuZCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7bGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[q]Whereas Type 1 diabetes generally occurs in [hangman], Type 2 diabetes is generally a disease of [hangman].

[c]Y2hpbGRyZW4=[Qq]

[c]YWR1bHRz[Qq]

[q] The diagram below shows how in type 2 diabetes, cells stop responding to [hangman]. As a result, [hangman] (at “2”) won’t [hangman] through membrane channels (shown at “4”). As a result, the concentration of glucose in the [hangman] rises to high levels.

x

[c]IGluc3VsaW4=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGRpZmZ1c2U=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGJsb29k[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the glucose transporter is shown at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Q=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgSW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gYWJvdmUsICYjODIyMDs0JiM4MjIxOyBpcyB0aGUgZ2x1Y29zZSB0cmFuc3BvcnRlci4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludC4gJiM4MjIwOzImIzgyMjE7IGlzIGdsdWNvc2UuIEhvdyBpcyBpdCBlbnRlcmluZyB0aGUgY2VsbHMgaW4gYSBwZXJzb24gd2l0aG91dCBUeXBlIDIgZGlhYmV0ZXM/[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, insulin is represented by

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iISBJbiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBhYm92ZSwgJiM4MjIwOzEmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgaW5zdWxpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgaGVyZSBhcmUgYSBmZXcgaGludHMuIEZpcnN0LCBpbnN1bGluIGlzIGEgcHJvdGVpbiB0aGF0IGNhbiBiZSBmb3VuZCBpbiB0aGUgYmxvb2RzdHJlYW0uIFNlY29uZCwgaW5zdWxpbiBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUgcmVjZXB0b3IgYnV0IGRvZXNuJiM4MjE3O3QgZW50ZXIgdGhlIGNlbGwu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, normal blood glucose levels are represented by number

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID c=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUhIEluIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIGFib3ZlLCAmIzgyMjA7NyYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBub3JtYWwgYmxvb2QgZ2x1Y29zZSBsZXZlbHMu[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludC4gJiM4MjIwOzImIzgyMjE7IGlzIGdsdWNvc2UuIFdoZXJlIGRvIHlvdSBzZWUganVzdCBhIGZldyBnbHVjb3NlIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBpbiB0aGUgYmxvb2RzdHJlYW0/[Qq]

[/qwiz]

4.3 Homeostasis and Feeback Quiz 3

[qwiz style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” random=”true”]

[h] Feedback and Homeostasis

[i]Note from Mr. W. Some of the feedback loops in this quiz will be new to you. Yet by thinking about the principles of negative and positive feedback, you should be able to answer them. You can do it!

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|13c9a8de9a02e7″ question_number=”179″]
To maintain blood osmolarity at an optimal level, humans and other animals can mobilize membrane channels called aquaporins to the cells making up the collecting ducts of nephrons, the tubules that make up the kidneys (the organs that create urine). When the collecting duct cells have many aquaporins, water leaves the collecting ducts and gets reabsorbed into the blood. As a result, only a small volume of urine leaves the body, and that urine is highly concentrated with solutes such as urea.

Which environmental conditions would cause a mammal’s kidneys to mobilize the most aquaporins to the collecting ducts of their nephrons?

[c]IENvbGQgd2VhdGhlciB0aGF0IGNhdXNlcyBzaWduaWZpY2FudCBzaGl2ZXJpbmcsIGFjY29tcGFuaWVkIGJ5IGEgbGFjayBvZiBhY2Nlc3MgdG8gd2F0ZXIu[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IEhvdCB3ZWF0aGVyIHRoYXQgY2F1c2VzIGFidW5kYW50IHN3ZWF0aW5nLC BhY2NvbXBhbmllZCBieSBhIGxhY2sgb2YgYWNjZXNzIHRvIHdhdGVyLg==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IGpvYi4gV2hlbiBhIG1hbW1hbCBleHBlcmllbmNlcyBkZWh5ZHJhdGlvbiwgdGhleSYjODIxNztsbCByZXNwb25kIGJ5IG1vYmlsaXppbmcgYXF1YXBvcmlucyB0byB0aGUgY29sbGVjdGluZyBkdWN0LCB3aGljaCByZWFic29yYnMgd2F0ZXIgYmFjayBpbnRvIHRoZSBibG9vZHN0cmVhbSAoYW5kIGtlZXBzIHRoYXQgd2F0ZXIgd2l0aGluIHRoZSBib2R5LCByYXRoZXIgdGhhbiBleGNyZXRpbmcgaXQgYXMgdXJpbmUpLg==[Qq]

[c]IEhvdCB3ZWF0aGVyIHRoYXQgY2F1c2VzIGFidW5kYW50IHN3ZWF0aW5nLCBhY2NvbXBhbmllZCBieSBhY2Nlc3MgdG8gd2F0ZXIu[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IENvbGQgd2VhdGhlciB0aGF0IGNhdXNlcyBzaWduaWZpY2FudCBzaGl2ZXJpbmcsIGFjY29tcGFuaWVkwqBieSBhY2Nlc3MgdG8gd2F0ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiB5b3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgdGhlIGNvbmRpdGlvbnMgdGhhdCB3b3VsZCBjYXVzZSB0aGUgbWF4aW11bSBhbW91bnQgb2YgZGVoeWRyYXRpb24uIFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiZWNhdXNlIHdoZW4gYSBtYW1tYWwgZXhwZXJpZW5jZXMgZGVoeWRyYXRpb24sIHRoZXkmIzgyMTc7bGwgcmVzcG9uZCBieSBtb2JpbGl6aW5nIGFxdWFwb3JpbnMgdG8gdGhlIGNvbGxlY3RpbmcgZHVjdCwgd2hpY2ggcmVhYnNvcmJzIHdhdGVyIGJhY2sgaW50byB0aGUgYmxvb2RzdHJlYW0gKGFuZCBrZWVwcyB0aGF0IHdhdGVyIHdpdGhpbiB0aGUgYm9keSwgcmF0aGVyIHRoYW4gZXhjcmV0aW5nIGl0IGFzIHVyaW5lKS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|13c87c849c1ee7″ question_number=”180″] The chart below depicts glucose homeostasis in mammals.

After a carbohydrate-rich meal, how would the system respond?

[c]IFRoZSBsaXZlciB3b3VsZCBzZWNyZXRlIGdsdWNhZ29uIHNvIHRoYXQgZ2x1Y29zZSBjYW4gYmUgY29udmVydGVkIGludG8gZ2x5Y29nZW4gYW5kIGZhdC4=[Qq]

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[c]IFRoZSBwYW5jcmVhcyB3b3VsZCBzZWNyZXRlIGdsdWNhZ29uIHNvIHRoYXQgZ2x5Y29nZW4gY2FuIGJlIGh5ZHJvbHl6ZWQgaW50byBnbHVjb3NlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBZnRlciBhIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZS1yaWNoIG1lYWwsIGJsb29kIGdsdWNvc2Ugd291bGQgYmUgYWJvdmUgdGhlIHNldCBwb2ludC4gV2hhdCBob3Jtb25lIHdvdWxkIGJlIHJlbGVhc2VkLCBhbmQgd2hhdCB3b3VsZCBiZSB0aGUgZWZmZWN0cz8=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBsaXZlciB3b3VsZCBzZWNyZXRlIGluc3VsaW4gc28gdGhhdCBnbHVjb3NlIGNhbiBiZSBjb252ZXJ0ZWQgdG8gZ2x5Y29nZW4gYW5kIGZhdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHVkeSB0aGUgY2hhcnQuIFdoYXQgc2VjcmV0ZXMgdGhlIGluc3VsaW4/[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBwYW5jcmVhcyB3b3VsZCBzZWNyZXRlIGluc3VsaW4gc28gdGhhdCBnbH Vjb3NlIGNhbiBiZSBjb252ZXJ0ZWQgaW50byBnbHljb2dlbiBhbmQgZmF0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IFdheSB0byBnby4gQWZ0ZXIgYSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUtcmljaCBtZWFsLCBibG9vZCBnbHVjb3NlIGxldmVscyBpbmNyZWFzZS4gVGhlIHBhbmNyZWFzIHJlc3BvbmRzIGJ5IHJlbGVhc2luZyBpbnN1bGluLCB3aGljaCBjYXVzZXMgY2VsbHMgaW4gdGhlIGxpdmVyLCBmYXQgY2VsbHMsIGFuZCBtdXNjbGUgY2VsbHMgdG8gYWJzb3JiIGdsdWNvc2UgYnkgY29udmVydGluZyBpdCBpbnRvIGdseWNvZ2VuIG9yIGZhdC4gVGhpcyBsb3dlcnMgYmxvb2QgZ2x1Y29zZSBiYWNrIHRvIHRoZSBzZXQgcG9pbnQsIHJlc3RvcmluZyBob21lb3N0YXNpcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|13c773175096e7″ question_number=”181″] The chart below depicts glucose homeostasis in mammals.

If a wolf is unable to get food for many hours, the system would lead the

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[c]IGxpdmVyIHRvIHNlY3JldGUgaW5zdWxpbiBzbyB0aGF0IGdsdWNvc2UgY2FuIGJlIGNvbnZlcnRlZCB0byBnbHljb2dlbiBhbmQgZmF0Lg==[Qq]

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[c]IHBhbmNyZWFzIHRvIHNlY3JldGUgaW5zdWxpbiBzbyB0aGF0IGdseWNvZ2VuIGFuZCBmYXQgY2FuIGJlIGJyb2tlbiBkb3duIGludG8gZ2x1Y29zZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiB0aGUgd29sZiBnb2VzIGhvdXJzIHdpdGhvdXQgZWF0aW5nLCBpdHMgZ2x1Y29zZSB3aWxsIGZhbGwgYmVsb3cgdGhlIHNldCBwb2ludC4gSW4gdGhhdCBjYXNlLCB3aGF0IGhvcm1vbmUgaXMgcmVsZWFzZWQ/

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|13c611304136e7″ question_number=”182″] The process of oxytocin release during childbirth involves positive feedback because

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[f]IFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByaWdodC4gSW4gYSBwb3NpdGl2ZSBmZWVkYmFjayBsb29wLCB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIGFtcGxpZmllcyAoaW5jcmVhc2VzKSBpdHMgb3V0cHV0Lg==[Qq]

[c]IHN0cmV0Y2ggcmVjZXB0b3JzIGluIHRoZSB1dGVydXMgc2VuZCBhIHN0aW11bGF0b3J5IHNpZ25hbCB0byB0aGUgYnJhaW4gdG8gcmVzcG9uZCB0byB0aGUgYmFieSYjODIxNztzIGluY3JlYXNlZCBzaXplLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdGltdWxhdG9yeSBzaWduYWxzIGluIGFuZCBvZiB0aGVtc2VsdmVzIGRvbiYjODIxNzt0IG1ha2UgYSBmZWVkYmFjayBsb29wIGEgcG9zaXRpdmU=IGZlZWRiYWNrIGxvb3AuIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByZXF1aXJlZCBpcyBmb3IgdGhlIG91dHB1dCBvZiB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIHRvIGNhdXNlIGEgY2hhbmdlIHRoYXQgYW1wbGlmaWVzIHRoZSBvdXRwdXQgb2YgdGhlIHN5c3RlbS4=[Qq]

[c]IGFmdGVyIHNpZ25hbHMgZnJvbSB0aGUgdXRlcnVzIGFycml2ZSBhdCB0aGUgYnJhaW4sIHRoZSBwaXR1aXRhcnkgZ2xhbmQgcmVzcG9uZHMgYnkgcmVsZWFzaW5nIG94eXRvY2luLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZWxlYXNlIG9mIGEgaG9ybW9uZSBpbiByZXNwb25zZSB0byBhIHNpZ25hbCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IG1ha2UgYSBmZWVkYmFjayBsb29wIGEgcG9zaXRpdmU=IGZlZWRiYWNrIGxvb3AuIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByZXF1aXJlZCBpcyBmb3IgdGhlIG91dHB1dCBvZiB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIHRvIGNhdXNlIGEgY2hhbmdlIHRoYXQgYW1wbGlmaWVzIHRoZSBvdXRwdXQgb2YgdGhlIHN5c3RlbS4=[Qq]

[c]IG94eXRvY2luIHJlbGVhc2UgaGFzIHBvc2l0aXZlIGVmZmVjdHMsIGluY3JlYXNpbmcgZml0bmVzcyBhbmQgc3Vydml2YWwu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNb3N0IGZlZWRiYWNrIGxvb3BzIGFyZSBhZGFwdGl2ZSwgaW5jcmVhc2luZyBmaXRuZXNzIGFuZCBzdXJ2aXZhbC4gRm9yIGEgZmVlZGJhY2sgbG9vcCB0byBiZSBhIHBvc2l0aXZlIGZlZWRiYWNrIGxvb3AsIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByZXF1aXJlZCBpcyBmb3IgdGhlIG91dHB1dCBvZiB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIHRvIGNhdXNlIGEgY2hhbmdlIHRoYXQgYW1wbGlmaWVzIHRoZSBvdXRwdXQgb2YgdGhlIHN5c3RlbS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|20c4122affc45a” question_number=”183″ unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback”] Like humans, elephants maintain a relatively constant body temperature.

Which of the following actions would have the greatest effect on decreasing the body temperature of an elephant in extremely hot conditions?

[c]IEZsYXBwaW5nIH RoZWlyIGVhcnM=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgVGhlIGVsZXBoYW50cyYjODIxNzsgZWFycyBwcm92aWRlIGl0IHdpdGggZXh0cmEgc3VyZmFjZSBhcmVhLiBGbGFwcGluZyB0aGUgZWFycyBhbGxvd3MgaGVhdCB0byBkaWZmdXNlIGZyb20gdGhlIGJsb29kIGluIHRoZSBlYXJzIGludG8gdGhlIGV4dGVybmFsIGVudmlyb25tZW50Lg==[Qq]

[c]IEh1ZGRsaW5nIHdpdGggb3RoZXIgZWxlcGhhbnRz[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IERlY3JlYXNpbmcgYmxvb2QgZmxvdyB0byB0aGUgZWFycw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEZWNyZWFzaW5nIGJsb29kIGZsb3cgYXdheSBmcm9tIHRoZSBleHRyZW1pdGllcyBpcyBhbiBhZGFwdGF0aW9uIGZvciA=cmVkdWNpbmc=IGhlYXQgbG9zcy4gVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIHdoeSB5b3VyIGZlZXQgYW5kIGhhbmRzIGdldCBjb2xkIGluIGNvbGQgd2VhdGhlci4gSW4gd2hhdCYjODIxNztzIGRlc2NyaWJlZCBhYm92ZSwgdGhlIGVsZXBoYW50cyBuZWVkIHRvIGluY3JlYXNlIGhlYXQgZXhjaGFuZ2Ugd2l0aCB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgc28gdGhhdCB0aGV5IGNhbiBsb3dlciB0aGVpciBib2R5IHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlLiBXaGljaCBvZiB0aGUgY2hvaWNlcyBkZXNjcmliZXMgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgd291bGQgZW5hYmxlIHRoZW0gdG8gZXhjaGFuZ2UgbW9yZSBoZWF0IHdpdGggdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50Pw==[Qq]

[c]IEZvbGRpbmcgdGhlaXIgZWFycyBhZ2FpbnN0IHRoZWlyIGJvZHk=[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|20ca99e4593c5a” question_number=”184″ unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback”] The figure below represents how carbon dioxide concentration is regulated in the arterial blood of a human.

As the carbon dioxide concentration returns to normal levels, which of the following events is most likely to occur?

[c]IENvbnRyYWN0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSByZXNwaXJhdG9yeSBtdXNjbGVzIHN0b3BzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIYXZpbmcgdGhlIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IG11c2NsZXMgc3RvcCB3b3VsZCBiZSBkaXNhc3Ryb3VzIChiZWNhdXNlIGl0IHdvdWxkIGNhdXNlIGJyZWF0aGluZyB0byBjZWFzZSkuIFdoYXQgbWlnaHQgYmUgYSBsZXNzIGRyYXN0aWMgcmVzcG9uc2U/[Qq]

[c]IEEgcGVyc29uJiM4MjE3O3MgYnJlYXRoaW5n IHJhdGUgYW5kIGRlcHRoIGRlY3JlYXNlLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gSW5jcmVhc2VkIGJyZWF0aGluZyByYXRlcyB3aWxsIGRlY3JlYXNlIGJsb29kIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24uIEluIHJlc3BvbnNlLCBicmVhdGhpbmcgcmF0ZSBhbmQgZGVwdGggd2lsbCBkZWNyZWFzZSBhcyBob21lb3N0YXNpcyBpcyByZXN0b3JlZC4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgbmVydmUgaW1wdWxzZXMgdG8gdGhlIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IG11c2NsZXMgaW5jcmVhc2VzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBsZXZlbHMgZGVjcmVhc2UsIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgbmVydmUgaW1wdWxzZXMgdG8gdGhlIG11c2NsZXMgc2hvdWxkIGFsc28gZGVjcmVhc2Uu[Qq]

[c]IEluIHRoZSBicmFpbiwgdGhlIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGNlbnRlciBmYWlscyB0byB0cmFuc21pdCBtb3RvciBuZXJ2ZSBpbXB1bHNlcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGF0IHdvdWxkIGJlIGRpc2FzdHJvdXMgYmVjYXVzZSBpdCB3b3VsZCBsZWFkIGJyZWF0aGluZyB0byBjZWFzZS4gU2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gdGhpbmsgb2YgYSBsZXNzIGRyYXN0aWMgcmVzcG9uc2Uu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|14db1e0ec29fd2″ question_number=”185″] The diagram below shows events that help control milk production in humans. When a baby is present, which of the following statements is most correct?

[c]IFRoZSBzdWNrbGluZyBiYWJ5IHN0aW11bGF0ZXMgdG91Y2ggcmVjZXB0b3JzIGluIHRoZSBuaXBwbGUgd2hpY2ggc3RpbXVsYXRlcyB0aGUgc2VjcmV0aW9uIG9mIFBJSCBmcm9tIHRoZSBoeXBvdGhhbGFtdXMuIEJlY2F1c2UgUElIIGluaGliaXRzIHRoZSBzZWNyZXRpb24gb2YgcHJvbGFjdGluLCBubyBtaWxrIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOb3RlIHRoYXQgc3Vja2luZyBpbmhpYml0cyB0aGUgaHlwb3RoYWxhbXVzLCB3aGljaCBvbmx5IHNlY3JldGVzIFBJSCBvbmx5IGluIHRoZSBhYnNlbmNlIG9mIHN1Y2tpbmcsIG5vdCBpbiBpdHMgcHJlc2VuY2Uu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBzdWNrbGluZyBiYWJ5IHN0aW11bGF0ZXMgdG91Y2ggcmVjZXB0b3JzIGluIHRoZSBuaXBwbGUgd2hpY2ggaW5oaWJpdHMgdGhlIHNlY3JldGlvbiBvZiBQSU ggZnJvbSB0aGUgaHlwb3RoYWxhbXVzLiBBcyBhIHJlc3VsdCwgcHJvbGFjdGluIGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGFuZCBtb3JlIGJyZWFzdCBtaWxrIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gU3Vja2luZyBzdGltdWxhdGVzIHRvdWNoIHJlY2VwdG9ycyB3aGljaCBpbmhpYml0IGh5cG90aGFsYW1pYyBQSUguIFNpbmNlIFBJSCBpcyBubyBsb25nZXIgc2VjcmV0ZWQsIHByb2xhY3RpbiByZWxlYXNlIGlzIG5vIGxvbmdlciBpbmhpYml0ZWQuwqAgVGhpcyBzdGltdWxhdGVzIG1pbGsgcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBzdWNrbGluZyBiYWJ5IHN0aW11bGF0ZXMgdG91Y2ggcmVjZXB0b3JzIGluIHRoZSBuaXBwbGUgd2hpY2ggY2F1c2VzIHRoZSBoeXBvdGhhbGFtdXMgdG8gcmVsZWFzZSBwcm9sYWN0aW4uIFByb2xhY3RpbiBzdGltdWxhdGVzIEZJTCB3aGljaCBpbmNyZWFzZXMgdGhlIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgbWlsay4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOb3RlIHRoZSBsaW5lIGJldHdlZW4gRklMIGFuZCBtaWxrIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24uIFRoZSBlZmZlY3Qgb2YgRklMIGlzIHRvIGluaGliaXQgbWlsayBwcm9kdWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBzdWNrbGluZyBiYWJ5IHN0aW11bGF0ZXMgdG91Y2ggcmVjZXB0b3JzIGluIHRoZSBuaXBwbGUgd2hpY2ggbGVhZHMgdG8gdGhlIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgRklMLiBGSUwgc3RpbXVsYXRlcyBtaWxrIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gYXMgd2VsbCBhcyBpdHMgc2VjcmV0aW9uIGluIG1pbGsu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgcmlnaHQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIHNlY29uZCBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoaXMgYW5zd2VyLCBidXQgbm90IHRoZSBmaXJzdCBwYXJ0LiBOb3RlIHRoZSBsaW5lIGJldHdlZW4gRklMIGFuZCBtaWxrIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24uIFRoZSBlZmZlY3Qgb2YgRklMIGlzIHRvIGluaGliaXQgbWlsayBwcm9kdWN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|14da458670cbd2″ question_number=”186″] The diagram below shows events that help control milk production in humans. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of how the system works?

[c]IFRoaXMgaXMgYW4gZXhhbXBsZSBvZiBwb3NpdGl2ZSBmZWVkYmFjayBiZWNhdXNlIG1vcmUgc3Vja2luZyBsZWFkcyB0aG UgcGl0dWl0YXJ5IHRvIHJlbGVhc2UgcHJvbGFjdGluLCB3aGljaCBsZWFkcyB0byBtb3JlIG1pbGsgcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UuIFN1Y2tpbmcgaW5oaWJpdHMgdGhlIGh5cG90aGFsYW11cyBmcm9tIHJlbGVhc2luZyBQSUguIFdpdGhvdXQgUElILMKgIHRoZSBwaXR1aXRhcnkgcmVsZWFzZXMgcHJvbGFjdGluLCB3aGljaCBsZWFkcyB0byBtb3JlIG1pbGsgcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4gTW9yZSBtaWxrIGluZ2VzdGlvbiBsZWFkcyB0byBhIGxhcmdlciBiYWJ5IGFuZCBhIGdyZWF0ZXIgbmVlZCBmb3IgbWlsayBwcm9kdWN0aW9uLiBUaGlzIGFtcGxpZmljYXRpb24gaXMgcG9zaXRpdmUgZmVlZGJhY2su[Qq]

[c]IFRoaXMgaXMgYW4gZXhhbXBsZSBvZiBwb3NpdGl2ZSBmZWVkYmFjayBiZWNhdXNlIHN1Y2tpbmcgaW5jcmVhc2VzIHRoZSBoeXBvdGhhbGFtaWMgc2VjcmV0aW9uIG9mIFBJSCwgd2hpY2ggaW5jcmVhc2VzIHByb2xhY3Rpbiwgd2hpY2ggaW5jcmVhc2VzIG1pbGsgcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdWNraW5nIGluaGliaXRzIHRoZSBoeXBvdGhhbGFtaWMgcmVsZWFzZSBvZiBQSUgu[Qq]

[c]IFRoaXMgaXMgYW4gZXhhbXBsZSBvZiBuZWdhdGl2ZSBmZWVkYmFjayBiZWNhdXNlIHN1Y2tpbmcgc3RpbXVsYXRlcyB0YWN0aWxlIHJlY2VwdG9ycyBpbiB0aGUgbmlwcGxlLCB3aGljaCBoYXZlIGEgbmVnYXRpdmUgZWZmZWN0IG9uIHRoZSBoeXBvdGhhbGFtaWMgcmVsZWFzZSBvZiBQSUgu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgaW5oaWJpdGlvbiBvZiBQSUggYWxsb3dzIHRoZSBwaXR1aXRhcnkgZ2xhbmQgdG8gcmVsZWFzZSBwcm9sYWN0aW4sIHdoaWNoIHN0aW11bGF0ZXMgbWlsayBwcm9kdWN0aW9uLCB3aGljaCB0aGVuIGdvZXMgdG8gdGhlIGJhYnksIHdoaWNoIHdpbGwgaW5nZXN0IG1vcmUgbWlsayBhbmQgZ3JvdyBiaWdnZXIsIHJlcXVpcmluZyBtb3JlIG1pbGsuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBmZWVkYmFjayBsb29wIGlzIHRoYXQ/[Qq]

[c]IFRoaXMgaXMgYW4gZXhhbXBsZSBvZiBuZWdhdGl2ZSBmZWVkYmFjayBiZWNhdXNlIHRocmVlIGluaGliaXRvcnkgcGF0aHdheXMgYXJlIGludm9sdmVkOiB0YWN0aWxlIHJlY2VwdG9ycyB0byB0aGUgaHlwb3RoYWxhbXVzLCBQSUggdG8gcHJvbGFjdGluLCBhbmQgRklMIHRvIG1pbGsgcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”4.Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Feedback” topic=”4.5.Feedback” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|14d94a116c9bd2″ question_number=”187″] The diagram below shows events that help control milk production in humans. A breastfeeding mother has a bacterial infection of the kidneys which is typically treated with the antibiotic amoxicillin. Although research shows that very little amoxicillin is secreted in milk, the mother and her doctor want to avoid feeding the milk to the baby during the course of the 10-day treatment. Assuming that the mother wants to continue to breastfeed after the infection is resolved, which of the following courses of treatment will be most effective based on the feedback mechanism shown in the diagram?

[c]IFN0b3AgYnJlYXN0ZmVlZGluZyBhbmQgZmVlZCBmb3JtdWxhIHRvIHRoZSBiYWJ5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdG9wcGluZyBicmVhc3RmZWVkaW5nIGFsbG93cyBGSUwgdG8gYWNjdW11bGF0ZSBpbiB0aGUgYnJlYXN0LiBXaGF0IGVmZmVjdCB3aWxsIHRoYXQgaGF2ZSBvbiBmdXR1cmUgbWlsayBwcm9kdWN0aW9uPyBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBjb3Vyc2Ugb2YgYWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IFN0b3AgYnJlYXN0ZmVlZGluZyBhbmQgcHVtcCBtaWxrIHRvIHN0aW11bGF0ZSB0aGUgdGFjdGlsZSByZWNlcHRvcnMg aW4gdGhlIGJyZWFzdC7CoCBEaXNjYXJkIHRoZSBtaWxrIGFuZCBmZWVkIHRoZSBiYWJ5IGZvcm11bGEgaW5zdGVhZC4=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qgd29yayHCoCBGSUwgaW5oaWJpdHMgbWlsayBwcm9kdWN0aW9uLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUsIHRvIGNvbnRpbnVlIG1pbGsgcHJvZHVjdGlvbiBhZnRlciB0aGUgMTAtZGF5IGNvdXJzZSBvZiB0cmVhdG1lbnQsIEZJTCBtdXN0IGJlIHJlbW92ZWQgZnJvbSB0aGUgYnJlYXN0LiBUaGF0IGNhbiBiZSBhY2NvbXBsaXNoZWQgYnkgcHVtcGluZyBtaWxrIChhbmQgZGlzY2FyZGluZyBpdCku[Qq]

[c]IFRha2UgdGhlIGFtb3hpY2lsbGluIGFuZCBjb250aW51ZSBicmVhc3RmZWVkaW5nLsKgIFNpbmNlIG9ubHkgc21hbGwgYW1vdW50cyBvZiB0aGUgZHJ1ZyB3aWxsIGJlIHNlY3JldGVkIGluIHRoZSBtaWxrLCB0aGVyZSBpcyBubyByaXNrIHRvIHRoZSBiYWJ5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IHRoZSBtb3RoZXIgYW5kIGRvY3RvciB3YW50IHRvIGF2b2lkIGZlZWRpbmcgbWlsayB0byB0aGUgYmFieSBkdXJpbmcgdGhlIDEwLWRheSBjb3Vyc2Ugb2YgdHJlYXRtZW50IHdpdGggYW1veGljaWxsaW4uIE5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIGNvdXJzZSBvZiBhY3Rpb24u[Qq]

[c]IERvIG5vdCB0YWtlIHRoZSBtZWRpY2luZSBhbmQgY29udGludWUgYnJlYXN0ZmVlZGluZy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbW90aGVyIG5lZWRzIHRvIHRha2UgYW1veGljaWxsaW4gdG8ga2VlcCB0aGUgaW5mZWN0aW9uIGZyb20gcHJvZ3Jlc3NpbmcuIE5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIGNvdXJzZSBvZiBhY3Rpb24u[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Please proceed to the next tutorial, The Cell Cycle and Mitosis