1. Watch these Videos

1.a. Energy Flow through Ecosystems

1.b. The Food Chains Song

1.c. Carbon Cycle Song

2a. Some useful terms from previous units

Autotroph: An organism that can take inorganic materials and create organic compounds. The carbon source is usually carbon dioxide but the source of hydrogen and electrons used to reduce carbon dioxide into a carbohydrate varies between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
- Photoautotrophs: use light to create organic compounds through photosynthesis.
  - Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are autotrophs.
  - The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy(light) -> C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂
- Chemoautotrophs: use chemical energy in inorganic compounds. Chemoautotrophs are found in two domains: bacteria and archaea. These organisms live in the Earth’s crust, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and other extreme environments.
Heterotroph: Any organism that doesn’t make its own food, but acquires matter and energy by eating or absorbing other living things or their dead remains, and then performing cellular respiration.
- Animals, fungi, and many bacteria and archaea are heterotrophs.
- Ecological niches of heterotrophs include herbivores, carnivores, parasites, scavengers, and decomposers.
- The chemical equation for cellular respiration is C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂ -> energy(ATP) + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

2b. Study this Summary

What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem consists of a community (living populations in an area) and the abiotic (non-living) parts of the environment.

Abiotic components: Air, soil, water, and energy flow.

Food Chains and Food Webs

Food Chain: The passage of energy and matter from one organism to another.
Food Web: A network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
Arrows in food webs indicate the transfer of energy from the consumed organism to the consumer.

Trophic Levels in Ecosystems

A trophic level represents an organism’s position in a food chain or food web.

Producers (Autotrophs): Create energetic, organic compounds, usually through photosynthesis.
Primary Consumers: Herbivores that eat producers.
Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
Higher levels (fourth, fifth consumers) continue the chain.
Decomposers: Break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients.

The Pyramid of Energy and the 10% Rule

The pyramid of energy illustrates how harvestable chemical energy decreases at each trophic level.

Only about 10% of energy from one level is available to the next.
Example:
- Producers: 10,000 kcal of energy
- Primary consumers: 1,000 kcal
- Secondary consumers: 100 kcal

Why Does the 10% Rule Exist?

Caterpillar on a green leaf. Leaf material eaten by caterpillar (200 J). A slim tan arrow labeled Growth (33 J) points from the leaf back toward the caterpillar. A thick brown arrow labeled Feces (100 J) points to some brown spots. A medium light green arrow labeled Cellular Respiration (67 J) points down and to the right. — The 10% rule

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is lost as heat in every transformation. In other words, as energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, much of the energy is lost as heat.
Metabolism: Energy is used for survival, not just growth.
Harvest Efficiency: Not all biomass is consumed (e.g., caterpillars don’t eat stems or roots).
Assimilation Efficiency: Not all consumed food is digested; some is lost as waste.

Other Ecological Pyramids

Pyramid of Biomass: Shows the dry mass of organisms at each level.
Biomass pyramids in four ecosystems
Pyramid of Numbers: Displays population sizes at each level (not always a pyramid shape, e.g., a tree feeding millions of insects).
A pyramid of numbers

Biogeochemical Cycles

These cycles show how elements move between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.

Every biogeochemical cycle includes

Reservoirs: Locations where carbon accumulates (e.g., atmospheric CO₂, carbon in plants).
Fluxes (flows): Movement of carbon between reservoirs.

The Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle shows how carbon enters the biosphere through photosynthesis.
This occurs through the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle, which pulls carbon dioxide out of the air or water, and incorporates into organic compounds like G3P, which is the starting point for creating glucose (and everything else a plant needs).
After carbon fixation, carbon can be passed to other carbon cycle reservoirs (like animals), or immediately returned to the atmosphere or water through cellular respiration.
The other fluxes and reservoirs are described below.

Key Fluxes in the Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis: Plants absorb CO₂ from the air.
Respiration: Plants and animals release CO₂.
Consumption: Carbon moves from plants to herbivores.
Decomposition: Decomposers break down dead organisms, returning CO₂ to the atmosphere.
Fossilization: Over time, some carbon becomes fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
Combustion: Burning fossil fuels releases CO₂ back into the atmosphere.

While combustion and its effects on climate are significant, these topics are more relevant to environmental science than AP Biology.

Concluding thoughts about Ecosystems that are worth memorizing

As energy moves through an ecosystem, it dissipates away as heat. Matter, by contrast, recycles, and circulates within the system.
Another way to say this is that life on Earth is an open system in terms of energy, but a closed system in terms of matter.

3. Master these Flashcards

[qdeck qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Ecosystems Flashcards, APBioVideoPath”]

[h]Ecosystems

[i]

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1248f0479c110″ question_number=”380″ topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] What are food chains and food webs?

[a] A food chain shows the passage of energy and matter from one organism to the next within an ecosystem. A food web shows all the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|274602f65205″ question_number=”381″ unit=”8.Ecology” topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] What are trophic levels?

[a] A trophic level is an organism’s position in a food chain or food web.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|26a307b5fa05″ question_number=”382″ unit=”8.Ecology” topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] Describe the basic trophic levels found in most ecosystems.

[a]

Producers (1) create energetic organic compounds, almost always through photosynthesis.
Primary consumers or herbivores (2) eat producers.
Secondary consumers or carnivores (3) eat the primary consumers.
Secondary consumers can be consumed by tertiary consumers (4). In some oceanic food chains, there are even higher levels, but rarely more than four or five.
When organisms at any level die their remains are broken down by decomposers (not shown)

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|123d4c0c28110″ question_number=”383″ topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] What do ecological pyramids represent? List the three types of ecological pyramids.

[a] Ecological pyramids are a way of showing the structure of an ecosystem, usually by trophic level. There are three types: energy, biomass, and numbers.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1232ac95e7d10″ question_number=”384″ topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] In relationship to ecology, describe a pyramid of energy and explain the 10% rule.

[a] A pyramid of energy shows the amount of harvestable chemical energy in each trophic level. In this pyramid, each trophic level has 10% of the chemical potential energy of the level beneath it. Thus, if the producers in an ecosystem had 10,000 units of energy (measured in units like kilojoules or kilocalories), the primary consumers would have 1000 units, and the secondary consumers would have 100 units.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1221a5fef4910″ question_number=”385″ topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] In relationship to ecology, describe a pyramid of biomass.

[a] A pyramid of biomass shows the biomass (living matter) available at each trophic level in an ecosystem. The 10% rule from pyramids of energy is not applicable, and in some aquatic ecosystems in which there’s high productivity and high rates of conversion of producers to primary consumers, the shape might not be pyramidal, because there might be less biomass in the producers than in the primary consumers.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|21a26ef3df618c” question_number=”386″] In relationship to ecology, describe the pyramid of numbers.

[a]

A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organisms at each trophic level. The 10% rule from the pyramid of energy is not applicable. Imagine a tree — one organism, supporting thousands of insects, supporting hundreds of birds — and you can see how the shape of this pyramid is not at all pyramidal.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1215b74204110″ question_number=”387″ topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] 1) What is a biogeochemical cycle? 2) What are the key components of biogeochemical cycles?

[a] 1) Biogeochemical cycles show the movement of elements or compounds between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) parts of an ecosystem.

2) Components of biogeochemical cycles include reservoirs (locations where elements or compounds accumulate, often in chemically different forms) and fluxes or flows (ways in which these compounds or elements move from one reservoir to another one).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|120c1c90f7910″ question_number=”388″ topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] Describe the carbon cycle. Note that for AP Bio, you can leave out dissolved CO₂ in the oceans, absorption into rocks, and release from volcanoes.

Importance for the AP exam: High

[a] Through photosynthesis (A), producers fix carbon dioxide in air or water into carbohydrates and other compounds. Some of this carbon moves to animals via consumption (C). Both plants and animals respire (B and D), which returns CO₂ to the atmosphere. When plants or animals die (E and F), their organic remains are decomposed. Decomposition (G) renders the carbon in dead organic matter back into carbon dioxide, which rejoins the atmosphere.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1556beb88c40a3″ question_number=”390″ unit=”8.Ecology” topic=”8.2.Energy_Flow_Through_Ecosystems”] Describe some of the reasons behind the 10% rule: the idea that each trophic level in an ecosystem has only 10% of the harvestable energy found in the level below it.

[a] The 10% rule results from:

Entropy: Whenever energy is transformed from one form to another (from the bodies of herbivores to the bodies of carnivores, for example), some energy is lost as heat.
Inefficient harvest: Consumers don’t eat everything in the trophic level below.
Not everything that gets consumed will be absorbed into the body: everything that’s defecated out constitutes matter and energy that aren’t passed on to the organism.
Much energy goes to staying alive, and not to growth that can be passed on to the next trophic level.

[x][restart]

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these Quizzes

4.1. Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels

[qwiz style = “border: 3px solid black;” random = “true” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels, APBioVideoPath”]

[h]Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels

[i]

[q] What is the source of energy in almost all ecosystems?

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[q] The organisms that create the food that supports ecosystems are known as

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[q] One of these things is not like the other ones. Which one doesn’t fit?

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[q] One of these things is not like the other ones. Which one doesn’t fit?

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[Qq]

[q] The correct chemical equation for photosynthesis is

[c]IEM=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6 + 6 CO₂ + energy (ATP) -> 6CO₂ + 6O₂

[c]IEM=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6+ 6O₂ -> energy(ATP) + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

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[q] The term that best describes the kind of organism that directly consumes plants is

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[Qq]

[q] The correct chemical reaction for cellular respiration is

[c]IEM=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6+ 6CO₂ + energy(ATP) -> 6CO₂ + 6O₂

[c]IE M=_Ng==SA==_MTI=Tw==_[Qq]6+ 6O₂ -> energy(ATP) + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

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[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBhbmQgcmVsZWFzZXMgZW5lcmd5LCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYW5kIHdhdGVyLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQ2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gYmVnaW5zIHdpdGggZ2x1Y29zZSwgY29tYmluZXMgaXQgd2l0aCBveHlnZW4sIGFuZCByZWxlYXNlcyBlbmVyZ3ksIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLCBhbmQgd2F0ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBhbmQgcmVsZWFzZXMgZW5lcmd5LCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYW5kIHdhdGVyLiBUaGlzIGVxdWF0aW9uLCBieSB0aGUgd2F5LCBpcyB0aGUgY29ycmVjdCBlcXVhdGlvbiBmb3IgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIElmIHlvdSByZXZlcnNlIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbiwgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZm9yIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBGaW5kIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCBiZWdpbnMgd2l0aCBnbHVjb3NlLCBjb21iaW5lcyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiBhbmQgcmVsZWFzZXMgZW5lcmd5LCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgYW5kIHdhdGVyLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ‘Herbivore’ means the same as

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[c]IHByaW1hcnkg Y29uc3VtZXI=[Qq]

[c]IGFuaW1hbA==[Qq]

[c]IGhldGVyb3Ryb3Bo[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGNvbnN1bWUgcHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBlYXRzIHBsYW50cz8=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgYXJlIGhlcmJpdm9yZXMsIGFuZCBlYXQgcGxhbnRzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJhBbmltYWzigJkgaXMgYSBiaXQgdG9vIGJyb2FkLiBBbmltYWxzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzIG9yIGNhcm5pdm9yZXMuIFdoYXTigJlzIGEgc3lub255bSBmb3IgaGVyYml2b3JlPw==[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] If you need to acquire your food from another organism (as opposed to making it yourself), you’re a(n)

[c]IHBsYW50[Qq]

[c]IGF1dG90cm9waA==[Qq]

[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vy[Qq]

[c]IGhldGVy b3Ryb3Bo[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQbGFudHMgY2FuIG1ha2UgdGhlaXIgb3duIGZvb2QuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBjYW7igJl0IG1ha2UgaXRzIG93biBmb29kPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJhBdXRvdHJvcGjigJkgbWVhbnMg4oCYc2VsZi1mZWVkZXIu4oCZIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBjYW7igJl0IG1ha2UgaXRzIG93biBmb29kPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIHBsYW50cyAob3Igc29tZSBvdGhlciBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXRpYyBvcmdhbmlzbSkgdGhhdCBwcm9kdWNlIGZvb2QgZm9yIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMgYW5kIG90aGVyIG9yZ2FuaXNtcy4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBjYW7igJl0IHByb2R1Y2UgdGhlaXIgb3duIGZvb2Q/[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVG8gYmUgYSBoZXRlcm90cm9waCBtZWFucyBuZWVkaW5nIHRvIGFjcXVpcmUgZm9vZCBmcm9tIGFub3RoZXIgb3JnYW5pc20sIGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8gbWFraW5nIGl0IHlvdXJzZWxmIChsaWtlIGEgcGxhbnQgY2FuKS4gSGV0ZXJvdHJvcGhzIGNhbiBiZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzLCBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLCBhbmQgZXZlbiBkZWNvbXBvc2Vycy4=

Cg==

IA==[Qq]

[q] A pathway of matter and energy that flows from one organism to another is known as a

[c]IGZvb2Qgd2Vi[Qq]

[c]IGZvb2Qg Y2hhaW4=[Qq]

[c]IGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgdmVyeSBjbG9zZS4gQSBmb29kIHdlYiBpcyBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UganVzdCBhIHNpbmdsZSBwYXRod2F5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQSBmb29kIGNoYWluIGlzIGEgcGF0aHdheSBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgYW5kIGVuZXJneSBmcm9tIG9uZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0byB0aGUgbmV4dCBpbiBhbiBlY29zeXN0ZW0u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlIHNob3dzIHRoZSBjeWNsaW5nIG9mIG1hdHRlciBiZXR3ZWVuIGFiaW90aWMgYW5kIGJpb3RpYyBjb21wb25lbnRzIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gVG8gYW5zd2VyIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24ganVzdCBmb2N1cyBvbiB0aGUgcGF0aHdheSBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgYW5kIGVuZXJneSBiZXR3ZWVuIG9yZ2FuaXNtcy4=

Cg==

ICA=[Qq]

[q] An organism that primarily gets food by eating herbivores is a(n)

[c]IFByb2R1Y2Vy[Qq]

[c]IFByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXI=[Qq]

[c]IFNlY29uZGFyeS Bjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBtb3N0IGVjb3N5c3RlbXMsIHByb2R1Y2VycyBhcmUgdGhlIHBsYW50cyB0aGF0IHByb2R1Y2UgdGhlIGZvb2QgZm9yIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMgYW5kIG90aGVyIG9yZ2FuaXNtcy4gV2hvIGVhdHMgdGhlIGhlcmJpdm9yZXM/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXIgZWF0cyBwbGFudHMuIFdobyBlYXRzIHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycz8=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gU2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgY2Fybml2b3JlcyB0aGF0IGVhdCBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycy7CoA==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] One of these things is not like the other ones. Which one doesn’t fit?

[c]IGNhcm5pdm9yZQ==[Qq]

[c]IHByZWRhdG9y[Qq]

[c]IFNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[c]IGhlcmJp dm9yZQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgdW5pZnlpbmcgY29uY2VwdCBmb3IgdGhpcyBhbmQgdHdvIG9mIHRoZSBvdGhlciBjaG9pY2VzIGlzICYjODIyMDttZWF0IGVhdGVyLiYjODIyMTsgV2hpY2ggb25lIGRvZXMgTk9UIG1lYW4gbWVhdCBlYXRlcj8=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gSGVyYml2b3JlcyBlYXQgcGxhbnRzLiBBbGwgdGhlIG90aGVyIHRlcm1zIHJlZmVyIHRvIG1lYXQgZWF0ZXJzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The diagram on the right depicts

[c]IHR3byBmb29k IGNoYWlucw==[Qq]

[c]IGEgZm9vZCB3ZWI=[Qq]

[c]IGVjb3N5c3RlbQ==[Qq]

[c]IGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xl[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIHBhdGh3YXkgb2YgZm9vZCBmcm9tIG9uZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0byB0aGUgbmV4dCBpcyBhIGZvb2QgY2hhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZvb2Qgd2ViIHNob3dzIGFsbCB0aGUgZm9vZCBjaGFpbnMgaW4gYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtLiBUaGlzIGltYWdlIHNob3dzIHR3byBwYXRod2F5cyBvZiBmb29kIGVuZXJneS4gV2hhdOKAmXMgdGhlIGJlc3QgdGVybSBmb3IgdGhhdD8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGRpYWdyYW0gb2YgYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtIHdvdWxkIGluY2x1ZGUgYm90aCB0aGUgbGl2aW5nIGNvbW11bml0eSBpbiBhbiBhcmVhIGFuZCB0aGUgbm9uLWxpdmluZyBwYXJ0cyBvZiB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgdGhhdCBzdXBwb3J0IHRoYXQgY29tbXVuaXR5LiBXaGF0IGtpbmQgb2YgaW1hZ2Ugc2hvd3MgYSBzaW5nbGUgcGF0aHdheSBvZiBmb29kIHRocm91Z2ggYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlIGRpYWdyYW0gd291bGQgc2hvdyB0aGUgZmxvdyBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgZnJvbSBsaXZpbmcgdG8gbm9uLWxpdmluZyBjb21wb25lbnRzIG9mIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gVGhpcyBpbWFnZSBzaG93cyB0d28gcGF0aHdheXMgb2YgZm9vZCBlbmVyZ3kuIFdoYXTigJlzIHRoZSBiZXN0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIG9mIHRoYXQ/wqA=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] This diagram depicts a [c]IGZvb2QgY2hhaW4=

Cg==[Qq]

[c]IGEgZm9v ZCB3ZWI=[Qq]

[c]IGVjb3N5c3RlbQ==[Qq]

[c]IGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGZvb2QgY2hhaW4gaXMgdGhlIHBhdGh3YXkgb2YgZm9vZCBmcm9tIG9uZSBvcmdhbmlzbSB0byB0aGUgbmV4dC4gVGhpcyBkaWFncmFtIHNob3dzIG11bHRpcGxlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQSBmb29kIHdlYiBzaG93cyBhbGwgdGhlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGRpYWdyYW0gb2YgYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtIHdvdWxkIGluY2x1ZGUgYm90aCB0aGUgbGl2aW5nIGNvbW11bml0eSBpbiBhbiBhcmVhIGFuZCB0aGUgbm9uLWxpdmluZyBwYXJ0cyBvZiB0aGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgdGhhdCBzdXBwb3J0IHRoYXQgY29tbXVuaXR5LiBXaGF0IGtpbmQgb2YgZGlhZ3JhbSB3b3VsZCBzaG93IGFsbCB0aGUgZm9vZCBjaGFpbnMgaW4gYW4gZWNvc3lzdGVtPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlIGRpYWdyYW0gd291bGQgc2hvdyB0aGUgZmxvdyBvZiBtYXR0ZXIgZnJvbSBsaXZpbmcgdG8gbm9uLWxpdmluZyBjb21wb25lbnRzIG9mIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIGRpYWdyYW0gd291bGQgc2hvdyBhbGwgdGhlIGZvb2QgY2hhaW5zIGluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbT8=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The organisms at number four in this diagram are

[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycw==[Qq]

[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]

[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbG V2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyc8Kg[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIGFsd2F5cyBhdCB0aGUgYm90dG9tIG9mIGEgZm9vZCBjaGFpbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDIuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=IA==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzaG93biBhdCBudW1iZXIgMy4gVGhleSBlYXQgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLg==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQSB0ZXJ0aWFyeSAoM3JkLWxldmVsKSBjb25zdW1lciB3b3VsZCBiZSBhdCBudW1iZXIgNCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0uIFRlcnRpYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBlYXQgc2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyAoY2Fybml2b3JlcykuwqA=

Cg==

IA==[Qq]

[q] The organisms at number one in this diagram are

[c]IHByb2R1 Y2Vycw==[Qq]

[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]

[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVycw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUHJvZHVjZXJzIGFyZSBhbHdheXMgYXQgdGhlIGJvdHRvbSBvZiBhIGZvb2QgY2hhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDIuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzaG93biBhdCBudW1iZXIgMy4gVGhleSBlYXQgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGVydGlhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGVhdCBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChjYXJuaXZvcmVzKS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The organisms at number three in this diagram are

[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycw==

Cg==[Qq]

[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeS Bjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]

[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVycw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIGFsd2F5cyBhdCB0aGUgYm90dG9tIG9mIGEgZm9vZCBjaGFpbi4gVGhleeKAmXJlIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAxLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDIuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gU2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycyBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDMuIFRoZXkgZWF0IHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGVydGlhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGVhdCBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChjYXJuaXZvcmVzKS4=

Cg==

IA==[Qq]

[q] The organisms at number two in this diagram are

[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycw==[Qq]

[c]IHByaW1hcnkg Y29uc3VtZXJz[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnM=[Qq]

[c]IHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVycw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIGFsd2F5cyBhdCB0aGUgYm90dG9tIG9mIGEgZm9vZCBjaGFpbi4gVGhleeKAmXJlIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAxLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgYXJlIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAyLiBUaGV5IGVhdCBwcm9kdWNlcnMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzaG93biBhdCBudW1iZXIgMy4gVGhleSBlYXQgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHRlcnRpYXJ5ICgzcmQtbGV2ZWwpIGNvbnN1bWVyIHdvdWxkIGJlIGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGVydGlhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGVhdCBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChjYXJuaXZvcmVzKS4=

Cg==

IA==[Qq]

[q] An animal like a grizzly bear that eats plants and preys on other animals is a(n)

[c]IGhlcmJpdm9yZQ==[Qq]

[c]IHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXI=[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[c]IG9tbm l2b3Jl[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJiaXZvcmVzIGVhdCBwbGFudHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7UHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lciYjODIyMTsgaXMgZXF1aXZhbGVudCB0byDigJhoZXJiaXZvcmUu4oCZIFRoZXNlIGFuaW1hbHMgc29sZWx5IGVhdCBwbGFudHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBzb2xlbHkgY2Fybml2b3Jlcy4gRmluZCB0aGUgbmFtZSBvZiBhIHR5cGUgb2Ygb3JnYW5pc20gdGhhdCBlYXRzIGJvdGggcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBhbmltYWxzLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQmVhcnMgKGxpa2UgcGVvcGxlKSBhcmUgb21uaXZvcmVzLCBlYXRpbmcgYm90aCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMu

Cg==

IA==[Qq]

[q] An animal like an elk that eats almost exclusively plants is a(n)

[c]IGhlcmJp dm9yZQ==[Qq]

[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vy[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[c]IG9tbml2b3Jl[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gRWxrIGFyZSBoZXJiaXZvcmVzIG9yIHBsYW50IGVhdGVycy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIHBsYW50cy4gV2hhdCB0eXBlIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtIGVhdHMgcGxhbnRzPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLiBGaW5kIHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGVhdHMgb25seSBwbGFudHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBPbW5pdm9yZXMgZWF0IGJvdGggcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBhbmltYWxzLiBGaW5kIHRoZSBuYW1lIG9mIGEgdHlwZSBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGVhdHMgb25seSBwbGFudHMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] An animal like a vulture that eats the remains of dead animals is a(n)

[c]IGhlcmJpdm9yZQ==[Qq]

[c]IHBhcmFzaXRl[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[c]IG9tbml2b3Jl[Qq]

[c]IHNjYXZl bmdlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vIEhlcmJpdm9yZXMgYXJlIHBsYW50LWVhdGVycw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQYXJhc2l0ZXMgZmVlZCBvbiBhIGxpdmluZyBob3N0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLiBUaGV5IGtpbGwgdGhlaXIgcHJleS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vIE9tbml2b3JlcyBlYXQgYm90aCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbSBlYXRzIHRoZSByZW1haW5zIG9mIGRlYWQgYW5pbWFscz8=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQSB2dWx0dXJlIGZlZWRzIG9uIHRoZSByZW1haW5zIG9mIGRlYWQgYW5pbWFscywgbWFraW5nIGl0IGEgc2NhdmVuZ2VyLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] An organism like a tapeworm that feeds off a living host is a(n)

[c]IGhlcmJpdm9yZQ==[Qq]

[c]IHBhcm FzaXRl[Qq]

[c]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcg==[Qq]

[c]IG9tbml2b3Jl[Qq]

[c]IHNjYXZlbmdlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vIEhlcmJpdm9yZXMgYXJlIHBsYW50LWVhdGVycy4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIGFuaW1hbCBwcmV5cyBvbiBhIGxpdmluZyBob3N0Pw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUGFyYXNpdGVzLCBsaWtlIHRoZSB0YXBld29ybSwgZmVlZCBvZmYgb2YgYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGFyZSBjYXJuaXZvcmVzLiBUaGV5IGtpbGwgdGhlaXIgcHJleS4gV2hhdCBraW5kIG9mIGFuaW1hbCBwcmV5cyBvbiBhIGxpdmluZyBob3N0Pw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vIE9tbml2b3JlcyBlYXQgYm90aCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBhbmltYWwgcHJleXMgb24gYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdD8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIHNjYXZlbmdlciBmZWVkcyBvbiB0aGUgcmVtYWlucyBvZiBkZWFkIGFuaW1hbHMuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBhbmltYWwgcHJleXMgb24gYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdD8=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Organisms like this fungus that get their nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter, breaking it down into simple forms that can re-enter biogeochemical cycles, are

[c]IGRlY29tcG 9zZXJzLg==[Qq]

[c]IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]

[c]IHBhcmFzaXRlcy4=[Qq]

[c]IHByZWRhdG9y[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gRGVjb21wb3NlcnMsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGUgb3JnYW5pc21zIGxpa2UgZnVuZ2kgYW5kIGJhY3RlcmlhLCBnZXQgdGhlaXIgbnV0cmllbnRzIGZyb20gdGhlIGJyZWFrZG93biBvZiBkZWFkIGFuZCBkZWNheWluZyBvcmdhbmljIG1hdHRlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcm9kdWNlcnMgYXJlIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBsaWtlIHBsYW50cyB0aGF0IGNhbiBwcm9kdWNlIGZvb2Qu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQYXJhc2l0ZXMgYXJlIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyB0aGF0IHByZXkgb24gYSBsaXZpbmcgaG9zdC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQcmVkYXRvcnMga2lsbCBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzIGZvciBmb29kLg==[Qq]

[x] If you want to take this quiz again, click the button below

[restart]

[/qwiz]

4.2. Ecological Pyramids and the 10% Rule

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Ecological Pyramids and the 10% rule, APBioVideoPath”]

[h]Ecological Pyramids and the 10% rule

[q] In the diagram below, what is the amount of energy that passes through the caterpillar, but can’t be absorbed into the caterpillar?

[c]MTAw Sg==[Qq]

[c]MzNK[Qq]

[c]NjdK[Qq]

[c]MjAwSg==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAxMDAgSiBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzICYjODIyMDtmZWNlcy4mIzgyMjE7IFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBmb29kIGVuZXJneSB0aGF0IHBhc3NlcyB0aHJvdWdoIGFuIGFuaW1hbCBidXQgY2FuJiM4MjE3O3QgYmUgYWJzb3JiZWQu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDMzSiBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzICYjODIyMDtncm93dGguJiM4MjIxOyBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhpcyBlbmVyZ3kgZ2V0cyBpbmNvcnBvcmF0ZWQgaW50byBidWlsZGluZyBtb3JlIG9mIHRoZSBjYXRlcnBpbGxhci4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDY3SiBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzICYjODIyMDtjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbi4mIzgyMjE7IFRoYXQgbWVhbnMgdGhhdCB0aGlzIGVuZXJneSBpcyB1c2VkIHRvIGtlZXAgdGhlIGNhdGVycGlsbGFyIGFsaXZlLCBvciBpcyBsb3N0IGFzIGhlYXQgdG8gdGhlIGVudmlyb25tZW50Lg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDIwMEogaXMgdGhlIG9yaWdpbmFsIGFtb3VudCBvZiBmb29kIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgbGVhZiB0aGF0IHdhcyBjb25zdW1lZCBieSB0aGUgY2F0ZXJwaWxsYXIu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, what is the amount of food energy that the caterpillar consumes?

[c]MTAwSg==[Qq]

[c]MzNK[Qq]

[c]NjdK[Qq]

[c]MjAw Sg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDEwMCBKIGlzIGxhYmVsZWQgYXMgJiM4MjIwO2ZlY2VzLiYjODIyMTsgVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGZvb2QgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgcGFzc2VzIHRocm91Z2ggdXMsIGJ1dCB3aGljaCB3ZSBjYW4mIzgyMTc7dCBhYnNvcmIu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDMzSiBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzICYjODIyMDtncm93dGguJiM4MjIxOyBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhpcyBlbmVyZ3kgZ2V0cyBpbmNvcnBvcmF0ZWQgaW50byBidWlsZGluZyBtb3JlIG9mIHRoZSBjYXRlcnBpbGxhci4=[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAyMDBKIGlzIHRoZSBvcmlnaW5hbCBhbW91bnQgb2YgZm9vZCBlbmVyZ3kgaW4gdGhlIGxlYWYgdGhhdCB3YXMgY29uc3VtZWQgYnkgdGhlIGNhdGVycGlsbGFyLg==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, what is the amount of energy that the caterpillar consumes, and which becomes more of the caterpillar?

[c]MTAwSg==[Qq]

[c]Mz NK[Qq]

[c]NjdK[Qq]

[c]MjAwSg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDEwMCBKIGlzIGxhYmVsZWQgYXMgJiM4MjIwO2ZlY2VzLiYjODIyMTsgVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGZvb2QgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgcGFzc2VzIHRocm91Z2ggdGhlIGNhdGVycGlsbGFyIGJ1dCBjYW4mIzgyMTc7dCBiZSBhYnNvcmJlZC4=[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAzM0ogaXMgbGFiZWxlZCBhcyAmIzgyMjA7Z3Jvd3RoLiYjODIyMTsgVGhhdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoaXMgZW5lcmd5IGdldHMgaW5jb3Jwb3JhdGVkIGludG8gYnVpbGRpbmcgbW9yZSBvZiB0aGUgY2F0ZXJwaWxsYXIu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDIwMEogaXMgdGhlIG9yaWdpbmFsIGFtb3VudCBvZiBmb29kIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgbGVhZiB0aGF0IHdhcyBjb25zdW1lZCBieSB0aGUgY2F0ZXJwaWxsYXIu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, what is the amount of energy that the caterpillar consumes, but which gets spent supporting the caterpillar’s own life processes, or is lost as heat?

[c]MTAwSg==[Qq]

[c]MzNK[Qq]

[c]Nj dK[Qq]

[c]MjAwSg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDEwMCBKIGlzIGxhYmVsZWQgYXMgJiM4MjIwO2ZlY2VzLiYjODIyMTsgVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGZvb2QgZW5lcmd5IHRoYXQgcGFzc2VzIHRocm91Z2ggdGhlIGNhdGVycGlsbGFyIGJ1dCBjYW4mIzgyMTc7dCBiZSBhYnNvcmJlZC4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDMzSiBpcyBsYWJlbGVkIGFzICYjODIyMDtncm93dGguJiM4MjIxOyBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhpcyBlbmVyZ3kgZ2V0cyBpbmNvcnBvcmF0ZWQgaW50byBidWlsZGluZyBtb3JlIG9mIHRoZSBjYXRlcnBpbGxhci4=[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiA2N0ogaXMgbGFiZWxlZCBhcyAmIzgyMjA7Y2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcGlyYXRpb24uJiM4MjIxOyBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhpcyBlbmVyZ3kgaXMgdXNlZCB0byBrZWVwIHRoZSBjYXRlcnBpbGxhciBhbGl2ZSwgb3IgaXMgbG9zdCBhcyBoZWF0IHRvIHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudC4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIDIwMEogaXMgdGhlIG9yaWdpbmFsIGFtb3VudCBvZiBmb29kIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgbGVhZiB0aGF0IHdhcyBjb25zdW1lZCBieSB0aGUgY2F0ZXJwaWxsYXIu[Qq]

[q] The diagram below shows a

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBlbmVyZ3k=[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBiaW9tYXNz[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBv ZiBudW1iZXJz[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEEgcHlyYW1pZCBvZiBlbmVyZ3kgZGlmZmVyZW5jZXMgYXQgZWFjaCB0cm9waGljIGxldmVsLiBZb3UgY291bGQgaWRlbnRpZnkgdGhpcyBieSBlbmVyZ3ktcmVsYXRlZCB1bml0cyBzdWNoIGFzICYjODIyMDtqb3VsZXMsJiM4MjIxOyAmIzgyMjA7Y2Fsb3JpZXMsJiM4MjIxOyBldGMu[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEJpb21hc3MgaXMgbGl2aW5nIG1hdHRlci4gQSBweXJhbWlkIG9mIGJpb21hc3Mgc2hvd3MgZGlmZmVyZW5jZXMgaW4gYmlvbWFzcyBhdCBlYWNoIHRyb3BoaWMgbGV2ZWwuIFlvdSBjb3VsZCBpZGVudGlmeSBpdCBieSB1bml0cyBzdWNoIGFzIGdyYW1zIG9yIGtpbG9ncmFtcy4=[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBUaGlzIGlzIGEgcHlyYW1pZCBvZiBudW1iZXJzIGFuZCBzaG93cyB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBhdCBlYWNoIHRyb3BoaWMgbGV2ZWwu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The diagram below shows a

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBv ZiBlbmVyZ3k=[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBiaW9tYXNz[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBudW1iZXJz[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBBIHB5cmFtaWQgb2YgZW5lcmd5IGRpZmZlcmVuY2VzIGF0IGVhY2ggdHJvcGhpYyBsZXZlbC4gWW91IGNvdWxkIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoaXMgYnkgZW5lcmd5LXJlbGF0ZWQgdW5pdHMgc3VjaCBhcyAmIzgyMjA7am91bGVzLCYjODIyMTsgJiM4MjIwO2NhbG9yaWVzLCYjODIyMTsgZXRjLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEEgcHlyYW1pZCBvZiBudW1iZXJzwqBzaG93cyB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBhdCBlYWNoIHRyb3BoaWMgbGV2ZWwu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The diagram below shows a

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBlbmVyZ3k=[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBv ZiBiaW9tYXNz[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBudW1iZXJz[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBCaW9tYXNzIGlzIGxpdmluZyBtYXR0ZXIuIEEgcHlyYW1pZCBvZiBiaW9tYXNzIHNob3dzIGRpZmZlcmVuY2VzIGluIGJpb21hc3MgYXQgZWFjaCB0cm9waGljIGxldmVsLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEEgcHlyYW1pZCBvZiBudW1iZXJzwqBzaG93cyB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBhdCBlYWNoIHRyb3BoaWMgbGV2ZWwu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The diagram below shows a

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBlbmVyZ3k=[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBvZiBiaW9tYXNz[Qq]

[c]cHlyYW1pZCBv ZiBudW1iZXJz[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEJpb21hc3MgaXMgbGl2aW5nIG1hdHRlci4gQSBweXJhbWlkIG9mIGJpb21hc3Mgc2hvd3MgZGlmZmVyZW5jZXMgaW4gYmlvbWFzcyBhdCBlYWNoIHRyb3BoaWMgbGV2ZWwu[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBBIHB5cmFtaWQgb2YgbnVtYmVyc8Kgc2hvd3MgdGhlIG51bWJlciBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbXMgYXQgZWFjaCB0cm9waGljIGxldmVsLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the secondary consumers are the

[c]c2hyaW1w[Qq]

[c]Ymxl YWs=[Qq]

[c]cGVyY2g=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoaXMgaXMgYSB0cmlja3kgcXVlc3Rpb24uIFRoZSBzaHJpbXAgYXJlIHNob3duIGF0IHRoZSBib3R0b20gb2YgdGhpcyBweXJhbWlkLCBidXQgeW91IGtub3cgZW5vdWdoIGFib3V0IGJpb2xvZ3kgYW5kIGVjb2xvZ3kgdG8ga25vdyB0aGF0IHNocmltcCBhcmUgYW5pbWFscywgYW5kIGNhbiYjODIxNzt0IGJlIHByb2R1Y2Vycy4gVGhlcmVmb3JlLCB0aGV5IGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgdGhlIHByaW1hcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIGluIHRoaXMgc3lzdGVtLg==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLsKgVGhlIGJsZWFrIGFyZSBlYXRpbmcgdGhlIHNocmltcC4gU2luY2UgdGhlIHNocmltcCBoYXZlIHRvIGJlIHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycywgdGhlIGJsZWFrIGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgc2Vjb25kYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycy4=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoaXMgaXMgYSB0cmlja3kgcXVlc3Rpb24uIEV2ZW4gdGhvdWdoIHRoZSBwZXJjaCBhcmUgdGhlIDNyZCBsZXZlbCB1cCwgeW91IGtub3cgdGhhdCB0aGUgc2hyaW1wIGFyZSBhbmltYWxzLCBhbmQgY2FuJiM4MjE3O3QgYmUgcHJvZHVjZXJzLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUsIHRoZXkgaGF2ZSB0byBiZSB0aGUgcHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgaW4gdGhpcyBzeXN0ZW0uIFRoYXQgd291bGQgbWFrZSB0aGUgcGVyY2ggYSB0aGlyZC1sZXZlbCBjb25zdW1lci4gV2hvJiM4MjE3O3MgdGhlIHNlY29uZGFyeSBjb25zdW1lcj8=[Qq]

[q] Which type of ecological pyramid HAS to be the widest at its base?

[c]UHlyYW1pZCBvZiBudW1iZXJz[Qq]

[c]UHlyYW1pZCBvZiBiaW9tYXNz[Qq]

[c]UHlyYW1pZCBv ZiBlbmVyZ3k=[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEluIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbSB3aGVyZSBhIGZldyB2ZXJ5IGxhcmdlIHByb2R1Y2VycyBzdXBwb3J0IG1hbnkgY29uc3VtZXJzIChhIHRyZWUgc3VwcG9ydGluZyB0aG91c2FuZHMgb2YgaW5zZWN0cyksIHRoZSBweXJhbWlkIG9mIG51bWJlcnMgY2FuIGJlIG5hcnJvd2VyIGF0IGl0cyBiYXNlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFRoZXJlIGFyZSBzb21lIGFxdWF0aWMgZWNvc3lzdGVtcyB3aGVyZSwgYXQgYW55IHBvaW50IGluIHRpbWUsIHRoZXJlIGlzIG1vcmUgbWFzcyBhdCB0aGUgbGV2ZWwgb2YgcHJpbWFyeSBjb25zdW1lcnMgdGhhbiB0aGVyZSBpcyBhdCB0aGUgbGV2ZWwgb2YgcHJvZHVjZXJzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBBIHB5cmFtaWQgb2YgZW5lcmd5LCBiYXNlZCBvbiB0aGUgbGF3cyBvZiBwaHlzaWNzLCBoYXMgdG8gYmUgdGhlIHdpZGVzdCBhdCBpdHMgYmFzZS4gTm8gZXhjZXB0aW9ucy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]If the amount of chemical energy in the giraffes is 150,000 units, how much energy would be in the lions?

[c]MTUs MDAw[Qq]

[c]MTUwLDAwMA==[Qq]

[c]MSw1MDAsMDAw[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBGb2xsb3dpbmcgdGhlIDEwJSBydWxlLCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztkIGJlIDEwJSBvZiB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IGF2YWlsYWJsZSBpbiB0aGUgbGlvbnMgYXMgdGhlcmUgaXMgaW4gdGhlIGdpcmFmZmVzLg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBGb2xsb3dpbmcgdGhlIDEwJSBydWxlLCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztkIGJlIDEwJSBvZiB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IGF2YWlsYWJsZSBpbiB0aGUgbGlvbnMgYXMgdGhlcmUgaXMgaW4gdGhlIGdpcmFmZmVzLg==[Qq]

[q]If the amount of chemical energy in the giraffes is 150,000 units, how much energy would be in the plants that support the giraffes?

[c]MTUsMDAw[Qq]

[c]MTUwLDAwMA==[Qq]

[c]MSw1MD AsMDAw[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEZvbGxvd2luZyB0aGUgMTAlIHJ1bGUsIGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgMTAgdGltZXMgYXMgbXVjaCBlbmVyZ3kgaW4gdGhlIHRyb3BoaWMgbGV2ZWwgc3VwcG9ydGluZyB0aGUgZ2lyYWZmZXMgdGhhbiBpbiB0aGUgZ2lyYWZmZXMgdGhlbXNlbHZlcy4=[Qq]

[f]WWVzLsKgRm9sbG93aW5nIHRoZSAxMCUgcnVsZSwgaGF2ZSB0byBiZSAxMCB0aW1lcyBhcyBtdWNoIGVuZXJneSBpbiB0aGUgdHJvcGhpYyBsZXZlbCBzdXBwb3J0aW5nIHRoZSBnaXJhZmZlcyB0aGFuIGluIHRoZSBnaXJhZmZlcyB0aGVtc2VsdmVzLg==[Qq]

[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]A feeding level, such as primary consumer or secondary consumer, is also known as a(n)

[c]IHRyb3BoaW MgbGV2ZWw=[Qq]

[c]IGVjb2xvZ2ljYWwgbGV2ZWw=[Qq]

[c]IEhhYml0YXQ=[Qq]

[c]IGVjb2xvZ2ljYWwgbmljaGU=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEEgZmVlZGluZyBsZXZlbCBpcyBtb3JlIGZvcm1hbGx5IGtub3duIGFzIGEgdHJvcGhpYyBsZXZlbC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3XigJlyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIHRlcm0gdGhhdCByZWxhdGVzIHRvIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNt4oCZcyBmZWVkaW5nIGxldmVsLiBJZiB5b3Uga25vdyB0aGUgdGVybSDigJhhdXRvdHJvcGgs4oCZIChhbiBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGZlZWRzIGl0c2VsZikgeW91IGNhbiB1c2Ugd29yZCByb290cyB0byBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGhhYml0YXQgaXMgYW4gb3JnYW5pc23igJlzIGFkZHJlc3MsIG9yIHdoZXJlIGl0IGxpdmVzLiBZb3XigJlyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIHRlcm0gdGhhdCByZWxhdGVzIHRvIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNt4oCZcyBmZWVkaW5nIGxldmVsLiBJZiB5b3Uga25vdyB0aGUgdGVybSDigJhhdXRvdHJvcGgs4oCZIChhbiBvcmdhbmlzbSB0aGF0IGZlZWRzIGl0c2VsZikgeW91IGNhbiB1c2Ugd29yZCByb290cyB0byBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIOKAmG5pY2hl4oCZIGlzIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNt4oCZcyBwcm9mZXNzaW9uLCBvciBob3cgaXQgbWFrZXMgaXRzIGxpdmluZy4gWW914oCZcmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgYSB0ZXJtIHRoYXQgcmVsYXRlcyB0byBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbeKAmXMgZmVlZGluZyBsZXZlbC4gSWYgeW91IGtub3cgdGhlIHRlcm0g4oCYYXV0b3Ryb3BoLOKAmSAoYW4gb3JnYW5pc20gdGhhdCBmZWVkcyBpdHNlbGYpIHlvdSBjYW4gdXNlIHdvcmQgcm9vdHMgdG8gZmlndXJlIG91dCB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]As energy is transferred between trophic levels, _________ percent of energy will be lost.

[c]IDEw[Qq]

[c]IDQw[Qq]

[c]IDYw[Qq]

[c]ID kw[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcnVsZSBhYm91dCBlbmVyZ3kgdHJhbnNmZXIgaXMgdGhlIDEwJSBydWxlLCB3aGljaCBzYXlzIHRoYXQgb25seSAxMCUgb2YgdGhlIGVuZXJneSBpcyB0cmFuc2ZlcnJlZCBiZXR3ZWVuIG9uZSB0cm9waGljIGxldmVsIGFuZCB0aGUgbmV4dC4gSWYgMTAlIGlzIHRyYW5zZmVycmVkLCB0aGVuIGhvdyBtdWNoIHdpbGwgYmUgbG9zdD8=[Qq]

[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]If there are 700,000 Calories of harvestable energy in an ecosystem’s primary consumers, then you would expect there to be __________ Calories of harvestable energy in the secondary consumers.

[c]IDcsMDAwLDAwMA==[Qq]

[c]IDcwMCwwMDA=[Qq]

[c]IDcwLD AwMA==[Qq]

[c]IDcsMDAw[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcnVsZSBhYm91dCBlbmVyZ3kgdHJhbnNmZXIgaXMgdGhlIDEwJSBydWxlLCB3aGljaCBzYXlzIHRoYXQgb25seSAxMCUgb2YgdGhlIGVuZXJneSBpcyB0cmFuc2ZlcnJlZCBiZXR3ZWVuIG9uZSB0cm9waGljIGxldmVsIGFuZCB0aGUgbmV4dC4gSWYgdGhlcmUgYXJlIDcwMCwwMDAgQ2Fsb3JpZXMgb2YgaGFydmVzdGFibGUgZW5lcmd5IGluIHRoZSBwcmltYXJ5IGNvbnN1bWVycywgdGhlbiB0aGVyZSB3aWxsIGJlIDEwJSBvZiA3MDAsMDAwIGluIHRoZSBzZWNvbmRhcnkgY29uc3VtZXJzLiBXaGF04oCZcyAxMCUgb2YgNzAwLDAwMD8=[Qq]

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]Analysis of an island ecosystem shows that there are 6,000 Calories of harvestable energy available in an ecosystem’s secondary consumers. The amount of harvestable energy available in the producers must be _________ Calories

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[c]IDYsMDAw[Qq]

[c]IDYwLDAwMA==[Qq]

[c]IDYwMC wwMDA=[Qq]

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]In a series of trophic levels, the level farthest from the producers usually

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]The amount of organic matter at each trophic level is called the

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]The organisms at the bottom of an ecological pyramid are

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]A basic law of ecology is that 10 percent of

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]The image shown below is a

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]The image shown below is a

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]The image shown below is a

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]The image shown below could NOT be a

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]As energy moves from one trophic level to the next, a significant amount of energy will be lost in the form of

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]As energy moves from trophic level to trophic level it will

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[q topic= “trophic_levels_and_energy”]As matter moves through an ecosystem it

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[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

4.3. The Carbon Cycle

[qwiz random = “true” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-The Carbon Cycle, APBioVideoPath”]

[h]Carbon Cycle

[i]

[q]In an ecosystem, an example of an abiotic factor would be

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[c]IG1pbmVyYWxzIG luIHRoZSBzb2ls[Qq]

[c]IHRyZWUgdHJ1bmtz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJhBYmlvdGlj4oCZIG1lYW5zIOKAmG5vbi1saXZpbmcu4oCZIEluIGFuIGVjb2xvZ2ljYWwgc2Vuc2UsIGl0IG1lYW5zIGEgcGFydCBvZiBhbiBlY29zeXN0ZW0gdGhhdCBpcyBub3QgYSBsaXZpbmcgb3JnYW5pc20gKG9yIHRoZSByZW1haW5zIG9mIGFuIG9yZ2FuaXNtKS4gV2hhdCBjaG9pY2UgaXMgbm9uLWxpdmluZz8=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIG1pbmVyYWxzIGluIHRoZSBzb2lsIGFyZSBhbiBhYmlvdGljLCBvciBub24tbGl2aW5nLCBwYXJ0IG9mIGFuIGVjb3N5c3RlbS4=[Qq]

[q]In an ecosystem, an example of a biotic factor would be

[c]IHRoZSBuaXRyb2dlbiBnYXMgaW4gdGhlIGFpcg==[Qq]

[c]IHN1bmxpZ2h0[Qq]

[c]IHdhdGVyIGluIHRoZSBzb2ls[Qq]

[c]IGFudCBjb2 xvbmllcw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiA=QmlvdGljIG1lYW5zIGxpdmluZywgYW5kIGl0IHJlZmVycyB0byBsaXZpbmcgb3JnYW5pc21zIG9yIHRoZWlyIGRlYWQgcmVtYWlucy4gV2hpY2ggb2YgdGhlc2UgY2hvaWNlcyB3b3VsZCBiZSBiaW90aWM/[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQW50IGNvbG9uaWVzIHdvdWxkIGJlIGEg4oCYYmlvdGljIGZhY3RvcuKAmSBpbiBhbiBlY29zeXN0ZW0uIA==QmlvdGljIG1lYW5zIGxpdmluZywgYW5kIGl0IHJlZmVycyB0byBsaXZpbmcgb3JnYW5pc21zIG9yIHRoZWlyIGRlYWQgcmVtYWlucy4=[Qq]

[q]Carbon fixation changes

[c]IHdhdGVyIGludG8gaWNl[Qq]

[c]IHdvb2QgaW50byBzbW9rZSBhbmQgYXNo[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGludG8gc3VnYX JzIGFuZCBvdGhlciBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVz[Qq]

[c]IHN1Z2FycyBhbmQgb3RoZXIgY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcyBpbnRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGFuZCB3YXRlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZml4YXRpb24gY2hhbmdlcyBjYXJib24gdGhhdOKAmXMgaW4gYSBnYXNlb3VzIGZvcm0gaW50byBjYXJib24gdGhhdOKAmXMgaW4gYSBzb2xpZCBmb3JtLiBJbiB3aGljaCBjaG9pY2UgZG9lcyBjYXJib24gc3RhcnQgYXMgYSBnYXMgYW5kIGVuZCBhcyBhIHNvbGlkPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQ2FyYm9uIGZpeGF0aW9uIGNoYW5nZXMgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXTigJlzIGluIGEgZ2FzZW91cyAoY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUpIGZvcm0gaW50byBjYXJib24gdGhhdOKAmXMgaW4gYSBzb2xpZCBmb3JtIChhIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZSwgdHlwaWNhbGx5IHRoZSBzaW1wbGUgc3VnYXIgY2FsbGVkIGdsdWNvc2UpLg==[Qq]

[q ]Of the processes below, the one that’s most related to carbon fixation is

[c]IHBob3Rvc3 ludGhlc2lz[Qq]

[c]IGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IHNvaWwgZXJvc2lvbg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgdGFrZXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIGEgZ2FzLCBhbmQgY29tYmluZXMgaXQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgc29saWQgY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcy4gVGhhdOKAmXMgd2hhdCBjYXJib24gZml4YXRpb24gaXM6IOKAmGZpeGluZ+KAmSBnYXNlb3VzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGludG8gYSBzb2xpZCBmb3JtLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiB0YWtlcyBzb2xpZCBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzIGFuZCByZXNwaXJlcyB0aGVtIHRvIGNyZWF0ZSBnYXNlb3VzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIChhbmQgd2F0ZXIpLiBDYXJib24gZml4YXRpb24gdGFrZXMgZ2FzZW91cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBhbmQgbWFrZXMgaXQgaW50byBzb2xpZCBzdWdhcnMuIFdoaWNoIG9mIHRoZXNlIHByb2Nlc3NlcyBkb2VzIHRoYXQ/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDYXJib24gZml4YXRpb24gdGFrZXMgZ2FzZW91cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBhbmQgbWFrZXMgaXQgaW50byBzb2xpZCBzdWdhcnMuIFdoaWNoIG9mIHRoZXNlIHByb2Nlc3NlcyBkb2VzIHRoYXQ/[Qq]

[q]Photosynthesis

[c]IHJlbW92ZXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZG UgZnJvbSB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZQ==[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU=[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUsIGJ1dCB0aGVuIHJlbW92ZXMgaXQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgdGFrZXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUsIGEgZ2FzLCBhbmQgY29tYmluZXMgaXQgd2l0aCB3YXRlciB0byBjcmVhdGUgZ2x1Y29zZSwgYSBzb2xpZCBzdWdhci4gVGhhdCBoYXMgdGhlIGVmZmVjdCBvZiByZW1vdmluZyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUbyBhbnN3ZXIgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwga2VlcCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoZSBmYWN0IHRoYXQgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgdGFrZXMgaW4gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gbWFrZSBzdWdhcnMgKGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMpLiBXaGF0IHdvdWxkIHRoYXQgZG8gdG8gbGV2ZWxzIG9mIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGluIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUbyBhbnN3ZXIgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiwga2VlcCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoZSBmYWN0IHRoYXQgcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMgdGFrZXMgaW4gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gbWFrZSBzdWdhcnMuIFdoYXQgd291bGQgdGhhdCBkbyB0byBsZXZlbHMgb2YgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU/[Qq]

[q]Cellular respiration

[c]IHJlbW92ZXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgZnJvbSB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZQ==[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZG UgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU=[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUsIGJ1dCB0aGVuIHJlbW92ZXMgaXQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcyBpdCBicmVha3MgZG93biBnbHVjb3NlIGZvciBlbmVyZ3ksIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIHJlbGVhc2VzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLiBXaGF0IHdvdWxkIHRoYXQgZG8gdG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU/[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXMgaXQgYnJlYWtzIGRvd24gZ2x1Y29zZSBmb3IgZW5lcmd5LCBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiByZWxlYXNlcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSwgd2hpY2ggaGFzIHRoZSBlZmZlY3Qgb2YgaW5jcmVhc2luZyB0aGUgbGV2ZWwgb2YgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcyBpdCBicmVha3MgZG93biBnbHVjb3NlIGZvciBlbmVyZ3ksIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIHJlbGVhc2VzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLiBXaGF0IHdvdWxkIHRoYXQgZG8gdG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU/[Qq]

[q]Decomposition

[c]IHJlbW92ZXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgZnJvbSB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZQ==[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZG UgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU=[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUsIGJ1dCB0aGVuIHJlbW92ZXMgaXQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcyBkZWNvbXBvc2VycyBicmVhayBkb3duIGRlYWQgb3JnYW5pYyBtYXR0ZXIsIHRoZXkgcmVsZWFzZSBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZS4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgd2hlbiB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXMgZGVjb21wb3NlcnMgYnJlYWsgZG93biBkZWFkIG9yZ2FuaWMgbWF0dGVyLCB0aGV5IHJlbGVhc2UgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcyBkZWNvbXBvc2VycyBicmVhayBkb3duIGRlYWQgb3JnYW5pYyBtYXR0ZXIsIHRoZXkgcmVsZWFzZSBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZS4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgd2hlbiB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[q]Combustion

[c]IHJlbW92ZXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgZnJvbSB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZQ==[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZG UgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmU=[Qq]

[c]IGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUsIGJ1dCB0aGVuIHJlbW92ZXMgaXQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBDb21idXN0aW9uIHRha2VzIGEgZnVlbCAoYSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUgbGlrZSB3b29kIG9yIGEgZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWwgbGlrZSBjb2FsKSwgYW5kIGJ1cm5zIGl0IHdpdGggb3h5Z2VuLCByZWxlYXNpbmcgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgYW5kIHdhdGVyIHZhcG9yLiBXaGVyZSB3b3VsZCB0aGF0IGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGdvPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQ29tYnVzdGlvbiB0YWtlcyBhIGZ1ZWwgKGEgY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlIGxpa2Ugd29vZCBvciBhIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVsIGxpa2UgY29hbCksIGFuZCBidXJucyBpdCB3aXRoIG94eWdlbiwgcmVsZWFzaW5nIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGFuZCB3YXRlciB2YXBvci4gVGhhdCBhZGRzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIHRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, ecological producers are shown at

[c]IEEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEIgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQSByZWZlcnMgdG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGFpci4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHJlZmVycyB0byBvcmdhbmlzbXMgdGhhdCBwdWxsIHRoaXMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgb3V0IG9mIHRoZSBhaXIgdG8gcHJvZHVjZSBmb29kLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUHJvZHVjZXJzIChwbGFudHMgYW5kIG90aGVyIHBob3Rvc3ludGhldGljIG9yZ2FuaXNtcykgYXJlIHNob3duIGluICYjODIyMDtCLjogWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIHRoYXQgdGhleeKAmXJlIHByb2R1Y2VycyBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZXkgcHVsbCBhYmlvdGljIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIG91dCBvZiB0aGUgYWlyLCBhbmQgdXNlIGl0IHRvIHByb2R1Y2UgZm9vZCAoY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcyku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZWNvbG9naWNhbCBjb25zdW1lcnM6IGFuaW1hbHMgdGhhdCBlYXQgcHJvZHVjZXJzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyB0aGF0IHB1bGwgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgb3V0IG9mIHRoZSBhaXIgdG8gcHJvZHVjZSBmb29kLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRCByZWZlcnMgdG8gZGVjb21wb3NlcnMuIEZpbmQgYSBsZXR0ZXIgdGhhdCByZWZlcnMgdG8gb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgcHVsbCBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBvdXQgb2YgdGhlIGFpciB0byBwcm9kdWNlIGZvb2Qu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRSByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyB0aGF0IHB1bGwgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgb3V0IG9mIHRoZSBhaXIgdG8gcHJvZHVjZSBmb29kLg==[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, ecological consumers are shown at

[c]IEEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEIgwqAgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IEMgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQSByZWZlcnMgdG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGFpci4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHJlZmVycyB0byBhbmltYWxzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGNvbnN1bWluZyBwbGFudHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQiByZWZlcnMgdG8gcHJvZHVjZXJzLCB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgcHVsbCBhYmlvdGljIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIG91dCBvZiB0aGUgYWlyLCBhbmQgdXNlIGl0IHRvIHByb2R1Y2UgZm9vZCAoY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlKS4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHJlZmVycyB0byBhbmltYWxzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGNvbnN1bWluZyBwbGFudHMu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIEMgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGVjb2xvZ2ljYWwgY29uc3VtZXJzOiBhbmltYWxzIHRoYXQgZWF0IHByb2R1Y2Vycy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRCByZWZlcnMgdG8gZGVjb21wb3NlcnMsIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyB0aGF0IGJyZWFrIGRvd24gZGVhZCBvcmdhbmljIG1hdHRlci4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHJlZmVycyB0byBhbmltYWxzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGNvbnN1bWluZyBwbGFudHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRSByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGFuaW1hbHMgdGhhdCBhcmUgY29uc3VtaW5nIHBsYW50cy4=[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, decomposers are shown at

[c]IEEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEQgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQSByZWZlcnMgdG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGFpci4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHJlZmVycyB0byBhIGdyb3VwIG9mIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyB0aGF0IHRha2UgZGVhZCBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMgYW5kIGJyZWFrcyB0aGVtIGRvd24sIHJlbGVhc2luZyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQiByZWZlcnMgdG8gcHJvZHVjZXJzLCB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc21zLiB0aGF0IHB1bGwgYWJpb3RpYyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBvdXQgb2YgdGhlIGFpciBhbmQgdXNlIGl0IHRvIHByb2R1Y2UgZm9vZCAoY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcykuIEZpbmQgYSBsZXR0ZXIgdGhhdCByZWZlcnMgdG8gYSBncm91cCBvZiBvcmdhbmlzbXMgdGhhdCB0YWtlIGRlYWQgcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBhbmltYWxzIGFuZCBicmVha3MgdGhlbSBkb3duLCByZWxlYXNpbmcgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZWNvbG9naWNhbCBjb25zdW1lcnM6IGFuaW1hbHMgdGhhdCBlYXQgcHJvZHVjZXJzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2Ygb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgdGFrZSBkZWFkIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgYnJlYWtzIHRoZW0gZG93biwgcmVsZWFzaW5nIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIEQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGRlY29tcG9zZXJzLCB3aGljaCBhcmUgb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgdGFrZSBkZWFkIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgYnJlYWsgdGhlbSBkb3duIGludG8gc2ltcGxlciBmb3JtcywgaW5jbHVkaW5nIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRSByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2Ygb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgdGFrZSBkZWFkIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgYnJlYWtzIHRoZW0gZG93biwgcmVsZWFzaW5nIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLg==[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, carbon dioxide gas is shown at

[c]IEEgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIEEgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGluIHRoZSBhaXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZWNvbG9naWNhbCBjb25zdW1lcnM6IGFuaW1hbHMgdGhhdCBlYXQgcHJvZHVjZXJzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBpbiB0aGUgYWlyLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRCByZWZlcnMgdG8gZGVjb21wb3NlcnMsIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2Ygb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgdGFrZSBkZWFkIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgYnJlYWtzIHRoZW0gZG93biwgcmVsZWFzaW5nIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBpbiB0aGUgYWlyLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRSByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBpbiB0aGUgYWlyLg==[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, fossil fuels are shown at

[c]IEEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IEQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IE U=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQSByZWZlcnMgdG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgaW4gdGhlIGFpci4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiB0aGF04oCZcyBiZWVuIHRyYW5zZm9ybWVkIGludG8gb2lsIChwZXRyb2xldW0pLCBjb2FsLCBvciBuYXR1cmFsIGdhcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQiByZWZlcnMgdG8gcHJvZHVjZXJzLCB0aGUgb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgcHVsbCBhYmlvdGljIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIG91dCBvZiB0aGUgYWlyLCBhbmQgdXNlIGl0IHRvIHByb2R1Y2UgZm9vZCAoY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlKS4gRmluZCBhIGxldHRlciB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiB0aGF04oCZcyBiZWVuIHRyYW5zZm9ybWVkIGludG8gb2lsIChwZXRyb2xldW0pLCBjb2FsLCBvciBuYXR1cmFsIGdhcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgQyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZWNvbG9naWNhbCBjb25zdW1lcnM6IGFuaW1hbHMgdGhhdCBlYXQgcHJvZHVjZXJzLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXTigJlzIGJlZW4gdHJhbnNmb3JtZWQgaW50byBvaWwgKHBldHJvbGV1bSksIGNvYWwsIG9yIG5hdHVyYWwgZ2FzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXR0ZXIgRCByZWZlcnMgdG8gZGVjb21wb3NlcnMsIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2Ygb3JnYW5pc21zIHRoYXQgdGFrZSBkZWFkIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgYnJlYWtzIHRoZW0gZG93biwgcmVsZWFzaW5nIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLiBGaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIHRoYXTigJlzIGJlZW4gdHJhbnNmb3JtZWQgaW50byBvaWwgKHBldHJvbGV1bSksIGNvYWwsIG9yIG5hdHVyYWwgZ2FzLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIEUgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscy4gRm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzIGNvbnNpc3Qgb2YgY29hbCwgb2lsIChwZXRyb2xldW0pLCBvciBuYXR1cmFsIGdhcy4=[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the only process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is

[c]IDEgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDEgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLCB0aGUgb25seSBwcm9jZXNzIHRoYXQgcmVtb3ZlcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMiByZWZlcnMgdG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gZnJvbSBwbGFudHMuIExpa2UgYWxsIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLCB0aGlzIGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgZ2FzIG1vdmluZyBmcm9tIHRoZSBhaXIgYW5kIGJlaW5nIOKAmGZpeGVk4oCZIGluIGEgcGxhbnQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMyByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIGNvbnN1bXB0aW9uIG9mIHBsYW50cyBieSBhbmltYWxzLiBMb29rIGZvciBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGdhcyBtb3ZpbmcgZnJvbSB0aGUgYWlyIGFuZCBiZWluZyDigJhmaXhlZOKAmSBpbiBhIHBsYW50Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiBmcm9tIGFuaW1hbHMuIExpa2UgYWxsIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uLCB0aGlzIGFkZHMgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgZ2FzIG1vdmluZyBmcm9tIHRoZSBhaXIgYW5kIGJlaW5nIOKAmGZpeGVk4oCZIGluIGEgcGxhbnQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNSByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIGRlYXRoIG9mIGFuaW1hbHMuIFRoZSBtYXR0ZXIgaW4gdGhlc2UgZGVhZCBhbmltYWxzIHdpbGwgYmUgYnJva2VuIGRvd24gYnkgZGVjb21wb3NlcnMuIERlY29tcG9zaXRpb24gYWRkcyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSB0byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4gTG9vayBmb3IgYW4gYXJyb3cgdGhhdCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBnYXMgbW92aW5nIGZyb20gdGhlIGFpciBhbmQgYmVpbmcg4oCYZml4ZWTigJkgaW4gYSBwbGFudC4=[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, consumption is shown at

[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMSByZWZlcnMgdG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgcGxhbnRzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnN1bWVkIGJ5IGFuaW1hbHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMiByZWZlcnMgdG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gZnJvbSBwbGFudHMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgcGxhbnRzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnN1bWVkIGJ5IGFuaW1hbHMu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDMgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHRoZSBjb25zdW1wdGlvbiBvZiBwbGFudHMgYnkgYW5pbWFscy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyByZXNwaXJhdGlvbiBmcm9tIGFuaW1hbHMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgcGxhbnRzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnN1bWVkIGJ5IGFuaW1hbHMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNSByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIGRlYXRoIG9mIGFuaW1hbHMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgcGxhbnRzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnN1bWVkIGJ5IGFuaW1hbHMu[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the release of carbon dioxide by decomposition is shown at

[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDEw

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMSByZWZlcnMgdG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGRlYWQgcmVtYWlucyBvZiBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMgYmVpbmcgY29udmVydGVkIGludG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMiByZWZlcnMgdG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gZnJvbSBwbGFudHMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGRlYWQgcmVtYWlucyBvZiBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMgYmVpbmcgY29udmVydGVkIGludG8gY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWwgZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBMb29rIGZvciBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIHRoZSBkZWFkIHJlbWFpbnMgb2YgcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBhbmltYWxzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnZlcnRlZCBpbnRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDggc2hvd3MgdGhlIHJlbGVhc2Ugb2YgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgdGhyb3VnaCBkZWNvbXBvc2l0aW9uLCBkdXJpbmcgd2hpY2ggdGhlIGRlYWQgcmVtYWlucyBvZiBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGFuaW1hbHMgYXJlIGNvbnZlcnRlZCBpbnRvIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIChhbmQgb3RoZXIgc2ltcGxlIHN1YnN0YW5jZXMpIHRoYXQgY2FuIHJlLWVudGVyIHRoZSBjYXJib24gY3ljbGUgKG9yIG90aGVyIGJpb2dlb2NoZW1pY2FsIGN5Y2xlcyku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMTAgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHRoZSBjb21idXN0aW9uIG9mIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscy4gTG9vayBmb3IgYW4gYXJyb3cgdGhhdCBzaG93cyB0aGUgZGVhZCByZW1haW5zIG9mIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgYW5pbWFscyBiZWluZyBjb252ZXJ0ZWQgaW50byBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZS4=[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, respiration from plants is shown at

[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDEw

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMSByZWZlcnMgdG8gcGhvdG9zeW50aGVzaXMuIExvb2sgZm9yIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgYmVpbmcgcmVsZWFzZWQgZnJvbSBwbGFudHMgYW5kIGhlYWRpbmcgYmFjayBpbnRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDIgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIGZyb20gcGxhbnRzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWwgZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBMb29rIGZvciBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGJlaW5nIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBoZWFkaW5nIGJhY2sgaW50byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgOCBzaG93cyBkZWNvbXBvc2l0aW9uLiBMb29rIGZvciBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGJlaW5nIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gcGxhbnRzIGFuZCBoZWFkaW5nIGJhY2sgaW50byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMTAgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHRoZSBjb21idXN0aW9uIG9mIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscy4gTG9vayBmb3IgYW4gYXJyb3cgdGhhdCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSBiZWluZyByZWxlYXNlZCBmcm9tIHBsYW50cyBhbmQgaGVhZGluZyBiYWNrIGludG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUu[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, respiration from animals is shown at

[c]IDQgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDUgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDEw

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDQgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHJlc3BpcmF0aW9uIGZyb20gYW5pbWFscy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNSByZWZlcnMgdG8gbWF0dGVyIGZyb20gZGVhZCBhbmltYWxzIG1vdmluZyB0byBkZWNvbXBvc2Vycy4gRmluZCBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGJlaW5nIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgaGVhZGluZyBiYWNrIGludG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWwgZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBGaW5kIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgYmVpbmcgcmVsZWFzZWQgZnJvbSBhbmltYWxzIGFuZCBoZWFkaW5nIGJhY2sgaW50byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgOCBzaG93cyBkZWNvbXBvc2l0aW9uLiBGaW5kIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGRpb3hpZGUgYmVpbmcgcmVsZWFzZWQgZnJvbSBhbmltYWxzIGFuZCBoZWFkaW5nIGJhY2sgaW50byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMTAgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHRoZSBjb21idXN0aW9uIG9mIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscy4gRmluZCBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGJlaW5nIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gYW5pbWFscyBhbmQgaGVhZGluZyBiYWNrIGludG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUu[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the formation of fossil fuels is shown at

[c]IDQgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDUgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDEw

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNCByZWZlcnMgdG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gZnJvbSBhbmltYWxzLiBGaW5kIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIG1vdmluZyBmcm9tIHBsYW50cyBpbnRvIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscyAob2lsL3BldHJvbGV1bSwgY29hbCwgb3IgbmF0dXJhbCBnYXMpLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNSByZWZlcnMgdG8gbWF0dGVyIGZyb20gZGVhZCBhbmltYWxzIG1vdmluZyB0byBkZWNvbXBvc2Vycy4gRmluZCBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBtb3ZpbmcgZnJvbSBwbGFudHMgaW50byBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbHMgKG9pbC9wZXRyb2xldW0sIGNvYWwsIG9yIG5hdHVyYWwgZ2FzKS4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDcgcmVmZXJzIHRvIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVsIGZvcm1hdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgOCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSByZWxlYXNlZCBmcm9tIGRlY29tcG9zaXRpb24uIEZpbmQgYW4gYXJyb3cgdGhhdCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gbW92aW5nIGZyb20gcGxhbnRzIGludG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzIChvaWwvcGV0cm9sZXVtLCBjb2FsLCBvciBuYXR1cmFsIGdhcyku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgMTAgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHRoZSBjb21idXN0aW9uIG9mIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscy4gRmluZCBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBtb3ZpbmcgZnJvbSBwbGFudHMgaW50byBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbHMgKG9pbC9wZXRyb2xldW0sIGNvYWwsIG9yIG5hdHVyYWwgZ2FzKS4=[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the combustion of fossil fuels is shown at

[c]IDQgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDUgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDggwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID Ew

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNCByZWZlcnMgdG8gcmVzcGlyYXRpb24gZnJvbSBhbmltYWxzLiBGaW5kIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGZyb20gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzIG1vdmluZyBmcm9tIG1hY2hpbmVzIG9yIGZhY3RvcmllcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNSByZWZlcnMgdG8gbWF0dGVyIGZyb20gZGVhZCBhbmltYWxzIG1vdmluZyB0byBkZWNvbXBvc2Vycy4gRmluZCBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBmcm9tIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscyBtb3ZpbmcgZnJvbSBtYWNoaW5lcyBvciBmYWN0b3JpZXMgaW50byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgY2xvc2UuIEFycm93IG51bWJlciA3IHJlZmVycyB0byBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbCBmb3JtYXRpb24uIEZpbmQgYW4gYXJyb3cgdGhhdCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZnJvbSBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbHMgbW92aW5nIGZyb20gbWFjaGluZXMgb3IgZmFjdG9yaWVzIGludG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgOCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSByZWxlYXNlZCBmcm9tIGRlY29tcG9zaXRpb24uIEZpbmQgYW4gYXJyb3cgdGhhdCBzaG93cyBjYXJib24gZnJvbSBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbHMgbW92aW5nIGZyb20gbWFjaGluZXMgb3IgZmFjdG9yaWVzIGludG8gdGhlIGF0bW9zcGhlcmUu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDEwIHJlZmVycyB0byB0aGUgY29tYnVzdGlvbiBvZiBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbHMu[Qq]

[q]In the diagram below, the process that is currently causing our planet’s atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to dramatically rise is shown at

[c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDUgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDcgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDggwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID Ew

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNSByZWZlcnMgdG8gbWF0dGVyIGZyb20gZGVhZCBhbmltYWxzIG1vdmluZyB0byBkZWNvbXBvc2Vycy4gRmluZCBhbiBhcnJvdyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGNhcmJvbiBmcm9tIGZvc3NpbCBmdWVscyBtb3ZpbmcgZnJvbSBtYWNoaW5lcyBvciBmYWN0b3JpZXMgaW50byB0aGUgYXRtb3NwaGVyZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgb24gdGhlIHJpZ2h0IHRyYWNrLiBBcnJvdyBudW1iZXIgNyByZWZlcnMgdG8gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWwgZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBGaW5kIGFuIGFycm93IHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgY2FyYm9uIGZyb20gZm9zc2lsIGZ1ZWxzIG1vdmluZyBmcm9tIG1hY2hpbmVzIG9yIGZhY3RvcmllcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBhdG1vc3BoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQXJyb3cgbnVtYmVyIDEwIHJlZmVycyB0byB0aGUgY29tYnVzdGlvbiBvZiBmb3NzaWwgZnVlbHMuIFRoZSBzdWRkZW4gcmVsZWFzZSBvZiBjYXJib24gZGlveGlkZSB0aGF0IGhhZCBiZWVuIG91dCBvZiB0aGUgY2FyYm9uIGN5Y2xlIGZvciBtaWxsaW9ucyBvZiB5ZWFycyBoYXMgY2F1c2VkIGNhcmJvbiBkaW94aWRlIGxldmVscyB0byByaXNlIHNpZ25pZmljYW50bHkgZHVyaW5nIHRoZSBwYXN0IHR3byBodW5kcmVkIHllYXJzLg==[Qq]

[x][restart]
[/qwiz]

What’s next?

Please proceed to this next tutorial: Population Growth