Cell Signaling: the Big Picture and G Protein Coupled Receptor Systems

1. Watch these videos

1.a. Cell Communication: The Big Picture

1.b. Epinephrine and G-Protein Coupled Receptor Systems

2.a. READ THIS: An Important Idea that Didn’t Make it into the Videos

Plant cells can directly communicate via plasmodesmata. These are gaps in the cell walls of adjacent cells. These gaps allow the cell membranes of adjacent cells to form an open channel through which cytoplasm can flow, allowing for the passage of molecules and ions from cell to cell, including ions and molecules that serve as cell signals.

2.b. Study this summary

Overview of Cell Signaling

Cell communication is a fundamental feature of life; cells are never truly isolated.
Communication occurs through:
- Direct cell-to-cell contact via junctions, allowing molecules to pass between adjacent cells.
- Signals secreted into the extracellular fluid or bloodstream, influencing target cells. These signals are called ligands: Signaling molecules that bind to receptors based on complementary shapes, leading to a cellular response.
  - Hormones: Long-distance signals traveling through the bloodstream.
  - Local regulators: Short-distance signals for nearby cells.

Quorum Sensing:

A form of cell communication in bacteria.
Involves the release of signaling molecules that bind to cytoplasmic receptors when population density (a quorum) is high.
Activates genes, such as those for biofilm formation (e.g., plaque on teeth).

Phases of Cell Signaling

Reception:
- A ligand binds to a receptor protein, typically embedded in the cell membrane. Binding is based on complementary shape (as is the binding between enzyme and substrate, codon and anticodon, etc.)
Transduction:
- The receptor interacts with membrane proteins to produce a second messenger.
- Relay molecules amplify the signal and transmit it to the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Response:
- Activation of enzymes or gene expression in the nucleus, leading to a specific cellular response.

Differences in Hormone Mechanisms: polar v. nonpolar ligands

Water-Soluble (Polar) Hormones:
- Bind to membrane receptors.
- Rely on second messengers and relay molecules.
- Responses are faster but typically short-lived.
Steroid (Non-Polar) Hormones:
- Diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer due to their non-polar nature.
- Bind to cytoplasmic receptors to form a receptor-hormone complex.
- The complex diffuses into the nucleus, acts as a transcription factor, and activates genes.
- Responses are slower but longer lasting.

Illustrative example highlights: Epinephrine (Adrenaline) activation of liver cells through a G Protein-Coupled Receptor System

Context: Epinephrine (adrenaline) plays a key role in the fight-or-flight response, affecting multiple tissues in the body, such as the liver, heart, and lungs.
Main Response: In liver cells, epinephrine triggers the conversion of glycogen (a polysaccharide) into glucose (a monosaccharide), providing energy for the fight-or-flight response. Other effects of Epinephrine include
- Increased heart rate.
- Pupil dilation.
- Decreased digestion.
- Bronchial dilation for better oxygen intake.

Phases of Epinephrine Action in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems

Reception
- Ligand: Epinephrine, a polar, water-soluble hormone, binds to a G protein-coupled receptor on the cell membrane.
- Binding causes a conformational change in the receptor’s cytoplasmic side, enabling interaction with the nearby G protein.
Activation of the G Protein
- The receptor interacts with the dormant G protein, causing it to:
  - Release GDP (low-energy molecule).
  - Bind with GTP (high-energy molecule), activating the G protein.
- The activated G protein drifts through the membrane to bind with adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme embedded in the membrane.
Signal Transduction
- Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger.
- cAMP initiates a phosphorylation cascade, where:
  - Kinases are sequentially activated by phosphorylation (gaining a phosphate group).
  - Each step amplifies the signal, leading to the activation of millions of enzymes.
Cellular Response
- The final enzyme in the cascade, glycogen phosphorylase, is activated.
- Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen into glucose, which diffuses into the bloodstream to fuel muscles and other organs.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck]

[h]Cell Communication

[q] What are ligands, and how do they function in cell signaling?

[a]
– Ligands are signaling molecules that bind to specific receptors based on complementary shapes.
– Binding leads to a conformational change in the receptor, initiating a signal transduction pathway.
– Examples include hormones (long-distance signaling) and local regulators (short-distance signaling).

[q] How does quorum sensing demonstrate cell communication?

[a]
– Quorum sensing is a process by which cells (e.g., bacteria) use signaling molecules to coordinate behavior based on population density.
– When a threshold concentration of signaling molecules is reached, it activates genes that lead to behaviors such as biofilm formation or increased virulence.

[q] Compare the signaling mechanisms of water-soluble and steroid (nonpolar) hormones.

[a]
Water-soluble hormones:

Bind to membrane receptors.
Rely on second messengers (e.g., cAMP).
Produce faster but shorter-lived responses.

Steroid hormones:

Diffuse through the cell membrane.
Bind to cytoplasmic receptors and form a receptor-hormone complex.
Enter the nucleus to activate genes, producing slower but longer-lasting responses.

[q] What role do second messengers play in signal transduction pathways?

[a]
– Second messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), transmit signals from membrane receptors to target molecules in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
– They amplify the signal and help relay it through the cell to elicit a specific response.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1bb9237b1b110″ question_number=”135″ topic=”4.1.Cell_Communication”] On the most fundamental level, what are the two ways that cells communicate with one another?

[a] Cells can communicate with one another by direct contact, or by sending chemical signals to one another. These chemical signals might travel very short distances between cells that might be close to one another. Or they might travel between distant parts of the body (endocrine signaling), or between different organisms (pheromone signaling).

*Note: Terms that your teacher might have taught you like “paracrine” (or “juxtacrine”) are not important to know for the AP Bio exam. On the other hand, every biology student should know what the endocrine system is. It’s the system of glands that release hormones into the blood.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ba8b1e720d10″ question_number=”136″ topic=”4.1.Cell_Communication”] Describe how cell communication via cell-to-cell contact occurs in plants.

[a] Plant cells can directly communicate via plasmodesmata. These are gaps in the cell walls of adjacent cells. These gaps allow the cell membranes of adjacent cells to form an open channel through which cytoplasm can flow, allowing for the passage of molecules and ions from cell to cell, including ions and molecules that serve as cell signals.

[q json=”true” unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b8d0bd9ed510″ question_number=”140″ topic=”4.1.Cell_Communication”] What’s a biofilm? Explain how bacteria use quorum sensing during biofilm formation.

[a] A biofilm is a slimy matrix of extracellular polymers that improve the ability of bacteria to stick to a substrate (such as your teeth, where they contribute to the formation of dental plaque). As the bacteria form a biofilm, they use quorum sensing to determine when to secrete molecules that provide them with increased virulence and antibiotic resistance, and when to form spores that would enable them to create additional bacterial colonies.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b80d29b80510″ question_number=”141″ topic=”4.1.Cell_Communication”] What is quorum sensing?

Illustrative Example, Cell Communication

Importance for the AP exam: Medium

[a] Quorum sensing is a process by which organisms restrict the expression of certain genes (4) until cell density reaches a certain level. That’s because only at that level will the phenotype that results from the expression of these genes be beneficial. The use of quorum sensing has been documented in bacteria, plants, and social insects (but might be more widely used).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b7737ea73d10″ question_number=”142″ topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction”] Cell signaling involves 3 key phases. List them.

[a] The three phases of cell signaling are I) reception; II) signal transduction (often with signal amplification), and III) cellular response.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|93e6f17d3ed17″ question_number=”143″] On a big-picture level, describe what happens during the reception phase of cell to cell signaling.

[a] During reception a receptor molecule embedded in the cell membrane (2) binds with a signal molecule (1: also called a ligand). This binding is based on complementary shape.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|93da92fe13917″ question_number=”144″] Briefly describe what happens during the transduction phase of cell to cell signaling.

[a] During transduction, binding of the ligand with the receptor induces a conformational change in the receptor on its cytoplasmic side, which activates a second messenger, often cyclic AMP (6). This second messenger then interacts with molecules in the cytoplasm (8) in a way that results in cellular response (9)

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|93c887a1ec917″ question_number=”145″] Briefly describe what happens during the response phase of cell signaling.

Importance for the AP exam: High

[a] During response, the amplified signal that arose during transduction finally reaches the target (6). Changes in the target molecule, which often involve activation of an inactive enzyme, bring about the cellular response. Note the that response phase can also activate genes (not shown in this card).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b6d2d772c910″ question_number=”146″ topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction”] Describe how binding of epinephrine with receptors on the surface of liver cells leads to the release of cyclic AMP.

[a] Epinephrine (8) binds with a G-protein coupled receptor. Binding causes a change in shape on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor, enabling the receptor to bind with a G protein (2). Binding causes the G protein to release GDP (3) and bind with GTP (9). This activates the G protein, allowing it to move until it hits the membrane-embedded enzyme adenylyl cyclase (4), which converts a molecule of ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b621e3eb1910″ question_number=”147″ topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction”] When epinephrine binds with a G-protein coupled receptor in cells in the liver, changes in the membrane result in the release of a second messenger, cyclic AMP. Describe how, as part of the fight or flight response, the release of this second messenger can result in the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

[a] Cyclic AMP (5) binds with proteins called kinases (b-k) which activate other kinases in what’s called a phosphorylation cascade. Through signal amplification, millions of target molecules (in this case, glycogen phosphorylase) are activated. As a result, glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose, which diffuses from the liver into the bloodstream, where it can assist the skeletal muscles as they carry out the fight-or-flight response.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b58838da5110″ question_number=”148″ topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction”] Describe how steroid hormones (such as testosterone or estrogen) work.

[a] Steroid hormones (F) are nonpolar, and therefore able to diffuse through the membrane’s phospholipid bilayer and into the cytoplasm. Once there, they bind with mobile cytoplasmic receptors (G). This creates a hormone-receptor complex (H), which can diffuse through nuclear pores and enter the nucleus. There, the hormone-receptor complex can interact with DNA and activate genes. This often causes long-term cellular changes, such as changes associated with puberty, which are caused by steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1b4ec39bda510″ question_number=”149″ topic=”4.2-4.Signal_Transduction”] List some of the cellular responses that can be elicited by signal transduction pathways, and provide specific examples.

Note: you won’t need to list these by memory, but there could be questions about any of the examples in the answer.

[a] Signal transduction pathways can result in

enzyme activation (epinephrine acting upon liver cells),
cell division (cytokines inducing cell division, which is an important part of mobilizing an immune response).
changes in gene expression (various morphogens activating homeotic genes during development), and apoptosis (programmed cell suicide, which occurs in a variety of circumstances, including during development).

[x]

[restart]

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these quizzes

4.1. Cell Signaling and Epinephrine Action

[qwiz random=”true”]

[h]Cell Signaling and Epinephrine Action

[i]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|64009fd682fff” question_number=”1″] Which number could be a hormone?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSBpcyB0aGUgc2lnbmFsLCBhbmQgaG9ybW9uZXMgYXJlIGxvbmctZGlzdGFuY2Ugc2lnbmFsaW5nIG1vbGVjdWxlcy4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBIb3Jtb25lcyBhcmUgbG9uZy1kaXN0YW5jZSBzaWduYWxpbmcgbW9sZWN1bGVzLCBzZWNyZXRlZCBpbnRvIHRoZSBibG9vZCBhbmQgcmVjZWl2ZWQgYXQgb3RoZXIgcGFydHMgb2YgdGhlIGJvZHkuIFdoaWNoIG51bWJlciBjb3VsZCBiZSB0aGUgc2lnbmFsPw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63fb62bbc1fff” question_number=”2″] Which number could be the receptor?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMuKAnSBpcyB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0sIHdoaWNoIG1vbGVjdWxlIGlzIHJlY2VpdmluZyBhIHNpZ25hbCBmcm9tIG91dHNpZGUgdGhlIGNlbGw/
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63f5db1f847ff” question_number=”3″] Which number or letter represents the cell membrane?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcYuKAnSBpcyB0aGUgY2VsbCBtZW1icmFuZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiAmIzgyMjA7YyYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSwgd2hhdCB3b3VsZCBoYXZlIHRvIGJlIHRoZSBjZWxsIG1lbWJyYW5lPw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63f09e04c37ff” question_number=”4″] Which roman numeral represents reception?

[c]IE k=[Qq]

[c]IElJ[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4g4oCcSeKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHJlY2VwdGlvbi4=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSSByZXByZXNlbnRzIA==dHJhbnNkdWN0aW9uLiBXaGVyZSwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgc2lnbmFsIGJlaW5nIHJlY2VpdmVkPw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSUkgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2U=LiBXaGVyZSwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgc2lnbmFsIGJlaW5nIHJlY2VpdmVkPyA=
Cg==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63eb166885fff” question_number=”5″] Which roman numeral represents transduction?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[c]IE lJ[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiDigJxJ4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgcmVjZXB0aW9uLiBXaGVyZSwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgc2lnbmFsIGJlaW5nIHJlbGF5ZWQgYmV0d2VlbiB3aGVyZSBpdCYjODIxNztzIGJlaW5nIHJlY2VpdmVkIGFuZCB3aGVyZSBpdCYjODIxNztzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnZlcnRlZCBpbnRvIGEgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2UgKGF0IElJSSk=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gSUkgcmVwcmVzZW50cyA=dHJhbnNkdWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSUkgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2U=LiBXaGVyZSwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgc2lnbmFsIGJlaW5nIHJlbGF5ZWQgYmV0d2VlbiB3aGVyZSBpdCYjODIxNztzIGJlaW5nIHJlY2VpdmVkIGFuZCB3aGVyZSBpdCYjODIxNztzIGJlaW5nIGNvbnZlcnRlZCBpbnRvIGEgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2UgKGhlcmUgYXQgSUlJKQ==
Cg==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63e58ecc487ff” question_number=”6″] Which roman numeral represents cellular response?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[c]IElJ[Qq]

[c]IElJ SQ==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiDigJxJ4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgcmVjZXB0aW9uLg==

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSSByZXByZXNlbnRzIA==dHJhbnNkdWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gSUlJIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIA==Y2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2U=Lg==
Cg==[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63dfbcae8e7ff” question_number=”7″] Which number represents a ligand?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSBpcyB0aGUgc2lnbmFsLiBTaWduYWxzIHdvcmsgYmVjYXVzZSB0aGV5JiM4MjE3O3JlIGxpZ2FuZHM6IHRoZXkgYmluZCB3aXRoIGEgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBBIGxpZ2FuZCBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGEgcmVjZXB0b3IuIFdoaWNoIHBhcnQgaXMgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggYSByZWNlcHRvcj8=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63da351250fff” question_number=”8″] The diagram below represents a hormone influencing the liver. Which number represents epinephrine?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGVwaW5lcGhyaW5lLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBFcGluZXBocmluZSBpcyBwcm9kdWNlZCBpbiB0aGUgYWRyZW5hbCBnbGFuZHMgYW5kIHRoZW4gY2lyY3VsYXRlcyB0aHJvdWdob3V0IHRoZSBib2R5IGluIHRoZSBibG9vZCwgYWZmZWN0aW5nIHRhcmdldCBjZWxscyBpbiBtYW55IHRpc3N1ZXMsIGluY2x1ZGluZyB0aGUgbGl2ZXIuIFdoaWNoIG51bWJlciBzaG93cyBzb21ldGhpbmcgb3V0c2lkZSB0aGUgbGl2ZXIgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBjYXVzZSBhIGNoYW5nZSBpbnNpZGUgdGhlIGxpdmVyLg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63d35e2f633ff” question_number=”9″] The diagram below represents a hormone influencing the liver. Which number represents glycogen, the polysaccharide that gets broken down to glucose after the liver receives the epinephrine signal.

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcM+KAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGdseWNvZ2VuLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBHbHljb2dlbiBpcyBhIHBvbHlzYWNjaGFyaWRlLCB3aGljaCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IGl0JiM4MjE3O3MgY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgbWFueSBtb25vc2FjY2hhcmlkZSBzdWJ1bml0cy4gTG9vayBhdCB0aGUgbW9sZWN1bGUgc2hhcGVzIG9uIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtLCBhbmQgY2hvb3NlIHRoZSBvbmUgdGhhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGl0JiM4MjE3O3MgbWFkZSBvZiBtYW55IHN1YnVuaXRzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGJvbmRlZCB0b2dldGhlci4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63cdd69325bff” question_number=”10″]The diagram below represents a hormone influencing the liver. Which number represents glucose?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Q=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNOKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGdsdWNvc2Uu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBHbHVjb3NlIGlzIGEgbW9ub3NhY2NoYXJpZGUgKGEgc2ltcGxlIHN1Z2FyKS4gR2x5Y29nZW4gaXMgYSBwb2x5c2FjY2hhcmlkZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgbWFueSBnbHVjb3NlIHN1YnVuaXRzLiBMb29rIGF0IHRoZSBtb2xlY3VsZSBzaGFwZXMgb24gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0sIGFuZCBjaG9vc2UgdGhlIG9uZSB0aGF0IGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBtYWRlIG9mIA==b25lIHN1YnVuaXQsIGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8gbWFueQ==IHN1YnVuaXRzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGJvbmRlZCB0b2dldGhlci4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63c8997864bff” question_number=”11″] A molecule that binds with a receptor (such as “1” below) is most generally known as a

[hangman]

[c]IGxpZ2FuZA==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63c2ec9b68fff” question_number=”12″] Number 2 below is a
[hangman]

[c]IHJlY2VwdG9y[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q dataset_id=”SMV_Cell Signalling and Epinephrine action (cell communication)|63bd64ff2b7ff” question_number=”13″] The process indicated by roman number II below is called signal
[hangman]

[c]IHRyYW5zZHVjdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

4.2. Reception

[qwiz random = “true” style=”width: 750px !important; min-height: 400px !important;”]

[h] Quiz: Reception

[i]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|63a6fc0cb8fff” question_number=”1″] Which number represents the signal binding site?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSBpcyB0aGUgc2lnbmFsIGJpbmRpbmcgc2l0ZQ==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2lnbmFsIGJpbmRpbmcgc2l0ZSBpcyBnb2luZyB0byBoYXZlIHRvIGZhY2UgdGhlIG91dHNpZGUgb2YgdGhlIGNlbGwgYW5kIGJlIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGEgc2lnbmFsIGNvdWxkIGJpbmQgd2l0aC4=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|63a174707b7ff” question_number=”2″] Which number represents the receptor segment that interacts with the G-Protein?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcM+KAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzZWdtZW50IG9mIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciB0aGF0IGludGVyYWN0cyB3aXRoIGEgRy1wcm90ZWlu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgRy1wcm90ZWluIGlzIGVtYmVkZGVkIGluIHRoZSBpbm5lciBzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBwbGFzbWEgbWVtYnJhbmUuIFdoaWNoIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yIGNvdWxkIGludGVyYWN0IHdpdGggc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBvbiB0aGUgaW5zaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZT8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|639bc7937fbff” question_number=”3″] The alpha helices that embed the receptor in the membrane are represented by which number (type in a 1, 2, or a 3)?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMuKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhbHBoYSBoZWxpY2VzIHRoYXQgZW1iZWQgdGhpcyByZWNlcHRvciBpbiB0aGUgY2VsbCBtZW1icmFuZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiBhIGhlbGl4IGlzIGxpa2UgYSBjb2lsZWQgc3ByaW5nLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6394f0b091fff” question_number=”4″] Which roman numeral shows the phase in which a ligand is binding with a receptor?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJxJ4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHBoYXNlIA==YmVmb3JlIHRoZSBsaWdhbmQgYmluZHMgd2l0aCB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]IE lJ[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gJiM4MjIwO0lJJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwaGFzZSB3aGVyZSBhIGxpZ2FuZCAoYSBob3Jtb25lIHN1Y2ggYXMgZXBpbmVwaHJpbmUsIGZvciBleGFtcGxlKSBpcyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yLg==[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SUlJJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyB0aGUgbGlnYW5kIGRpc3NvY2lhdGluZyBmcm9tIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvci4gV2hlcmUgZG8geW91IHNlZSB0aGUgbGlnYW5kIGJpbmRpbmcgd2l0aCB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3I/[Qq]

[c]IElW[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SVYmIzgyMjE7IHNob3dzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4gcmV2ZXJ0aW5nIHRvIGl0cyBpbmFjdGl2ZSBmb3JtIGFzIGl0IGNvbnZlcnRzIGl0cyBHVFAgdG8gR0RQLiBXaGVyZSBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoZSBsaWdhbmQgYmluZGluZyB3aXRoIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvcj8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|638e898fdefff” question_number=”5″] Which roman numeral shows the phase in which the G protein is becoming activated as it replaces its GDP with a GTP?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJxJ4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4gaXMgYm91bmQgdG8gR0RQIChtZWFuaW5nIHRoYXQgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBpcyBpbiBhbiBpbmFjdGl2ZSBmb3JtKS4=[Qq]

[c]IE lJ[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gJiM4MjIwO0lJJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwaGFzZSB3aGVyZSBhIGxpZ2FuZCAoYSBob3Jtb25lIHN1Y2ggYXMgZXBpbmVwaHJpbmUsIGZvciBleGFtcGxlKSBpcyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yLiBUaGlzIGNoYW5nZXMgYSBzZWdtZW50IG9uIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciwgd2hpY2ggaW4gdHVybiBtb2RpZmllcyB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluLCBjYXVzaW5nIGl0IHRvIHJlcGxhY2UgR0RQIHdpdGggR1RQLg==[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SUlJJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyB0aGUgbGlnYW5kIGRpc3NvY2lhdGluZyBmcm9tIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciBhbmQgYW4gYWN0aXZhdGVkIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggYSBtZW1icmFuZS1ib3VuZCBlbnp5bWUuIFdoaWNoIHBoYXNlIHNob3dzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmF0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4/[Qq]

[c]IElW[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SVYmIzgyMjE7IHNob3dzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4gcmV2ZXJ0aW5nIHRvIGl0cyBpbmFjdGl2ZSBmb3JtIGFzIGl0IGNvbnZlcnRzIGl0cyBHVFAgdG8gR0RQLiBXaGljaCBwaGFzZSBzaG93cyB0aGUgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluPw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6385a92289bff” question_number=”6″] Which roman numeral shows the phase in which an activated G protein is activating a membrane-bound enzyme?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJxJ4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4gaXMgYm91bmQgdG8gR0RQIChtZWFuaW5nIHRoYXQgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBpcyBpbiBhbiBpbmFjdGl2ZSBmb3JtKS4gV2hlcmUgZG8geW91IHNlZSBhbiBhY3RpdmF0ZWQgRyBwcm90ZWluIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHdpdGggYSBtZW1icmFuZS1ib3VuZCBlbnp5bWU/[Qq]

[c]IElJ[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SUkmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIGEgbGlnYW5kIChhIGhvcm1vbmUgc3VjaCBhcyBlcGluZXBocmluZSwgZm9yIGV4YW1wbGUpIGlzIGJpbmRpbmcgd2l0aCB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3IuIFRoaXMgY2hhbmdlcyBhIHNlZ21lbnQgb24gdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yLCB3aGljaCBpbiB0dXJuIG1vZGlmaWVzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4sIGNhdXNpbmcgaXQgdG8gcmVwbGFjZSBHRFAgd2l0aCBHVFAuIEJ1dCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG5vIGludGVyYWN0aW9uIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBhbmQgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIGVuenltZSAoYXQgJiM4MjIwOzQmIzgyMjE7KS4=[Qq]

[c]IElJ SQ==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gJiM4MjIwO0lJSSYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGxpZ2FuZCBkaXNzb2NpYXRpbmcgZnJvbSB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3IgYW5kIGFuIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBHIHByb3RlaW4gYmluZGluZyB3aXRoIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUtYm91bmQgZW56eW1lLg==[Qq]

[c]IElW[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SVYmIzgyMjE7IHNob3dzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4gcmV2ZXJ0aW5nIHRvIGl0cyBpbmFjdGl2ZSBmb3JtIGFzIGl0IGNvbnZlcnRzIGl0cyBHVFAgdG8gR0RQLiBXaGVyZSBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGFuIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBHIHByb3RlaW4gaW50ZXJhY3Rpbmcgd2l0aCBhIG1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIGVuenltZT8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|637fb1c4117ff” question_number=”7″] Which roman numeral shows the phase in which a G protein is reverting back to its inactive form, and in which cellular responses stop occurring.

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJxJ4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4gaXMgYm91bmQgdG8gR0RQIChtZWFuaW5nIHRoYXQgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBpcyBpbiBhbiBpbmFjdGl2ZSBmb3JtKS4gVGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiBpcyBhc2tpbmcgeW91IGhvdyB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluIGJlY2FtZSBkZWFjdGl2YXRlZCwgd2l0aCBhbiBhdHRhY2hlZCBHVFAgYmVjb21pbmcgY29udmVydGVkIHRvIEdEUC4=[Qq]

[c]IElJ[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SUkmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIGEgbGlnYW5kIChhIGhvcm1vbmUgc3VjaCBhcyBlcGluZXBocmluZSwgZm9yIGV4YW1wbGUpIGlzIGJpbmRpbmcgd2l0aCB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3IuIFRoaXMgY2hhbmdlcyBhIHNlZ21lbnQgb24gdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yLCB3aGljaCBpbiB0dXJuIG1vZGlmaWVzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4sIGNhdXNpbmcgaXQgdG8gcmVwbGFjZSBHRFAgd2l0aCBHVFAuIFRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gaXMgYXNraW5nIHlvdSBob3cgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBiZWNvbWVzIGRlYWN0aXZhdGVkLCB3aXRoIGl0cyBhdHRhY2hlZCBHVFAgYmVpbmcgY29udmVydGVkIHRvIEdEUC4=[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SUlJJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyB0aGUgbGlnYW5kIGRpc3NvY2lhdGluZyBmcm9tIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciBhbmQgYW4gYWN0aXZhdGVkIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggYSBtZW1icmFuZS1ib3VuZCBlbnp5bWUuIFRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gaXMgYXNraW5nIHlvdSBob3cgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBiZWNvbWVzIA==ZGVhY3RpdmF0ZWQ=LCB3aXRoIGl0cyBhdHRhY2hlZCBHVFAgYmVpbmcgY29udmVydGVkIHRvIEdEUC4=[Qq]

[c]IE lW[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gJiM4MjIwO0lWJiM4MjIxOyBzaG93cyB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluIHJldmVydGluZyB0byBpdHMgaW5hY3RpdmUgZm9ybSBhcyBpdCBjb252ZXJ0cyBpdHMgR1RQIHRvIEdEUC4=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6379dfa6577ff” question_number=”8″] In the series of diagrams below, which letter represents the cell membrane?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVy4oCcYuKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBjZWxsIG1lbWJyYW5l[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiAmIzgyMjA7YyYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSwgd2hhdCBsZXR0ZXIgaGFzIHRvIGJlIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZT8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|63740d889d7ff” question_number=”9″] In the series of diagrams below, which number represents the receptor?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvci4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiAmIzgyMjA7OCYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgbGlnYW5kICh0aGUgbW9sZWN1bGUgdGhhdCBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciksIHRoZW4gd2hpY2ggbnVtYmVyIGhhcyB0byByZXByZXNlbnQgdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yIGl0c2VsZj8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|636e3b6ae37ff” question_number=”10″] In the series of diagrams below, which number represents the G protein?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMuKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgRyBwcm90ZWluIGlzIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBieSB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3IgYW5kIHRoZW4gZ29lcyBvbiB0byBhY3RpdmF0ZSBhIG1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIGVuenltZSAoc3VjaCBhcyB0aGUgb25lIGRlcGljdGVkIGluIG51bWJlciAmIzgyMjA7NCYjODIyMTspLiBPZiBhbGwgb2YgdGhlIGNvbXBvbmVudHMgb2YgdGhpcyBzeXN0ZW0sIHdoaWNoIG9uZSBjb3VsZCBwbGF5IHN1Y2ggYSByb2xlPw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6367f98aeebff” question_number=”11″] In the series of diagrams below, which number represents GDP?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBHRFAgKChndWFub3NpbmUgZGlwaG9zcGhhdGUpIGlzIGEgbG93LWVuZXJneSBmb3JtIG9mIEdUUCAodHJpcGhvc3BoYXRlKS4gV2hlbiBHRFAgaXMgYm91bmQgdG8gYSBHIHByb3RlaW4sIHRoYXQgcHJvdGVpbiBpcyBlc3NlbnRpYWxseSBpbmVydC4gV2hhdCBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBib3VuZCB0byB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluIHRoYXQgY2FuIGJlIHRyYW5zZm9ybWVkIGZyb20gYSBsb3cgZW5lcmd5IHN0YXRlIGludG8gYSBoaWdoIGVuZXJneSBzdGF0ZT8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|636271eeb13ff” question_number=”12″] In the series of diagrams below, which number represents a membrane-bound enzyme which, when activated, can initiate a cellular response?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Q=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNOKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUtYm91bmQgZW56eW1lLiBXaGVuIHRoaXMgZW56eW1lIGJlY29tZXMgYWN0aXZhdGVkLCBpdCBjYW4sIGluIHR1cm4sIGFjdGl2YXRlIG90aGVyIG1vbGVjdWxlcyB3aGljaCBjYW4gYnJpbmcgYWJvdXQgYSBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwb25zZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBMb29rIGZvciBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGJvdW5kIHRvIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGEgcmVjZXB0b3Igb3IgYSBHIHByb3RlaW4u
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|635c9fd0f73ff” question_number=”13″] In the series of diagrams below, which number represents GTP?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID k=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcOeKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIEdUUC4gV2hlbiBHVFAgYmluZHMgdG8gdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiwgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBiZWNvbWVzIGFjdGl2YXRlZCwgYWxsb3dpbmcgaXQgdG8gaW50ZXJhY3Qgd2l0aCBtZW1icmFuZS1ib3VuZCBlbnp5bWVzIHRoYXQgY2FuLCBpbiB0dXJuLCBpbml0aWF0ZSB0aGUgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2Uu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBHVFAgaXMgYW4gYWN0aXZhdGVkIGZvcm0gb2YgR0RQLiBJbiB0aGlzIHN5c3RlbSwgYm90aCBjYW4gYmUgZm91bmQgYm91bmQgdG8gdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbi4gU28sIGxvb2sgZm9yIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgYm91bmQgdG8gYSBHIHByb3RlaW4sIGFuZCB3aGljaCBpcyByZXByZXNlbnRlZCBhcyBiZWluZyBpbiBhIGhpZ2gtZW5lcmd5IHN0YXRlLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|63565df1027ff” question_number=”14″] In the series of diagrams below, which number represents the cytoplasmic response to the binding of a ligand?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNeKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc21pYyByZXNwb25zZSB0byB0aGUgYmluZGluZyBvZiBhIGxpZ2FuZC4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtaWMgcmVzcG9uc2UgY29tZXMgYWJvdXQgYXMgYSByZXN1bHQgb2YgYWN0aXZpdGllcyBieSBtZW1icmFuZS1ib3VuZCBlbnp5bWVzIHRoYXQgaGF2ZSBiZWVuIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBieSB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluICh3aGljaCB3YXMgYWN0aXZhdGVkIGJ5IHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciwgd2hpY2ggd2FzIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBieSB0aGUgbGlnYW5kKS4gU3R1ZHkgdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0sIGFuZCBmaW5kIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc21pYyByZXNwb25zZSB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgYXQgdGhlIGVuZCBvZiB0aGlzIGNoYWluLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|634fd18f913ff” question_number=”15″] The G protein can be deactivated, bringing the cellular response to a close, when the GTP that’s bound to the G protein is converted to GDP. In the series of diagrams below, which number represents the phosphate group that is released during this conversion?

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJwy4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJwz4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIEdEUC4=[Qq]

[c]IDk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiDigJw54oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIEdUUC4=[Qq]

[c]ID Ew[Qq]

[f]IFdheSB0byBnby4g4oCcMTDigJ0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgcGhvc3BoYXRlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyByZW1vdmVkIGZyb20gR1RQLiBMb3NzIG9mIHRoaXMgcGhvc3BoYXRlIGNvbnZlcnRzIEdUUCB0byBHRFAsIHdoaWNoIHJlbmRlcnMgdGhlIEcgcHJvdGVpbiBpbnRvIGFuIGluYWN0aXZlIGZvcm0u[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|634a49f353bff” question_number=”16″] In the diagram below, number 3 is [hangman]

[c]IEdEUA==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6344e797d47ff” question_number=”17″] In the diagram below, number 9 is [hangman]

[c]IEdUUA==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|633f157a1a7ff” question_number=”18″] In the diagram below, number 4 is a membrane embedded [hangman]

[c]IGVuenltZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6339689d1ebff” question_number=”19″] If the diagram below were about mobilization of glucose from glycogen storing liver cells, then number 8 would be the hormone [hangman]

[c]IGVwaW5lcGhyaW5l[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|6333bbc022fff” question_number=”20″] In the diagram below, number 10 is a [hangman] group.

[c]IHBob3NwaGF0ZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Reception (cell communication)|632dc461aabff” question_number=”21″] In the diagram below, number 1 is a G-coupled protein [hangman].

[c]IHJlY2VwdG9y[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

4.3. Signal Transduction and cAMP

[qwiz random = “true” style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 400px !important;”]

[h] Quiz: Signal Transduction and cAMP

[i]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|6311ae923c7ff” question_number=”1″] In the diagram below, which number represents the ligand?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSBpcyB0aGUgbGlnYW5kLCB0aGUgbW9sZWN1bGUgdGhhdCBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGEgcmVjZXB0b3IgdG8gc2V0IG9mZiBhIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BvbnNlLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBBIGxpZ2FuZCBpcyBhIG1vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQgYmluZHMgdG8gYW5vdGhlciAodXN1YWxseSBsYXJnZXIpIG1vbGVjdWxlLiBJbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0sIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBhYm91dCB0byBiaW5kIHdpdGggc29tZXRoaW5nIGxhcmdlcj8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|630c26f5fefff” question_number=”2″] In the diagram below, which number represents the receptor?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMuKAnSBpcyB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgcmVjZXB0b3IgcmVjZWl2ZXMgYSBzaWduYWwgZnJvbSBvdXRzaWRlIHRoZSBjZWxsLiBJZiB0aGUgY29sb3IgYmx1ZSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBjZWxsIGV4dGVyaW9yIGFuZCBiZWlnZSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20sIHRoZW4gd2hhdCYjODIxNztzIHRoZSBvbmx5IHRoaW5nIGluIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSB0aGF0IGlzIGFib3V0IHRvIGNvbm5lY3Qgd2l0aCBzb21ldGhpbmcgb3V0c2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbD8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|63067a19033ff” question_number=”3″] In the diagram below, which number represents the G protein?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcM+KAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBHIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgRyBwcm90ZWluIGdldHMgYWN0aXZhdGVkIGJ5IHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciAod2hpY2ggaXRzZWxmIGhhcyBiZWVuIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBieSB0aGUgbGlnYW5kKS4gVGhlbiB0aGUgRyBwcm90ZWluIGFjdGl2YXRlcyBhIG1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIGVuenltZSAoc2hvd24gYXQgJiM4MjIwOzUmIzgyMjE7KS4gV2hpY2ggaXMgdGhlIG9ubHkgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIGFib3ZlIHRoYXQgY291bGQgYmUgYWN0aXZhdGVkIGJ5IHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciwgYW5kIGluIHR1cm4sIGFjdGl2YXRlIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS1ib3VuZCBlbnp5bWUgYXQgJiM4MjIwOzU/JiM4MjIxOw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|6300f27cc5bff” question_number=”4″] In the diagram below, which number represents adenylyl cyclase (the enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP)?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNeKAnSBpcyBhZGVueWx5bCBjeWNsYXNlLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBBZGVueWx5bCBjeWNsYXNlIGlzIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUtYm91bmQgZW56eW1lIHRoYXQgY29udmVydHMgQVRQIHRvIGN5Y2xpYyBBTVAuIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgb25seSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBzeXN0ZW0gYWJvdmUgdGhhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUtYm91bmQgZW56eW1lIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjb252ZXJ0aW5nIG9uZSB0aGluZyBpbnRvIGFub3RoZXIgdGhpbmc/
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|62f69d8801fff” question_number=”5″] In the diagram below, which number represents the second messenger cAMP?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID c=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcN+KAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGNBTVAgKGN5Y2xpYyBBTVApIGEgc2Vjb25kIG1lc3Nlbmdlci4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBDeWNsaWMgQU1QIGlzIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgbWVzc2VuZ2VyLiBJdCB0YWtlcyB0aGUgaW5pdGlhbCBzaWduYWwgKGZyb20gdGhlIGxpZ2FuZCwgc2hvd24gYXQgJiM4MjIwOzEmIzgyMjE7KSBhbmQgdHJhbnNtaXRzIGl0IGludG8gdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbS4gV2hpY2ggcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIGFib3ZlIGlzIHNlbmRpbmcgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gZm9yd2FyZCBmcm9tIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSBpbnRvIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20/
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|62f115ebc47ff” question_number=”6″] In the diagram below, which number represents the ATP that adenylyl cyclase converts into cAMP?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Y=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNuKAnSBpcyB0aGUgQVRQIHRoYXQgdGhlIGFkZW55bHlsIGN5Y2xhc2UgZW56eW1lIChzaG93biBhdCAmIzgyMjA7NSYjODIyMTspIGNvbnZlcnRzIGludG8gY3ljbGljIEFNUC4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBDeWNsaWMgQU1QIGlzIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgbWVzc2VuZ2VyIHRoYXQgdHJhbnNtaXRzIGEgc2lnbmFsIHJlY2VpdmVkIGJ5IGEgcmVjZXB0b3IgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lIGludG8gdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbS4gQ3ljbGljIEFNUCBpcyBhIG1vZGlmaWVkIGZvcm0gb2YgQVRQLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB3aGljaCBtb2xlY3VsZSBpbiB0aGUgc3lzdGVtIGFib3ZlIGNvdWxkIHF1YWxpZnkgYXMgYSBzZWNvbmQgbWVzc2VuZ2VyLCBhbmQgdGhlbiBmaW5kIGl0cyBwcmVjdXJzb3IgZm9ybSAod2hpY2ggaXMgQVRQKS4=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|62ebb390453ff” question_number=”7″] If the diagram below were about a liver cell being stimulated by the hormone epinephrine to produce glucose from glycogen, which number would represent epinephrine?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSBpcyBlcGluZXBocmluZSwgdGhlIHNpZ25hbCB0aGF0IGJyaW5ncyBhYm91dCB0aGUgY2hhbmdlcyB0aGF0IGxlYWQgdGhpcyBsaXZlciBjZWxsIHRvIGNvbnZlcnQgaXRzIGdseWNvZ2VuIHN0b3JlcyBpbnRvIGdsdWNvc2Uu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiBlcGluZXBocmluZSBpcyB0aGUgc2lnbmFsIHRoYXQgaXMgcmVjZWl2ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGNlbGwsIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgb25seSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBzeXN0ZW0gYWJvdmUgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgdGhpcyBzaWduYWw/
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Signal Transduction (Cell Communication)|62e67675843ff” question_number=”8″] If the diagram below were about a liver cell being stimulated by the hormone epinephrine to produce glucose from glycogen, which number would represent the conversion of glycogen into glucose?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID k=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcOeKAnSBpcyB0aGUgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2UsIHdoaWNoIGluIHRoaXMgY2FzZSBpbnZvbHZlcyB0aGUgY2VsbCBjb252ZXJ0aW5nIGl0cyBnbHljb2dlbiBzdG9yZXMgaW50byBnbHVjb3NlLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgcHJvZHVjdGlvbiBvZiBnbHVjb3NlIGZyb20gZ2x5Y29nZW4gaXMgdGhlIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BvbnNlLiBUaGUgcmVzcG9uc2UgaXMgdGhlIGxhc3QgdGhpbmcgdGhhdCBoYXBwZW5zIGluIHRoaXMgc3lzdGVtLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

4.4. Quiz: Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, and Signal Amplification

[qwiz random=”true” style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;”]

[h] Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, and Signal Amplification

[i]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|62ac668cfe7ff” question_number=”4″] In the diagram below, which letter represents cyclic AMP?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGxldHRlciDigJxh4oCdIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgY3ljbGljIEFNUC4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBDeWNsaWMgQU1QIGlzIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgbWVzc2VuZ2VyIHRoYXQgbW92ZXMgdGhlIHNpZ25hbCBmcm9tIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSBpbnRvIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20uIEluIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIGFib3ZlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB0aGUgb25seSBtb2xlY3VsZSB0aGF0IGNvdWxkIGJlIHBsYXlpbmcgdGhhdCByb2xlPw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|62a66f2e863ff” question_number=”5″] In the diagram below, which letter represents the inactive form of the first protein in this phosphorylation cascade?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIOKAnGLigJ0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgaW5hY3RpdmUgZm9ybSBvZiB0aGUgZmlyc3QgcHJvdGVpbiBpbiB0aGlzIHBob3NwaG9yeWxhdGlvbiBjYXNjYWRlLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]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
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|62a02d4e917ff” question_number=”6″] In the diagram below, which letter represents the active form of protein kinase d?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG c=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIOKAnGfigJ0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgYWN0aXZlIGZvcm0gb2YgcHJvdGVpbiBraW5hc2UgZC4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]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
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|6299c62dde7ff” question_number=”7″] In the diagram below, which letter represents the enzyme that converts the phosphorylated kinases into their inactive forms?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG g=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcaOKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgKGEgcHJvdGVpbiBwaG9zcGhhdGFzZSkgdGhhdCB0cmFuc2Zvcm1zIHBob3NwaG9yeWxhdGVkIGtpbmFzZXMgKHN1Y2ggYXMgdGhvc2UgYXQgJiM4MjIwO2csJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgJiM4MjIwO2ssJiM4MjIxOyB0byB0aGVpciB1bnBob3NwaG9yeWxhdGVkIGZvcm1zIChzdWNoIGFzIHRob3NlIGF0ICYjODIyMDtkJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgJiM4MjIwO2ouJiM4MjIxOyk=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]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
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|6293cecf663ff” question_number=”8″] In the diagram below, which letter represents the inactive form of the target protein that’s going to bring about the cellular response?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG w=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIOKAnGzigJ0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgaW5hY3RpdmUgKHVucGhvc3Bob3J5bGF0ZWQpIGZvcm0gb2YgdGhlIHRhcmdldCBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgaG93IHRvIHRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHRoaXMuIFRoZSB1bHRpbWF0ZSBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwb25zZSBpcyBpbmRpY2F0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGxldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7bi4mIzgyMjE7IFRoaXMgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2UgaXMgYnJvdWdodCBhYm91dCBhdCB0aGUgZW5kIG9mIHRoaXMgcGhvc3Bob3J5bGF0aW9uIGNhc2NhZGUuIFdoYXQgbW9sZWN1bGUgbmVlZHMgdG8gYmUgcGhvc3Bob3J5bGF0ZWQgdG8gY3JlYXRlICYjODIyMDttPyYjODIyMTs=
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCBuby4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|628dd770edfff” question_number=”9″] In the diagram below, which letter represents the ATP that’s used during a phosphorylation cascade?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTGV0dGVyIOKAnGXigJ0gcmVwcmVzZW50cyBBVFAsIHRoZSBzb3VyY2Ugb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaGF0ZSB1c2VkIHRvIHBob3NwaG9yeWxhdGUgdGhlIHByb3RlaW4ga2luYXNlcyBpbiB0aGlzIHBob3NwaG9yeWxhdGlvbiBjYXNjYWRlLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]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
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|6287e01275bff” question_number=”10″] Phosphorylation cascades like the one shown below need to be quickly activated, and also quickly deactivated. Which letter indicates a protein phosphatase, the enzyme that takes activated, phosphorylated molecules and deactivates them by removing a phosphate group?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG g=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcaOKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgcHJvdGVpbiBwaG9zcGhhdGFzZSwgdGhlIGRlYWN0aXZhdGluZyBlbnp5bWUgaW4gdGhpcyBwaG9zcGhvcnlsYXRpb24gY2FzY2FkZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgbGV0dGVyIHRoYXQgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBhbiBlbnp5bWUgdGhhdCB3b3VsZCBjb252ZXJ0IGEgcGhvc3Bob3J5bGF0ZWQga2luYXNlIHN1Y2ggYXMgJiM4MjIwO2cmIzgyMjE7IGJhY2sgaW50byBpdHMgdW5waG9zcGhvcnlsYXRlZCBmb3JtIGF0ICYjODIyMDtkLiYjODIyMTsgVGhlIHNhbWUgZW56eW1lIGlzIGF0IHdvcmsgYmV0d2VlbiAmIzgyMjA7ayYjODIyMTsgYW5kICYjODIyMDtqJiM4MjIxOyBvciAmIzgyMjA7bSYjODIyMTsgYW5kICYjODIyMDtsLiYjODIyMTs=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|6282333579fff” question_number=”11″] In the diagram below, the ligand is represented by which number?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSB0aGUgbGlnYW5kLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgbGlnYW5kIGlzIHRoZSBtb2xlY3VsZSB0aGF0IGJpbmRzIHdpdGggdGhlIHJlY2VwdG9yLCBzZXR0aW5nIG9mZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gdGhhdCByZXN1bHRzIGluIGEgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2UuIElmICYjODIyMDsyJiM4MjIxOyBpcyB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3IsIHdoYXQgaGFzIHRvIGJlIHRoZSBsaWdhbmQ/
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|627bf155853ff” question_number=”12″] In the diagram below, which number represents the receptor?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMuKAnSBpcyB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcmVjZXB0b3IgaXMgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIG1vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQgYmluZHMgd2l0aCB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3IuIEZpbmQgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLCBhbmQgeW91JiM4MjE3O2xsIGJlIGFibGUgdG8gZmlndXJlIG91dCB3aGljaCBwYXJ0IGhhcyB0byBiZSB0aGUgcmVjZXB0b3Iu
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|627564f413fff” question_number=”13″] Assume the diagram below represents how the hormone epinephrine stimulates liver cells to release glucose. Which number would represent adenylyl cyclase?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcM+KAnSB3b3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgYWRlbnlseWwgY3ljbGFzZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJbiB0aGUgc2NlbmFyaW8gZGVzY3JpYmVkIGFib3ZlLCBhZGVueWx5bCBjeWNsYXNlIGlzIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUtYm91bmQgZW56eW1lIHRoYXQgYWN0aXZhdGVzIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgbWVzc2VuZ2VyIGNBTVAuIExvb2tpbmcgYXQgdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0sIHdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgb25seSBjb21wb25lbnQgaW4gdGhpcyBzeXN0ZW0gdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBiZSBhIG1lbWJyYW5lLWJvdW5kIGVuenltZT8=
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|626f4854dd7ff” question_number=”14″] Assume the diagram below represents how the hormone epinephrine stimulates liver cells to release glucose. Which number would cyclic AMP?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Q=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNOKAnSB3b3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgdGhlIHNlY29uZCBtZXNzZW5nZXIsIGN5Y2xpYyBBTVAu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiAmIzgyMjA7MSYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIHNpZ25hbCwgbWFraW5nIGl0IHRoZSAmIzgyMjA7Zmlyc3QgbWVzc2VuZ2VyLiYjODIyMTsgQ3ljbGljIEFNUCwgdGhlIHNlY29uZCBtZXNzZW5nZXIsIGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkIGZyb20gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lIHRvIHNldCB1cCByZWFjdGlvbnMgaW5zaWRlIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20uIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGUgb25seSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBzeXN0ZW0gYWJvdmUgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBxdWFsaWZ5IGFzIGEgJiM4MjIwO3NlY29uZCBtZXNzZW5nZXI/JiM4MjIxOw==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|6265d2e48f3ff” question_number=”15″] Assume the diagram below represents how the hormone epinephrine stimulates liver cells to release glucose. If “4” represents cyclic AMP, then what number would have to be protein kinase?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNeKAnSB3b3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgcHJvdGVpbiBraW5hc2Uu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBQcm90ZWluIGtpbmFzZXMgYXJlIGFjdGl2YXRlZCBhcyBwYXJ0IG9mIGEgcGhvc3Bob3J5bGF0aW9uIGNhc2NhZGUgdGhhdCByZXN1bHRzIGluIGEgbWFzc2l2ZWx5IGFtcGxpZmllZCBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwb25zZS4gRmluZCB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBpbiBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSBzZWNvbmQgbWVzc2VuZ2VyIGNBTVAgYW5kIHRoZSBjZWxsdWxhciByZXNwb25zZS4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCBuby4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|626070890ffff” question_number=”16″] In the diagram below, letters c, g, and k represent activated protein[hangman]

[c]IGtpbmFzZXM=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|625ac3ac143ff” question_number=”17″] If the diagram below was about breakdown of glycogen in liver cells, then letter “n” would represent [hangman].

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|62541209e4bff” question_number=”18″] The diagram below depicts a phosphorylation [hangman].

[c]IGNhc2NhZGU=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|624e1aab6c7ff” question_number=”19″] If the diagram below was about breakdown of glycogen in liver cells, then number 1 would represent the hormone [hangman]

[c]IGVwaW5lcGhyaW5l[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Kinases, Phosphorylation Cascades, Signal Amplification (cell communication)|62468984c77ff” question_number=”20″] In the diagram below, letter “a” represents cyclic [hangman]

[c]IEFNUA==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

4.5. Hormones and Gene Regulation

3. Quiz: Hormones and Gene Regulation

[qwiz random=”true” style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Hormones and Gene Regulation (v2.0)”]

[h] Hormones and Gene Regulation

[i]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|6229b971a1fff” question_number=”1″] In the diagram below, which letter represents the cell membrane?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE I=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcQuKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2lnbmFsIGNvbWVzIGZyb20gb3V0c2lkZSB0aGUgY2VsbCwgYW5kLCBpbiB0aGUgY2FzZSBvZiBhIHN0ZXJvaWQgaG9ybW9uZSwgZGlmZnVzZXMgdGhyb3VnaCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIElmICYjODIyMDtBJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBjZWxsIGV4dGVyaW9yLCB3aGljaCBsZXR0ZXIgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmU/
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|6223c21329bff” question_number=”2″] In the diagram below, which letter could represent a steroid hormone (such as testosterone or estrogen)?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE Y=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcRuKAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgc3Rlcm9pZCBob3Jtb25lLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2lnbmFsIGNvbWVzIGZyb20gb3V0c2lkZSB0aGUgY2VsbCwgdGhlbiBkaWZmdXNlcyB0aHJvdWdoIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gSWYgJiM4MjIwO0EmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGNlbGwgZXh0ZXJpb3IsIHdoaWNoIGxldHRlciBjb3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgdGhlIHNpZ25hbCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgYWJvdXQgdG8gZW50ZXIgdGhlIGNlbGw/
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCBuby4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|621e5fb7aa7ff” question_number=”3″] In the diagram below, which letter could represent a cytoplasmic receptor (before it binds with the signal)?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE c=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcR+KAnSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgY3l0b3BsYXNtaWMgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2lnbmFsIGNvbWVzIGZyb20gb3V0c2lkZSB0aGUgY2VsbCwgdGhlbiBkaWZmdXNlcyB0aHJvdWdoIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgdGhlbiBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGEgY3l0b3BsYXNtaWMgcmVjZXB0b3IuIElmICYjODIyMDtGJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzaWduYWwsIHRoZW4gd2hhdCBpbnNpZGUgdGhlIGNlbGwgY291bGQgcmVwcmVzZW50IGFuIGVtcHR5IHJlY2VwdG9yIHRoYXQgdGhlIHNpZ25hbCBjYW4gYmluZCB3aXRoPw==
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCBuby4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|6217d356393ff” question_number=”4″] In the diagram below, which letter shows a receptor/hormone complex interacting with DNA?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE k=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcSeKAnSBzaG93cyBhIHJlY2VwdG9yL2hvcm1vbmUgY29tcGxleCBpbnRlcmFjdGluZyB3aXRoIEROQS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2lnbmFsIGNvbWVzIGZyb20gb3V0c2lkZSB0aGUgY2VsbCwgdGhlbiBkaWZmdXNlcyB0aHJvdWdoIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgdGhlbiBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGEgY3l0b3BsYXNtaWMgcmVjZXB0b3IsIHdoaWNoIHRoZW4gZGlmZnVzZXMgaW50byB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cyB3aGVyZSBpdCBpbnRlcmFjdHMgd2l0aCBETkEuIEZpbmQgRE5BIGluc2lkZSB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cywgZmlndXJlIG91dCB3aGF0IHRoZSByZWNlcHRvciBpcywgYW5kIHlvdSYjODIxNztsbCBoYXZlIHlvdXIgYW5zd2VyLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCBuby4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|6211b6b702bff” question_number=”5″] In the diagram below, which letter shows RNA that’s just been transcribed as a result of the hormone/receptor complex having interacted with the cell’s DNA?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE s=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcS+KAnSBzaG93cyBSTkEgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGp1c3QgYmVlbiB0cmFuc2NyaWJlZCBhcyBhIHJlc3VsdCBvZiB0aGUgaG9ybW9uZS9yZWNlcHRvciBjb21wbGV4IGhhdmluZyBpbnRlcmFjdGVkIHdpdGggdGhlIGNlbGwmIzgyMTc7cyBETkEu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiAmIzgyMjA7SCYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3MgYSByZWNlcHRvci9ob3Jtb25lIGNvbXBsZXggaW4gdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbS4gTm93LCBmaW5kIEROQSBpbiB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cy4gTm93LCBmaW5kIGEgc2luZ2xlLXN0cmFuZGVkIG1vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiZWVuIHByb2R1Y2VkIGFzIGEgcmVzdWx0IG9mIHRoZSBpbnRlcmFjdGlvbiBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSByZWNlcHRvci9ob3Jtb25lIGNvbXBsZXggYW5kIEROQSwgYW5kIHlvdSYjODIxNztsbCBoYXZlIHlvdXIgYW5zd2VyLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|620c545b837ff” question_number=”6″] In the diagram below, which letter shows a nuclear pore?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcReKAnSBzaG93cyBhIG51Y2xlYXIgcG9yZS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBOdWNsZWFyIHBvcmVzIGFyZSBwYXNzYWdld2F5cyBmb3IgbWF0ZXJpYWxzIHRvIGVudGVyIGFuZCBsZWF2ZSB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cy4gRmluZCB0aGUgbnVjbGVhciBtZW1icmFuZSwgYW5kIHRoZW4gbG9jYXRlIGEgbnVjbGVhciBwb3JlLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|6206a77e87bff” question_number=”7″] In the diagram below, which letter shows a ribosome?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE w=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcTOKAnSBzaG93cyBhIHJpYm9zb21lLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBSaWJvc29tZXMgdHJhbnNsYXRlIHRoZSBtZXNzYWdlcyBpbiBSTkEgaW50byBhIHByb3RlaW4sIGFuIGFjdGl2aXR5IHRoYXQgb2NjdXJzIGluIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20uIElmICYjODIyMDtLJiM4MjIxOyBpcyBSTkEgaW4gdGhlIG51Y2xldXMsIHRoZW4gd2hhdCBsZXR0ZXIgY291bGQgaW5kaWNhdGUgYSByaWJvc29tZSB0cmFuc2xhdGluZyB0aGF0IFJOQSBpbnRvIHByb3RlaW4/
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|6200faa18bfff” question_number=”8″] In the diagram below, which letter shows a protein that’s produced as the cellular response to the steroid hormone signal?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE 0=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcTeKAnSBzaG93cyBhIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGJlaW5nIHN5bnRoZXNpemVkIGFzIGEgcmVzdWx0IG9mIHRoZSBob3Jtb25lIHNpZ25hbCB0aGF0IGRpZmZ1c2VkIGludG8gdGhlIGNlbGwsIHRoZW4gYm91bmQgd2l0aCBhIHJlY2VwdG9yIGFuZCBhY3RpdmF0ZWQgYSBnZW5lLCB1bHRpbWF0ZWx5IHJlc3VsdGluZyBpbiB0aGlzIHByb3RlaW4mIzgyMTc7cyB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBGb3Igc3Rlcm9pZCBob3Jtb25lcywgdGhlIGNlbGx1bGFyIHJlc3BvbnNlIGlzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0aW9uIG9mIGEgcHJvdGVpbi4gSWYgJiM4MjIwO0wmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgYSByaWJvc29tZSwgdGhlIGNlbGwmIzgyMTc7cyBwcm90ZWluIGZhY3RvcnksIHRoZW4gd2hhdCBjb3VsZCByZXByZXNlbnQgYSBwcm90ZWluIHRoYXQgdGhpcyByaWJvc29tZSBpcyBzeW50aGVzaXppbmc/
Cg==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61fb98460cbff” question_number=”9″] In the diagram below, “I” represents [hangman].

[c]IHJlY2VwdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcywgJiM4MjIwO0kmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgcmVjZXB0aW9uLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61f5c62852bff” question_number=”10″] In the diagram below, “II” represents [hangman].

[c]IHRyYW5zZHVjdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcywgJiM4MjIwO0kmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdHJhbnNkdWN0aW9uLg==
Cg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61f0194b56fff” question_number=”11″] In the diagram below, “III” (and “4”) represents a cellular [hangman].

[c]IHJlc3BvbnNl[Qq]

[f]IFllcywgJiM4MjIwO0lJSSYjODIyMTsgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgY2VsbHVsYXIgcmVzcG9uc2Uu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61ea6c6e5b3ff” question_number=”12″] The diagram below shows a hormone that would be chemically classified as a [hangman].

[c]IHN0ZXJvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcywgVGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gaXMgc2hvd2luZyBob3cgYSBzdGVyb2lkIGhvcm1vbmUgYWZmZWN0cyBpdHMgdGFyZ2V0IGNlbGwu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61e4e4d21dbff” question_number=”13″] In the diagram below, which number or letter shows a hormone in a vesicle in a hormone secreting cell?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcMeKAnSBzaG93cyBhIGhvcm1vbmUgaW4gYSB2ZXNpY2xlIGluIGEgaG9ybW9uZS1zZWNyZXRpbmcgY2VsbC4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBWZXNpY2xlcyBhcmUgbWVtYnJhbmUtZW5jbG9zZWQgYnViYmxlcyB0aGF0IG9mdGVuIGNvbnRhaW4gYSBzdWJzdGFuY2UgdGhhdCBhIGNlbGwgaXMgYWJvdXQgdG8gZXhwb3J0LiBXaGljaCBudW1iZXIgaXMgbmVhciBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBmaXQgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61df12b463bff” question_number=”14″] In the diagram below, which number or letter shows a signal transduction pathway?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID U=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNeKAnSBzaG93cyBhIHNpZ25hbCB0cmFuc2R1Y3Rpb24gcGF0aHdheS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgc2lnbmFsIHRyYW5zZHVjdGlvbiBwYXRod2F5IG9jY3VycyBpbiB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtLCB3aGljaCBpcyByZWdpb24gJiM4MjIwO2IuJiM4MjIxOyBJbiB0aGlzIGNhc2UsIHRoZSBwYXRod2F5IGlzIHRha2luZyBhIG1lc3NhZ2UgZnJvbSB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgaW50byB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cy4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvcnJ5LCBuby4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61d65787ccbff” question_number=”15″] What number or letter below shows a molecule from a signaling pathway interacting with DNA?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Y=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4g4oCcNuKAnSBzaG93cyBhIHByb3RlaW4ga2luYXNlIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHdpdGggRE5BLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBETkEgaXMgaW5zaWRlIHRoZSBudWNsZXVzLCB3aGljaCBpcyByZWdpb24gJiM4MjIwO2MuJiM4MjIxOw==[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIGxldHRlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGNvcnJlY3Qu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61d0f52c4d7ff” question_number=”16″] Because of the way the hormone is binding with a membrane receptor, we can conclude that it must be [hangman].

[c]IHBvbGFy[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61ca8e0b9a7ff” question_number=”17″] Number “5” below is a signal [hangman] pathway.

[c]IHRyYW5zZHVjdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”SMV_Hormones and Gene Regulation (cell communication)|61c1d2df037ff” question_number=”18″] The diagram below shows how a hormone circulates everywhere in the body, but only has an effect in [hangman] cells.

[c]IHRhcmdldA==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Please proceed to the next tutorial, Feedback and Homeostasis