1. Watch this video

2. Study this video summary: What’s the Evidence for Evolution

Evolution means descent with modification. That means that as species evolve, they change over time. The following points provide evidence for evolutionary change.

Homologous Traits:

Traits shared by related species that have a common structure and embryological origin.
The fact that these traits are shared among related species can only be explained by descent with modification from a common ancestor.
Examples:
- Homologous forelimbs of humans, dogs, birds, and whales. Each has a common underlying structure, but has diverged into a variety of functions in each group.
- Beaks of the Galapagos finches, each of which has evolved to exploit a specific food source.

Adaptive Radiation:

Adaptive radiation occurs when a single parent species produces several descendant species, each with unique adaptations that allow them to fill different ecological niches.
As the descendant species evolve and diverges, shared features evolve into homologous traits.
Adaptive radiation is most easily observed in islands, as in the Galapagos finch example immediately above.

Vestigial Structures:

Vestigial structures are a special type of homology, in which the feature inherited from an ancestor becomes nonfunctional.
Examples: Whale pelvis, human coccyx (tailbone).

Molecular Homologies:

Molecular homologies are molecules that, by their structure and monomer sequence, indicate common ancestry.
An example is hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in all vertebrates. In all vertebrates, hemoglobin has the same structure (two alpha chains and two beta chains).
The differences in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin in different species correspond to morphological similarities and differences among various vertebrate species and the fossil record.
This pattern repeats with other proteins, such as cytochrome c; specific gene sequences; and RNA.

Pseudogenes:

Nonfunctional genes that are remnants of functional genes in ancestors.
Example: GLO pseudogene for vitamin C synthesis in primates, which is homologous to functional GLO genes in most other mammals.

Deep homologies:

Deep homologies are shared features that emerged in ancient common ancestors and are shared by all of their descendants.
Examples:
- DNA, ATP, the universal genetic code, ribosomes, shared metabolic pathways, ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis show that all life had a common ancestor
- Mitochondria, linear chromosomes, DNA packaging systems, linear chromosomes, and other features indicate the all eukaryotes had a common ancestor.

Convergent Evolution:

Convergent evolution occurs when similar selective pressures result in superficially similar adaptations on the part of populations that are subject to these pressures.
The similarity is analogous (similar function, but not structure), as opposed to homologous (arising from common ancestry).

Biogeography

Study of the distribution of species over time and space.
The pattern of species distribution indicates that species arose in one location and then spread (through adaptive radiation).
Explains convergent evolution and analogous features among distantly related animals that have evolved into similar ecological niches.
Example: Parallel evolution of Australian marsupials and North American placental mammals.

Embryological Evidence:

Early embryos of various groups of organisms (vertebrates, arthropods, mollusks) look similar. Throughout development, the embryo differentiates, adopting the body form of the adults of that lineage.
This similarity of the pattern indicates common ancestry, with subsequent descent with modification in each lineage.
In addition, embryos often show vestigial features that can only be explained through inheritance from a common ancestor.

Shared Developmental Genes:

These shared genes are often switches that trigger the development of structures in widely divergent groups of animals.

Examples of developmental genes shared by chordates and arthropods.

A gene called eyeless is a master switch that turns on eye development in animals as diverse as arthropods and vertebrates.
Homeotic genes, versions of which are shared by all animals. specify which limbs should grow in which section of the body.

These shared genes are homologies and indicate that all animals share a common ancestor that existed about 600 million years ago.

Fossil Evidence:

Fossils show evolutionary changes over time through transitional forms.
Fossils can be dated through two methods:
- Relative Dating: Shows which follows are older than others. Based on rock layer position (superposition).
- Absolute Dating: Uses radioactive isotopes and half-life calculations to show when fossils were formed.

Modern Examples of Evolution:

The examples below, mostly involving resistance genes, are examples of evolutionary changes that have been directly observed by scientists within modern times.

DDT resistance in mosquitoes.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Herbicide resistance in weeds.
Chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck style=”min-height: 450px width: 650px !important;” bold_text=”false” random=”false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Evidence for Evolution, APBVP”]

[h] Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

[i]

[!]7.6-7.8.Evidence of Evolution and Common Ancestry[/!]

[start]

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4d0c2076de638″ question_number=”16″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] DDT is a pesticide (a substance that kills agricultural pests, usually insects) that was first developed in the 1940s. It was widely used for mosquito control as a way of reducing malaria (because mosquitos are the main vector for spreading the plasmodium parasite that causes malaria). In almost every country where it has been used, however, mosquitoes have developed resistance to this pesticide’s effect. Explain.

Illustrative example: Natural Selection

[a] Resistance to DDT in mosquito populations evolved through natural selection. Here’s how: In any mosquito population, there is variation in the susceptibility of individuals to the pesticide. Early on in a mosquito control campaign, most of the mosquitoes are killed by DDT. However, a small number survive, and they pass on the genes that made their survival possible to their offspring. In addition, in each generation, random mutations result in individuals whose resistance is superior to the mean level of resistance in the previous generation. Over time, mosquito populations come to consist largely of individuals with high levels of resistance.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4d09122743238″ question_number=”18″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Define convergent evolution.

[a] Convergent evolution occurs when similar selective pressures result in superficially similar adaptations on the part of populations that are subject to these pressures. The similarity is analogous (similar function, but not structure), as opposed to homologous (arising from common ancestry).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4d0444cebce38″ question_number=”21″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Describe how homologous features provide evidence for evolution.

[a] Homologous features are traits that share a common underlying structure and a common embryological origin, but which have been modified in different evolutionary lineages, often to serve different functions. For example, in humans, cats, birds, and whales the forelimb is built from the same bones, but these have been modified in each lineage to serve different functions.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4d02ab0690238″ question_number=”22″] Describe how embryological development provides evidence for evolution.

[a] Early embryos of vertebrates look similar. Throughout development, the embryo differentiates, adopting the body form of the adults of that lineage. This similarity of the pattern indicates common ancestry, with subsequent descent with modification in each lineage. In addition, embryos often show vestigial features (a concept addressed in another card) that can only be explained through inheritance from a common ancestor.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4d01113e63638″ question_number=”23″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What is biogeography? How does biogeography provide evidence for evolution?

[a] Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species and varieties. The pattern of distribution fits the idea that populations first evolve in one area, then spread to adjacent areas, where subsequent evolution occurs.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cff2cf4ba238″ question_number=”24″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Describe how fossils provide evidence for evolution.

[a] The fossil record shows 1) that living things have changed over time (that the array of species in the past was different from that which exists today), and 2) that specific lineages have changed over time. In addition, within many specific lineages are found transitional forms — remains of organisms that show features common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendants.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cfdb86d4ba38″ question_number=”25″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are molecular homologies? How do they serve as evidence for evolution?

[a] Molecular homologies are molecules that, by their structure and monomer sequence, indicate common ancestry. An example is hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in all vertebrates. In all vertebrates, hemoglobin has the same structure (two alpha chains and two beta chains). The differences in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin in different species correspond to morphological similarities and differences among various vertebrate species and the fossil record. This pattern repeats with other proteins, such as cytochrome c; specific gene sequences; and RNA.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cfc1ea51ee38″ question_number=”26″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Diverse species share common genes for animal development. List two examples, and describe how this provides evidence for evolution.

[a] Diverse animal species share a common set of genes that control development. For example, a gene called eyeless is a master switch that turns on eye development in animals as diverse as arthropods and vertebrates. Homeotic genes, versions of which are shared by all animals. specify which limbs should grow in which section of the body. These shared genes are homologies and indicate that all animals share a common ancestor that existed about 600 million years ago.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cfaaa1db0638″ question_number=”27″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are the deep homologies that unify all life? List six.

[a] The best evidence for the idea that all life has a common ancestry is in the molecules and biochemical mechanisms shared by all living things, whether they’re eukaryotes, bacteria, or archaeans. These include 1) the use of DNA as genetic material, 2) the use of the same genetic code to convert the information in DNA into proteins, 3) translating RNA into protein through ribosomes, 4) shared metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, 5) use of ATP for cellular energy transfer, and 6) use of chemiosmosis and ATP synthase to generate ATP.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cf9105583a38″ question_number=”28″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Describe how relative dating of fossils works.

[a] Relative dating uses the idea of superposition to determine the relative age of a fossil. The basic idea is that when sedimentary strata (layers) are formed, younger material will be laid on top of older layers. In a bed of fossils, the fossils in deeper layers (C) are going to be older than the fossils in layers that are closer to the surface (A). This analysis is made more complex, however, by geological faults, and layers that can be flipped upside down by geological processes.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cf7768d56e38″ question_number=”29″] Describe how absolute dating of fossils works.

[a] Absolute dating of fossils is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes in fossilized remains, or in nearby volcanic strata that are interspersed with sedimentary strata. The key idea is half-life: the time it takes for half of a sample of radioactive isotopes to decay from one element to another. For example, the half-life of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If a fossil bone is found in which half of the carbon-14 has decayed to nitrogen, then the bone is 5,730 years old. If 1/4 of the carbon 14 is left, then the bone is 11,460 years (two half-lives) old.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cf5dcc52a238″ question_number=”30″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are vestigial structures, and how do they serve as evidence of evolution?

[a] A vestigial structure has no apparent function but was inherited from an ancestor for whom that structure had a function. For example, whales, have no hind limbs but have a pelvis onto which to attach those limbs. That’s because their ancestors possessed hindlimbs, which were lost as whales adapted to their aquatic lifestyle.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4ced915acde38″ question_number=”35″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are some of the common features that point to a single origin of all eukaryotes? List six.

[a] Features shared by all eukaryotes include 1) a nucleus that separates the chromosomes from the cytoplasm; 2) mitochondria or organelles derived from mitochondria; 3) membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum of Golgi apparatus; 4) genes with introns that need to be removed before protein synthesis; 5) linear chromosomes, and 6) sexual reproduction involving gamete production and fusion of gametes to form a diploid zygote.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Flashcards Dataset|4cebf792a1238″ question_number=”36″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are examples of rapid evolutionary change that have been observed in the past one or two hundred years (since Darwin first proposed the idea of evolution by natural selection)?

[a] Some examples of rapid evolutionary change observed in relatively recent times include

Measured changes in mean beak size in populations of Galapagos finches in response to drought and other environmental changes.
The evolution of antibiotic resistance in various species of bacteria, including the emergence of MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus).
Evolution of resistance to antiviral drugs in HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus)
Evolution of resistance to DDT and other pesticides in insects in response to widespread pesticide application.
The emergence of chemotherapy-resistant cell lines in individuals undergoing cancer treatment.

[q] What is adaptive radiation? Provide an example.

[a] Adaptive radiation occurs when a single parent species produces several descendant species, each with unique adaptations that allow them to fill different ecological niches.
Example: The Galapagos finches, which descended from a common ancestor and evolved different beak shapes and sizes to exploit different food sources.

[q] How does embryological development provide evidence for evolution?

[a] Embryological development shows common ancestry through similarities in early vertebrate embryos. For example:
– Fish, reptiles, birds, and human embryos share similar early developmental stages.
– Vestigial features, such as the human tail or pharyngeal slits, indicate descent with modification from a common ancestor.

[q] What are pseudogenes, and how do they provide evidence for evolution?

[a] Pseudogenes are nonfunctional remnants of once-functional genes inherited from ancestors.
Example: The GLO pseudogene in primates, which is mutated and nonfunctional, contrasts with functional GLO genes in rodents. This suggests a common ancestor that could synthesize vitamin C.

[q] How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?

[a] The fossil record demonstrates:
1. Living things have changed over time.
2. Different species existed in the past compared to today.
3. Transitional forms that show descent with modification, linking ancestral groups to modern descendants.
Examples include fossils showing the evolution of whales from land-dwelling mammals.

[x][restart]

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle this quiz

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Historical Examples of Evolution, APBVP”]

[h] Evidence for Evolution

[i]

[q] If evolution is true, then one should be able to provide evidence for descent with [hangman] in any specific lineage. For example, fossils would show that a currently existing species’ [hangman] are different from the current form of that species.

[c]IG1vZGlmaWNhdGlvbg==[Qq]

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[q] Because of our overuse of antibiotics, many bacterial strains have become antibiotic [hangman].

[c]IHJlc2lzdGFudA==[Qq]

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[q]Since its introduction in the 1940s, DDT has become increasingly ineffective due to the evolution of pesticide [hangman] in mosquitoes that carry the parasite which causes malaria

[c]cmVzaXN0YW5jZQ==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] True or false: In response to DDT, mosquitoes developed a mutation that made them resistant.

[c]IHRydWU=[Qq]

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[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gTmF0dXJhbCBzZWxlY3Rpb24gaXMgbm90IGFib3V0IHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIHByb2R1Y2luZyBtdXRhdGlvbnMgdGhhdCBoZWxwIHRoZW0gc3Vydml2ZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudGFsIGNoYWxsZW5nZXMuIEl0JiM4MjE3O3MgYWJvdXQgdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50IHNlbGVjdGluZyB2YXJpYW50IHBoZW5vdHlwZXMgdGhhdCBtYWtlIHRoZSBpbmRpdmlkdWFscyB3aG8gaGF2ZSB0aGVtIG1vcmUgc3VpdGVkIHRvIHN1cnZpdmluZyBhbmQgcmVwcm9kdWNpbmcuIFRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiBwcmVjZWRlcyB0aGUgY2hhbGxlbmdlLg==[Qq]

[q]When one species branches into two or more descendants, it’s called [hangman] [hangman].

[c]YWRhcHRpdmU=[Qq]

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[q]Adaptive radiation leads to two or more daughter species. As each species adapts to a different environment, different types of natural [hangman] will produce different adaptations in each descendant. In the case of these Galapagos finches, selection was for different types of [hangman].

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[q]The beaks below are modified forms of an ancestral structure in a shared ancestor. Therefore, we can say that they’re [hangman] structures.

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[q]We know that the forelimbs of birds and humans are [hangman] because they originate from the same tissue in the [hangman]

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[q]In the diagram below, Eushenopteron is the [hangman] [hangman] of frogs, mammals, reptiles, and birds.

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[q]The diagram below asserts that frogs, mammals, reptiles, and birds arose through adaptive [hangman] from a common ancestor.

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[q]Homologous structures are evidence of [hangman] with [hangman] from a common ancestor.

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[Qq]

[q] A remnant or impression of an organism that has been preserved in the earth’s crust is known as a [hangman].

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[q labels = “top”] Here’s how radioactive dating works: When igneous rocks (the kind from _____________ ) are formed, _____________ atoms within the rock are trapped inside the rock. Subsequently, these elements ____________ at a predictable rate, and the amount of radioactive decay can be used to date the age of the rock.

[l] decay

[f*] Correct!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[l] radioactive

[f*] Great!

[fx] No. Please try again.

[l] volcanoes

[f*] Great!

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[q] In general, the layers on top of sedimentary strata are [hangman], and the deepest layers are [hangman].

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[q] In radiometric dating, the time it takes for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to transform itself into some other form is called the [hangman]-[hangman]

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[q] [hangman] fossils have features that are common to both an ancestral species and its [hangman].

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[q] Transitional fossils such as Tiktaalik validate the evolutionary idea of [hangman] with [hangman].

Tiktaalik

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[q] Archaeopteryx shows features found in both dinosaurs and [hangman]. That makes it a [hangman] fossil.

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[q multiple_choice=”true”] Isotope M has a half-life of 1000 years, during which it decays into isotope N. You’re studying a sample of material that has a relative proportion of 25% M and 75% N. How old is this material?

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[q] Which layer from Montana below has fossils that are the same age as layer 3 in Texas?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

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[q] In the diagram below, the oldest fossils are in layer

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[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat are examples of evolutionary

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[q multiple_choice=”true”] The beak of a platypus (a mammal) and the beak of a duck (a bird) are examples of evolutionary

[c]IGhvbW9sb2d5[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVzZSBiZWFrcyBhcmUgYm90aCBhZGFwdGF0aW9ucyBmb3IgZWF0aW5nLiBCdXQgdGhleSBkaWRuJiM4MjE3O3QgcmVzdWx0IGZyb20gaW5oZXJpdGFuY2UgZnJvbSBhIGNvbW1vbiBhbmNlc3Rvci4=[Qq]

[c]IGFuYW xvZ3k=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBUaGVzZSBiZWFrcyBhcmUgdGhlIHJlc3VsdCBvZiBjb252ZXJnZW50IGV2b2x1dGlvbiwgbm90IGNvbW1vbiBhbmNlc3RyeS4gVGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBhbmFsb2dvdXMgKG5vdCBob21vbG9nb3VzKS4=[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The forearm of a human being and the flipper of a dolphin are examples of evolutionary

[c]IGhvbW 9sb2d5[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBUaGVzZSBmb3JlYXJtcyBhcmUgYm90aCB2YXJpYXRpb25zIG9uIGEgYmFzaWMgdmVydGVicmF0ZSBmb3JlYXJtIHRoZW1lLiBUaGUgc2ltaWxhcml0eSBpbiB0aGUgdW5kZXJseWluZyBib25lcyBzaG93cyBldmlkZW5jZSBvZiBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0cnkuIEVhY2ggZm9yZWFybSBoYXMgYmVlbiBtb2RpZmllZCBhcyBhbiBhZGFwdGF0aW9uIGZvciBhIHNwZWNpZmljIGVudmlyb25tZW50LiBUaGF0IG1ha2VzIHRoZW0gaG9tb2xvZ291cy4=[Qq]

[c]IEFuYWxvZ3k=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbmFsb2dvdXMgc3RydWN0dXJlcyByZXN1bHQgZnJvbSBjb252ZXJnZW50IGV2b2x1dGlvbi4gVGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBhbmFsb2dvdXMgaW4gdGVybXMgb2YgdGhlaXIgZnVuY3Rpb24uIEluIHRoaXMgY2FzZSwgdGhlIGZ1bmN0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBmb3JlbGltYiBpcyBxdWl0ZSBkaWZmZXJlbnQu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] WARNING: Think carefully! The forelimb of a bird and the forelimb of a bat are composed of similar bones. These forelimbs are

[c]IGhvbW9s b2dvdXM=[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBJZiB5b3UgYXJlIHRoaW5raW5nIG9mIHRoZXNlIGFzIA==Zm9yZWxpbWJzIA==KGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8=IGFzIHdpbmdzKQ==IHRoZW4gdGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBib3RoIHZhcmlhdGlvbnMgb24gYSBiYXNpYyB2ZXJ0ZWJyYXRlIGZvcmVhcm0gdGhlbWUuIFRoZSBzaW1pbGFyaXR5IGluIHRoZSB1bmRlcmx5aW5nIGJvbmVzIHNob3dzIGV2aWRlbmNlIG9mIGNvbW1vbiBhbmNlc3RyeS4=[Qq]

[c]IGFuYWxvZ291cw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGlzIGlzIHZlcnkgdHJpY2t5LiBJZiB0aGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gd2FzIGFib3V0IFdJTkdTLCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7ZCBiZSByaWdodCwgYmVjYXVzZSB0aGUgdHdvIGdyb3VwcyAoYmlyZHMgYW5kIG1hbW1hbHMpIGNvbnZlcmdlZCBvbiB0aGUgc2FtZSBzb2x1dGlvbi4gQnV0IHRoZSBxdWVzdGlvbiBpcyBhYm91dCB0aGUgZm9yZWxpbWJzLiBBcyBmb3JlbGltYnMgZ28sIHRoZXNlIHN0cnVjdHVyZXMgYXJlIGhvbW9sb2dvdXM6IHNhbWUgYm9uZXM7IHNhbWUgZW1icnlvbmljIHRpc3N1ZTsgaW5oZXJpdGVkIGZyb20gYSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0b3Iu[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] WARNING: Think carefully! The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are both adaptations for flying. Both birds and bats evolved (separately) from non-flying, ground-living ancestors. The wings are

[c]IGhvbW9sb2dvdXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJZiB5b3UgYXJlIHRoaW5raW5nIG9mIHRoZXNlIGFzIFdJTkdTLCB0aGVzZSBhcmUgbm90IHNoYXJlZCBmZWF0dXJlcyB0aGF0IHdlcmUgaW5oZXJpdGVkIGZyb20gYSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0b3IuIFRoZSBhbmNlc3RvcnMgb2YgYmF0cyB3ZXJlIHJvZGVudC1saWtlIG1hbW1hbHMgd2hvIGV2b2x2ZWQgaW50byBhIGZseWluZyBuaWNoZS4gVGhlIGFuY2VzdG9ycyBvZiBiaXJkcyB3ZXJlIHNtYWxsIGRpbm9zYXVycyB3aG8gc2ltaWxhcmx5IGV2b2x2ZWQgaW50byBhIGZseWluZyBuaWNoZS4gQnV0IHRoZXkgZGlkIHRoaXMgaW5kZXBlbmRlbnRseS4gVGhlIHdpbmdzIGFyZSBhbmFsb2dvdXMsIG5vdCBob21vbG9nb3Vz[Qq]

[c]IEFuYWxv Z291cw==[Qq]

[f]IFdvdyEgVGhpcyBpcyB2ZXJ5IHRyaWNreSwgYnV0IHlvdSBzdGlsbCBnb3QgaXQgcmlnaHQhIFR3byBncm91cHMgKGJpcmRzIGFuZCBtYW1tYWxzKSBjb252ZXJnZWQgb24gdGhlIHNhbWUgc29sdXRpb24uIFRoYXQgbWFrZXMgdGhlbSBhbmFsb2dvdXMgc3RydWN0dXJlcywgcmVzdWx0aW5nIGZyb20gY29udmVyZ2VudCBldm9sdXRpb24u[Qq]

[q]This diagram is saying that the streamlined form of sharks, dolphins and ichthyosaurs is an [hangman] feature. That’s because this form evolved from [hangman] evolution, and not from a common [hangman].

[c]YW5hbG9nb3Vz[Qq]

[c]Y29udmVyZ2VudA==[Qq]

[c]YW5jZXN0b3I=[Qq]

[q]The study of the geographic distribution of species is called [hangman].

[c]YmlvZ2VvZ3JhcGh5[Qq]

[q]Species such as the euphorbs of Africa, Eurasia, and Australia and the cacti of the Americas both are succulents with spines. Their DNA shows that they’re not closely related. Therefore, their similarity is probably a result of [hangman] evolution. Similar natural [hangman] resulted in the evolution of similar [hangman] in each group.

[c]Y29udmVyZ2VudA==[Qq]

[c]c2VsZWN0aW9u[Qq]

[c]YWRhcHRhdGlvbnM=[Qq]

[q]The marsupials of Australia and the placentals of the Americas separately evolved into similar ecological roles. While the marsupial mole of Australia and the Eastern mole of North America have similar [hangman] for a life spent burrowing through the soil, their similarity is only superficial, a result of [hangman] evolution

[c]YWRhcHRhdGlvbnM=[Qq]

[c]Y29udmVyZ2VudA==[Qq]

[q] [hangman] traits result from shared ancestry. There is a similar underlying structure, but the [hangman] might be different.

[c]IGhvbW9sb2dvdXM=[Qq]

[c]ZnVuY3Rpb24=[Qq]

[q][hangman] traits result from convergent evolution. The function of the part might be similar, but the underlying [hangman] is usually quite different.

[c]QW5hbG9nb3Vz[Qq]

[c]c3RydWN0dXJl[Qq]

[q]Homologous structures, like the beaks of the Hawaiian honeycreepers shown below, evolve through [hangman] [hangman]. All of these Honeycreepers, in other words, share a common [hangman]. Over time, each species’ beak became [hangman] to a slightly different food source.

[c]YWRhcHRpdmU=[Qq]

[c]cmFkaWF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]YW5jZXN0b3I=[Qq]

[c]YWRhcHRlZA==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The embryos of vertebrates such as fish, birds, and mammals develop in similar ways because all of these animals share a common [hangman].

[c]IGFuY2VzdG9y[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] Embryos of humans show various [hangman] traits such as a tail or gill slits that are not present in the adult form.

[c]IHZlc3RpZ2lhbA==[Qq]

[q] The common developmental pattern shown by these vertebrate embryos is evidence of [hangman] with [hangman] from a common ancestor.

[c]IGRlc2NlbnQ=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IG1vZGlmaWNhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] Hemoglobin and cytochrome c are both examples of [hangman] at the molecular level.

[c]IGhvbW9sb2dpZXM=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] Based on molecular data like that shown in the table below, one can infer how closely [hangman] two species are.

[c]IHJlbGF0ZWQ=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] The more similar the amino acid [hangman] in a protein shared by two species, the more closely related they are.

[c]IHNlcXVlbmNl[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Which of the following statements about human genes is most correct?

[c]IEh1bWFucyBhcmUgdW5pcXVlIGJlY2F1c2UgbW9zdCBvZiBvdXIgZ2VuZXMgYXJlIHVuaXF1ZSB3aXRoaW4gdGhlIGFuaW1hbCBraW5nZG9t[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPZiB0aGUgMjAsMDAwICYjODIxMTsgMjUsMDAwIGdlbmVzIGluIHRoZSBodW1hbiBnZW5vbWUsIG9ubHkgYSBmZXcgZG96ZW4gYXJlIHVuaXF1ZSB0byBvdXIgc3BlY2llcy4=[Qq]

[c]IEFsbW9zdCBhbGwgaHVtYW4gZ2VuZXMgaGF2ZSBhIGhvbW9s b2dvdXMgY291bnRlcnBhcnQgaW4gb3RoZXIgYW5pbWFscw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gT2YgdGhlIDIwLDAwMCAmIzgyMTE7IDI1LDAwMCBnZW5lcyBpbiB0aGUgaHVtYW4gZ2Vub21lLCBvbmx5IGEgZmV3IGRvemVuIGFyZSB1bmlxdWUgdG8gb3VyIHNwZWNpZXMuIEFsbCB0aGUgb3RoZXJzIGhhdmUgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBjb3VudGVycGFydHMgaW4gb3RoZXIgc3BlY2llcy4=[Qq]

[c]IEFib3V0IGhhbGYgb2YgaHVtYW4gZ2VuZXMgYXJlIHVuaXF1ZSB0byBodW1hbiBiZWluZ3Mu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLsKgT2YgdGhlIDIwLDAwMCAmIzgyMTE7IDI1LDAwMCBnZW5lcyBpbiB0aGUgaHVtYW4gZ2Vub21lLCBvbmx5IGEgZmV3IGRvemVuIGFyZSB1bmlxdWUgdG8gb3VyIHNwZWNpZXMu[Qq]

[q] Genes or proteins that are widely shared among a variety of species are said to be highly conserved. These genes or proteins are molecular [hangman] and indicate common [hangman].

[c]IGhvbW9sb2dpZXM=[Qq]

[c]IGFuY2VzdHJ5[Qq]

[q] The similar organization and sequence similarity in the hox genes indicate that these genes are [hangman] between insects and mammals. That means that at some point, insects and mammals shared a [hangman] [hangman].

[c]IGhvbW9sb2dvdXM=[Qq]

[c]IGNvbW1vbg==[Qq]

[c]IGFuY2VzdG9y[Qq]

[q]Genes that have lost their function are called [hangman]. They can be thought of as a genetic version of a [hangman] trait.

[c]cHNldWRvZ2VuZQ==[Qq]

[c]dmVzdGlnaWFs[Qq]

[q]The evolution of the ψGLO pseudogene in primates, bats, and guinea pigs is an example of [hangman] evolution.

[c]cGFyYWxsZWw=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6-7.8.Evidence_of_Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20eda03ac0a2eb” question_number=”9″] Protists are single-celled eukaryotes. Based on their morphology, genes, and behavior, scientists have established the phylogenetic tree below, which also includes three additional eukaryotic kingdoms: animals, plants, and fungi.

Earlier classification systems grouped the protists with other single-celled organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Which of the following pieces of evidence justifies classifying the protists with other eukaryotes, and not with the single-celled bacteria and archaea?

[c]IEEgdW5pdmVyc2FsIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2hhcmVkIGdlbmV0aWMgY29kZSBmb3VuZCBpbiBhbG1vc3QgYWxsIGxpdmluZyB0aGluZ3MgKGJhY3RlcmlhLCBhcmNoYWVhLCBhbmQgZXVrYXJ5b3RlcykgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHRoZSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0cnkgb2YgYWxsIGxpZmUsIGJ1dCBpdCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IGdyb3VwIHRoZSBwcm90aXN0cyB3aXRoIG90aGVyIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMuIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQ6IGxvb2sgZm9yIGEgZmVhdHVyZSBmb3VuZCBvbmx5IGluIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMu[Qq]

[c]IFNoYXJlZCB1c2Ugb2Ygcmlib3NvbWVzIGZvciB0cmFuc2xhdGluZyBtUk5BIHNlcXVlbmNlcyBpbnRvIHByb3RlaW5zLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSaWJvc29tZXMgYXJlIHVzZWQgYnkgYWxsIGxpdmluZyB0aGluZ3MgKGJhY3RlcmlhLCBhcmNoYWVhLCBhbmQgZXVrYXJ5b3RlcykgdG8gdHJhbnNsYXRlIG1STkEgaW50byBwcm90ZWluLiBUaGlzIHBvaW50cyB0byB0aGUgY29tbW9uIGFuY2VzdHJ5IG9mIGFsbCBsaWZlLCBidXQgaXQgZG9lc24mIzgyMTc7dCBncm91cCB0aGUgcHJvdGlzdHMgd2l0aCBvdGhlciBldWthcnlvdGVzLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBsb29rIGZvciBhIGZlYXR1cmUgZm91bmQgb25seSBpbiBldWthcnlvdGVzLg==[Qq]

[c]IGdlbmVzIHRoYXQgY2 9udGFpbiBpbnRyb25z[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gR2VuZXMgY29udGFpbmluZyBpbnRyb25zIGFyZSBmb3VuZCBvbmx5IGluIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMuIFRoZSBmYWN0IHRoYXQgc3VjaCBnZW5lcyBhcmUgZm91bmQgaW4gcHJvdGlzdHMgYnV0IG5vdCBiYWN0ZXJpYSBvciBhcmNoYWVhIGlzIGV2aWRlbmNlIGZvciBncm91cGluZyB0aGUgcHJvdGlzdHMgaW50byB0aGUgZXVrYXJ5b3RpYyBjbGFkZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGNvbW1vbiBtZXRhYm9saWMgcGF0aHdheXMgc3VjaCBhcyBnbHljb2x5c2lzLCB0aGUgS3JlYnMgY3ljbGUsIGFuZCB0aGUgZWxlY3Ryb24gdHJhbnNwb3J0IGNoYWluLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVzZSBzaGFyZWQgbWV0YWJvbGljIHBhdGh3YXlzIChmb3VuZCBpbiBiYWN0ZXJpYSwgYXJjaGFlYSwgYW5kIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMpIHBvaW50IHRvIHRoZSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0cnkgb2YgYWxsIGxpZmUsIGJ1dCBpdCBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IGdyb3VwIHRoZSBwcm90aXN0cyB3aXRoIG90aGVyIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMuIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQ6IGxvb2sgZm9yIGEgZmVhdHVyZSBmb3VuZCBvbmx5IGluIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6-7.8.Evidence_of_Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20ed869e3dd6eb” question_number=”10″] Embryos of humans have gill slits and tails. Other vertebrates also possess these traits as embryos, and some vertebrates maintain these features in their adult forms.

Which of the following statement relating to these embryonic features is correct?

[c]IFRoZSB2ZXJ0ZWJyYXRlcyB0aGF0IGh1bWFucyBhcmUgbW9zdCBjbG9zZWx5IHJlbGF0ZWQgdG8gYXJlIGFkYXB0ZWQgdG8gbGl2ZSBpbiBhcXVhdGljIGVudmlyb25tZW50cy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFdmVyeSBjbGFzcyBvZiB2ZXJ0ZWJyYXRlIOKAlCBmaXNoLCBhbXBoaWJpYW5zLCByZXB0aWxlcywgYmlyZHMsIGFuZCBtYW1tYWxzIOKAlCBjb250YWlucyBzcGVjaWVzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGFkYXB0ZWQgdG8gYXF1YXRpYyBlbnZpcm9ubWVudHMuIEFzIHByaW1hdGVzLCBtb3N0IG9mIG91ciBjbG9zZXN0IHJlbGF0aXZlcyBsaXZlIGluIHRyZWVzIChhbmQgbm9uZSBsaXZlIHByaW1hcmlseSBpbiB3YXRlcikuIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgZXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IHNpZ25pZmljYW5jZSBvZiB0aGUgZW1icnlvbmljIGZlYXR1cmVzIHNob3duIGFib3ZlPw==[Qq]

[c]IEEgY29tbW9uIGRldmVsb3BtZW50YWwgcGF0dGVybiBpcyBzaGFyZWQgYnkgYWxsIHZlcnRlYn JhdGVzLCBhbGwgb2Ygd2hvbSBhcmUgZGVzY2VuZGVkIGZyb20gYSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0b3Iu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIHByZXNlbmNlIG9mIGVtYnJ5b25pYyBnaWxsIHNsaXRzIGFuZCB0YWlscyBpcyBldmlkZW5jZSBvZiBhIHNoYXJlZCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudGFsIHBsYW4gZm91bmQgaW4gYWxsIHZlcnRlYnJhdGVzLiBBcyBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCBjb250aW51ZXMsIHNvbWUgdmVydGVicmF0ZXMgYWJzb3JiIHRoZXNlIHN0cnVjdHVyZXMgYXMgb3RoZXIgZ2VuZXMgc3BlY2lmaWMgdG8gdGhlaXIgcGFydGljdWxhciBsaW5lYWdlIGJlY29tZSBhY3RpdmF0ZWQu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSB0YWlscyBhbmQgZ2lsbCBzbGl0cyBpbiBzb21lIGFkdWx0IHZlcnRlYnJhdGVzIGFyZSB2ZXN0aWdpYWwgdHJhaXRzIHRoYXQgc2hvdyBldmlkZW5jZSBvZiBkZXNjZW50IHdpdGggbW9kaWZpY2F0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBWZXN0aWdpYWwgdHJhaXRzIGFyZSB0cmFpdHMgdGhhdCBoYXZlIA==bG9zdA==IHRoZWlyIGZ1bmN0aW9uLiBUaGUgdGFpbHMgYW5kIGdpbGwgc2xpdHMgaW4gYWR1bHQgdmVydGVicmF0ZXMgYXJlIGZ1bmN0aW9uYWwgc3RydWN0dXJlcyB0aGF0IGFyZSBhZGFwdGF0aW9ucyBmb3Igc3Vydml2YWwu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBnZW5lcyB0aGF0IGNvZGUgZm9yIGdpbGwgc2xpdHMgYW5kIHRhaWxzIGluIGh1bWFuIGVtYnJ5b3MgYXJlIG11dGF0ZWQgZm9ybXMgb2YgZnVuY3Rpb25hbCB2ZXJzaW9ucyBvZiB0aGVzZSBzYW1lIGdlbmVzIGZvdW5kIGluIG90aGVyIHZlcnRlYnJhdGVzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGh1bWFuIGVtYnJ5b3MgY29udGFpbiB0YWlscyBhbmQgZ2lsbCBzbGl0cyBpcyBldmlkZW5jZSBvZiBhIGNvbW1vbiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudGFsIHBhdHRlcm4gc2hhcmVkIGJ5IGFsbCB2ZXJ0ZWJyYXRlcy4gVGhlc2UgZ2VuZXMgYXJlbiYjODIxNzt0IG11dGF0ZWQgYnV0IGFyZSBhIGZ1bmN0aW9uYWwgYW5kIG5lY2Vzc2FyeSBwYXJ0IG9mIGRldmVsb3BtZW50Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6-7.8.Evidence_of_Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative MC Dataset|20ed6f55c6eeeb” question_number=”11″] The diagram below shows how the wing of a bat and the wing of a bird are composed of similar forelimb bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissue. However, the bones that make up the wings are differently arranged: in a bat, most of the wing’s structure consists of elongated phalanges (finger bones), while most of a bird’s wing consists of the arm bones (humerus, radius, and ulna).

Evolutionary studies have shown that the wings evolved separately: the wings of bats evolved from the forelimbs of a rodent-like ancestor; the wings of birds evolved from the forelimb of a small dinosaur.

Which of the following statements about the forelimbs/wings of bats and birds is correct?

[c]IFRoZWlyIGZvcmVsaW1icyBhcmUgYW5hbG9nb3VzLCBldm9sdmluZyBmcm9tIGFkYXB0aXZlIHJhZGlhdGlvbi4gVGhlaXIgd2luZ3MgYXJlIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMsIGV2b2x2aW5nIGZyb20gY29udmVyZ2VudCBldm9sdXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdHJ1Y3R1cmVzIHRoYXQgc2hvdyBldmlkZW5jZSBvZiBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0cnkgYW5kIHdoaWNoIGRldmVsb3AgZnJvbSB0aGUgc2FtZSBlbWJyeW9uaWMgdGlzc3VlIGFyZSBob21vbG9nb3VzLiBIb21vbG9naWVzIGNvbWUgYWJvdXQgdGhyb3VnaCBhZGFwdGl2ZSByYWRpYXRpb24uIFN0cnVjdHVyZXMgdGhhdCBoYXZlIGEgc2ltaWxhciBmdW5jdGlvbiBidXQgd2hpY2ggZXZvbHZlIGluZGVwZW5kZW50bHkgKGluIGRpZmZlcmVudCBsaW5lYWdlcykgYXJlIGFuYWxvZ291cy4gQW5hbG9naWVzIGNvbWUgYWJvdXQgdGhyb3VnaCBjb252ZXJnZW50IGV2b2x1dGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZWlyIGZvcmVsaW1icyBhcmUgaG9tb2xvZ291cywgZXZvbHZpbmcgZnJvbSBjb252ZXJnZW50IGV2b2x1dGlvbi4gVGhlaXIgd2luZ3MgYXJlIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMsIGV2b2x2aW5nIGZyb20gYWRhcHRpdmUgcmFkaWF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZWlyIGZvcmVsaW1icyBhcmUgYW5hbG9nb3VzLCBldm9sdmluZyBmcm9tIGNvbnZlcmdlbnQgZXZvbHV0aW9uLiBUaGVpciB3aW5ncyBhcmUgaG9tb2xvZ291cywgZXZvbHZpbmcgZnJvbSBhZGFwdGl2ZSByYWRpYXRpb24u[Qq]

[c]IFRoZWlyIGZvcmVsaW1icyBhcmUgaG9tb2xvZ291cywgZXZvbHZpbmcgZnJvbSBhZGFwdGl2ZSByYWRpYXRpb2 4uIFRoZWlyIHdpbmdzIGFyZSBhbmFsb2dvdXMsIGV2b2x2aW5nIGZyb20gY29udmVyZ2VudCBldm9sdXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IEZhYnVsb3VzLiBUaGUgZm9yZWxpbWJzLCB3aGljaCBkZXZlbG9wIGZyb20gdGhlIHNhbWUgZW1icnlvbmljIHRpc3N1ZSBhcmUgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBhbmQgc2hvdyBldmlkZW5jZSBvZiBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0cnkuIEhvbW9sb2dpZXMgY29tZSBhYm91dCB0aHJvdWdoIGFkYXB0aXZlIHJhZGlhdGlvbi4gVGhlIHdpbmdzIGhhdmUgYSBzaW1pbGFyIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGJ1dCBldm9sdmVkIGluZGVwZW5kZW50bHkgKGluIGRpZmZlcmVudCBsaW5lYWdlcykuIFRoZXJlZm9yZSB0aGUgd2luZ3MgYXJlIGFuYWxvZ291cy4gQW5hbG9naWVzIGNvbWUgYWJvdXQgdGhyb3VnaCBjb252ZXJnZW50IGV2b2x1dGlvbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6-7.8.Evidence_of_Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|2138653c997807″ question_number=”9″] The ψGLO pseudogene is a non-functional variant of the GLO gene found in most mammals. The GLO gene enables mammals to synthesize vitamin C from precursor molecules. Mammals with the ψGLO pseudogene can’t synthesize Vitamin C, a molecule that plays a key role in tissue growth and repair, response to oxidative stress, and immune system regulation.

In the phylogenetic tree below, clades with the ψGLO pseudogene are shown in gray; clades with the GLO gene are shown in black.

The image below represents the structure of the intact GLO gene in rodents (mice and rats) and the ψGLO pseudogene in primates, the clade that includes monkeys, apes, and humans. Note that in the ψGLO pseudogene in primates, regions 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 11 have mutations or deletions that prevent the gene from coding for a functioning metabolic pathway.

Which of the following diagrams would best represent the ψGLO pseudogene in Guinea pigs?

[c]IEEg[Qq][c]IEIg[Qq][c]IE Mg[Qq][c]IEQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgY2hvc2UgYSBnZW5lIHRoYXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSB0aGUgZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBHTE8gZ2VuZSAod2l0aCBhbGwgRE5BIHJlZ2lvbnMgaW50YWN0KS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBwc2V1ZG9nZW5lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgY2hvc2UgYSBwc2V1ZG9nZW5lLCBidXQgb25lIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBleGFjdGx5IGxpa2UgdGhlIHBzZXVkb2dlbmUgZm91bmQgaW4gcHJpbWF0ZXMuIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQ6IG5vdGUgdGhhdCB0aGUgcHNldWRvZ2VuZSBpbiBndWluZWEgcGlncyBhcm9zZSBpbmRlcGVuZGVudGx5IGZyb20gdGhlIHBzZXVkb2dlbmUgdGhhdCBldm9sdmVkIGluIHByaW1hdGVzLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUsIGl0cyBzZXF1ZW5jZSB3b3VsZG4mIzgyMTc7dCBiZSB0aGUgc2FtZS4=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgWW91IGNob3NlIGEgdmVyc2lvbiBvZiB0aGUgcHNldWRvZ2VuZSB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgbXV0YXRlZCBpbiBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCB3YXkgdGhhbiB0aGUgcHNldWRvZ2VuZSBpbiBwcmltYXRlcy4gVGhhdCBtYWtlcyBzZW5zZSBiZWNhdXNlIGJhc2VkIG9uIHRoZSBwaHlsb2dlbmV0aWMgdHJlZSwgeW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIHRoYXQgcHNldWRvZ2VuZSBldm9sdmVkIGluZGVwZW5kZW50bHkgaW4gcHJpbWF0ZXMsIGd1aW5lYSBwaWdzLCBhbmQgYmF0cy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHBzZXVkb2dlbmUgaXMgYSBnZW5lIHRoYXQgaGFzIGJlY29tZSBub24tZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBiZWNhdXNlIG9mIG11dGF0aW9ucy4gSG93ZXZlciwgaXQgd291bGRuJiM4MjE3O3QgZGlzYXBwZWFyIGVudGlyZWx5LiBJdCByZW1haW5zIGluIHRoZSBnZW5vbWUgYXMgYSBub24tZnVuY3Rpb25hbCB2ZXN0aWdlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6-7.8.Evidence_of_Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|21384df4229007″ question_number=”10″] The ψGLO pseudogene is a non-functional variant of the GLO gene found in most mammals. The GLO gene enables mammals to synthesize vitamin C from precursor molecules. Mammals with the ψGLO pseudogene can’t synthesize Vitamin C, a molecule that plays a key role in tissue growth and repair, response to oxidative stress, and immune system regulation.

In the phylogenetic tree below, clades with the ψGLO pseudogene are shown in gray; clades with the GLO gene are shown in black.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the evolutionary history of the ψGLO pseudogene?

[c]IEV4Y2VzcyB2aXRhbWluIEMgY2FuIGJlIHRveGljLiBUbyBhdm9pZCB2aXRhbWluIEMgdG94aWNpdHksIHRoZSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0b3Igb2YgYmF0cywgZ3VpbmVhIHBpZ3MsIGFuZCBtb3N0IHByaW1hdGVzIGV2b2x2ZWQgdGhlIA==z4hHTE/CoA==cHNldWRvZ2VuZSwgd2hpY2ggd2FzIHRoZW4gcGFzc2VkIHRvIGVhY2ggY2xhZGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCYXNlZCBvbiB0aGUgcGh5bG9nZW5ldGljIHRyZWUsIHlvdSBjYW4gdGVsbCB0aGF0IHRoZSA=z4hHTE8=IHBzZXVkb2dlbmUgZXZvbHZlZCA=aW5kZXBlbmRlbnRseQ==IGluIGJhdHMsIGd1aW5lYSBwaWdzLCBhbmQgbW9zdCBwcmltYXRlcy4gU2lkZSBub3RlOiBleGNlc3Mgdml0YW1pbiBDIGlzIGdlbmVyYWxseSBleGNyZXRlZCBpbiB0aGUgdXJpbmUsIGFuZCB3b24mIzgyMTc7dCBidWlsZCB1cCB0byB0b3hpYyBsZXZlbHMu[Qq]

[c]IEluIHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudHMgd2hlcmUgYmF0cywgZ3VpbmVhIHBpZ3MsIGFuZCBwcmltYXRlcyBhbmQgcHJpbWF0ZXMgZXZvbHZlZCwgdGhlIGFiaWxpdHkgdG8g bWFrZSB2aXRhbWluIEMgd2FzIHVubmVjZXNzYXJ5LiBNdXRhdGlvbnMgaW4gdGhlIEdMTyBnZW5lIHJlc3VsdGVkIGluIGl0IGJlY29taW5nIGEgcHNldWRvZ2VuZS4=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IGpvYi4gQmVjYXVzZSBiYXRzLCBndWluZWEgcGlncywgYW5kIHByaW1hdGVzIGV2b2x2ZWQgaW4gZnJ1aXQtcmljaCBlbnZpcm9ubWVudHMgd2hlcmUgdml0YW1pbiBDIGNvdWxkIGJlIG9idGFpbmVkIGluIHRoZSBkaWV0LCBtdXRhdGlvbnMgdGhhdCBtYWRlIHRoZSBHTE8gZ2VuZSBub24tZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBkaWQgbm90IHJlZHVjZSBmaXRuZXNzLiBJbiBlYWNoIGxpbmVhZ2UsIHRoZSBHTE8gZ2VuZSBiZWNhbWUgYSBub24tZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBwc2V1ZG9nZW5lLCBhbmQgdGhpcyBvY2N1cnJlZCBpbmRlcGVuZGVudGx5IGluIGVhY2ggbGluZWFnZS4=[Qq]

[c]IER1cmluZyB0aGUgY291cnNlIG9mIHRoZWlyIGV2b2x1dGlvbiwgdGhlIGFuY2VzdG9ycyBvZiBiYXRzLCBndWluZWEgcGlncywgYW5kIG1vc3QgcHJpbWF0ZXMgd2VyZSBhYmxlIHRvIG9idGFpbiB2aXRhbWluIEMgZnJvbSBmcnVpdCBpbiB0aGVpciBlbnZpcm9ubWVudHMuIFRoZSBldm9sdXRpb24gb2YgdGhlIA==z4hHTE/CoA==cHNldWRvZ2VuZSBmcm9tIHRoZSA=R0xPwqA=Z2VuZSBwcm92aWRlZCB0aGVzZSBjbGFkZXMgd2l0aCBhIHdheSB0byBhdm9pZCB2aXRhbWluIEMgZGVmaWNpZW5jeS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgcmlnaHQgYWJvdXQgdGhlIGZpcnN0IHBhcnQsIGJ1dCBub3QgdGhlIHNlY29uZCBwYXJ0LiBUaGUgz4hHTE/CoA==cHNldWRvZ2VuZSBkb2VzbiYjODIxNzt0IHByb3RlY3QgYW4gb3JnYW5pc20gZnJvbSB2aXRhbWluIEMgZGVmaWNpZW5jeSwgYW5kIGlmIGRlcHJpdmVkIG9mIHN1ZmZpY2llbnQgdml0YW1pbiBDLCBkZWZpY2llbmN5IGRpc2Vhc2VzIHN1Y2ggYXMgc2N1cnZ5IGNhbiByZXN1bHQu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSA=z4hHTE8=IHBzZXVkb2dlbmUgaXMgYSB2ZXN0aWdpYWwgdHJhaXQgaW5oZXJpdGVkIGZyb20gYSBjb21tb24gYW5jZXN0b3Iu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGUgz4hHTE/CoA==cHNldWRvZ2VuZSA=aXM=IGEgdmVzdGlnaWFsIHRyYWl0LCBpdCB3YXMg[Qq]not inherited from a common ancestor. If you reexamine the phylogenetic tree above, you can see that the ψGLO pseudogene arose independently in the lineages that led to bats, guinea pigs, and most primates.

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6-7.8.Evidence_of_Evolution” dataset_id=”Unit 7 Cumulative Multiple Choice Quiz 2|213834579fc407″ question_number=”11″] The image below shows the skeletal structure of three-spined sticklebacks from four populations in Southeast Alaska.

Population D has a pelvic spine. This population is anadromous, which means that it lives in the ocean, and then migrates to a freshwater stream to breed and lay its eggs. The Northern Pacific Ocean where these fish spend most of their lives contains predatory fish species and the pelvic spine protects the stickleback against these predators.

Populations A, B, and C lack a pelvic spine. These populations live in isolated freshwater lakes where the primary predators are dragonfly larvae. These larvae hunt by grabbing onto protruding appendages in their prey.

Evolutionary studies show that the original form of the stickleback is the form with the pelvic spine. The spineless form evolved after the last ice age when populations of sticklebacks became stranded in inland lakes and could no longer migrate out to sea.

A team of scientists has analyzed DNA from these four populations to understand the genetic basis of the difference in their phenotypes. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

[c]IFBvcHVsYXRpb25zIEEsIEIsIGFuZCBDIGhhdmUgaWRlbnRpY2FsIG11dGF0aW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgZ2VuZSBmb3IgcGVsdmljIHNwaW5lIGRldmVsb3BtZW50LiBUaGlzIGluZGljYXRlcyB0aGF0IHRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbiBhcm9zZSBpbiBhIGNvbW1vbiBhbmNlc3RvciBvZiBhbGwgdGhyZWUgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdGhyZWUgbGFrZXMgaW4gd2hpY2ggdGhlc2UgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgbGl2ZSBhcmUgaXNvbGF0ZWQgZnJvbSBvbmUgYW5vdGhlci4gVGhlIG1vc3QgbGlrZWx5IHNjZW5hcmlvIGlzIHRoYXQgdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgZGlmZmVyZW5jZSBsZWFkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBzcGluZWxlc3MgZm9ybSBhcm9zZSBpbiBwYXJhbGxlbCwgYW5kIG5vdCBmcm9tIGEgY29tbW9uIGFuY2VzdG9yLg==[Qq]

[c]IFBvcHVsYXRpb24gQSwgQiwgYW5kIEMgaGF2ZSBtdXRhdGlvbnMgaW4gdGhlIGdlbmUgZm9yIHBlbHZpYyBzcGluZSBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCwgYn V0IHRoZSBtdXRhdGlvbnMgYXJlIGRpc3RpbmN0LCBpbmRpY2F0aW5nIHRoYXQgdGhlIG11dGF0aW9ucyBhcm9zZSBpbmRlcGVuZGVudGx5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UuIFRoZSB0aHJlZSBsYWtlcyBpbiB3aGljaCB0aGVzZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucyBsaXZlIGFyZSBpc29sYXRlZCBmcm9tIG9uZSBhbm90aGVyLiBUaGUgbW9zdCBsaWtlbHkgc2NlbmFyaW8gaXMgdGhhdCB0aGUgZ2VuZXRpYyBkaWZmZXJlbmNlcyBsZWFkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBzcGluZWxlc3MgZm9ybSBhcm9zZSBpbmRlcGVuZGVudGx5LiBUaGUgcmVzdWx0IHdvdWxkIGJlIG11dGF0aW9ucyBpbiB0aGUgc2FtZSBnZW5lLCBidXQgdGhlIGFjdHVhbCBtdXRhdGlvbnMgd291bGQgYmUgZGlzdGluY3Qu[Qq]

[c]IEJhc2VkIG9uIHRoZSBnZW9ncmFwaGljYWwgcG9zaXRpb24gb2YgUG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgQSwgQiwgYW5kIEMsIGl0IGNhbiBiZSBpbmZlcnJlZCB0aGF0IFBvcHVsYXRpb24gQSBldm9sdmVkIGZyb20gUG9wdWxhdGlvbiBCLCB3aGljaCBpbiB0dXJuIGV2b2x2ZWQgZnJvbSBQb3B1bGF0aW9uIEMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdGhyZWUgbGFrZXMgaW4gd2hpY2ggdGhlc2UgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgbGl2ZSBhcmUgaXNvbGF0ZWQgZnJvbSBvbmUgYW5vdGhlciwgc28gaXQmIzgyMTc7cyB1bmxpa2VseSB0aGF0IHRoZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9ucyBldm9sdmVkIGZyb20gb25lIGFub3RoZXIu[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBkaWZmZXJlbmNlcyBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSBwaGVub3R5cGVzIG9mIFBvcHVsYXRpb24gRCBhbmQgdGhvc2Ugb2YgUG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgQSwgQiwgYW5kIEMgYXJlIGNhdXNlZCBieSBhbiBlbnZpcm9ubWVudC1nZW5vdHlwZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbiBpbiB3aGljaCB0aGUgbGFjayBvZiBleHBvc3VyZSB0byBzYWx0IHdhdGVyIHByZXZlbnRzIHNwaW5lcyBmcm9tIGZvcm1pbmcgaW4gdGhlIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zIHRoYXQgaW5oYWJpdCBsYWtlcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBbiBlbnZpcm9ubWVudC1nZW5vdHlwZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbiBpc24mIzgyMTc7dCBpbXBvc3NpYmxlLCBidXQgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBubyBldmlkZW5jZSBmb3IgdGhhdC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjb25zaWRlciBhbiBldm9sdXRpb25hcnkgZXhwbGFuYXRpb24uIE5vdGUgdGhhdCB0aGUgdGhyZWUgbGFrZXMgaW4gd2hpY2ggdGhlc2UgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMgbGl2ZSBhcmUgaXNvbGF0ZWQgZnJvbSBvbmUgYW5vdGhlci4gV2hhdCBjb3VsZCBleHBsYWluIGEgc2ltaWxhciBhZGFwdGF0aW9uIGFyaXNpbmcgaW4gdGhyZWUgZGlmZmVyZW50IGlzb2xhdGVkIHBvcHVsYXRpb25zPw==[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Please proceed to the next tutorial: Species and Speciation