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[h]Species Interactions

[i]For each of the questions below, define the interaction, use “+,” “-,” or “-” to symbolize the interaction, and try to list examples.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”8.Ecology” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1109f5ea98110″ question_number=”409″ topic=”8.5-6.Community_Ecology_and_Biodiversity”] What is symbiosis?

[a] Symbiosis occurs whenever two species live together in close proximity.

[q] Define competition and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Competition is a relationship in which two species compete for the same resources, negatively affecting both. It’s a “-/-” relationship.

Example 1: Leopards and lions competing for prey.
Example 2: Douglas fir and coast redwood trees competing for sunlight, water, and soil nutrients.

[q] Define mutualism and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit. It’s a “+/+” relationship.

Example 1: Clownfish and sea anemones
– The clownfish gains protection.
– The anemone benefits by eating food scraps and waste from the clownfish.

Example 2: Giant green anemones and symbiotic algae
– The algae gain a safe place to live.
– The anemone benefits from the food produced by the algae through photosynthesis.

[q] Define predation and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Predation is a relationship in which one species (the predator) kills and eats the other species (the prey). It’s a “+/-” relationship.

Example 1: A leopard hunting a bushbuck.
Example 2: A kingfisher eating a tadpole.

[q] Define herbivory and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Herbivory is a relationship in which herbivores consume plants, benefiting the animal but harming the plant. It’s a “+/-” relationship.

Example 1: Deer grazing on a tree.
Example 2: A sawfly caterpillar eating a leaf.

[q] Define commensalism and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Commensalism is a relationship in which one species benefits, while the other is unaffected. It’s a “+/0” relationship.

Example 1: Cattle egrets perch on cattle, gaining a resting spot without affecting the cattle.
Example 2: Moss growing on the bark of a tree trunk, using it as a surface without harming the tree.

[q] Define parasitism and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Parasitism is a relationship in which a parasite lives in or on a larger host. The parasite benefits, and the host is harmed. It’s a “+/-” relationship.

Example 1: Viruses infecting cells (e.g., human, plant, or bacterial cells).
Example 2: Giardia (a parasitic protist) infecting the intestines, causing digestive issues.

[q] Define brood parasitism and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Brood parasitism is a form of parasitism where one bird species lays its eggs in the nest of another species, forcing the host to raise its young. It’s a “+/-” relationship.

Example: A cuckoo chick being fed by a reed warbler, at the cost of the warbler’s own offspring.

[q] Define parasitoidism and explain how it affects the species involved.
[a] Parasitoidism is a relationship in which a parasitoid insect lays its eggs in or on a host, and the larvae eventually kill the host. It’s a “+/-” relationship.

Example: Parasitoid wasps laying eggs inside a lime butterfly caterpillar. The larvae emerge and consume the host.

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