For a deeper dive into this material, complete these tutorials: Topic 2.4: Cell Membrane Structure
1. Watch this Video
2. Study this Summary
- Function of the Cell Membrane: Separates the cell’s organized interior from the external environment, acting as a selectively permeable boundary that controls the passage of substances like food and waste.
- Structure of Phospholipids and Their Role:
- Phospholipids have a hydrophilic, polar head (containing a phosphate group) and hydrophobic, non-polar tails.
- In water, phospholipids form a bilayer with tails creating a water-free zone and heads interacting with water molecules.
- The bilayer is stabilized by weak van der Waals bonds between the tails.
- Fluid Mosaic Model:
- The cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol, with all components in motion within the bilayer.
- “Fluid” refers to the lateral movement of components; “mosaic” describes the diverse molecules (e.g., phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids).
- How Proteins Fit into the Membrane:
- Transmembrane Proteins: Span the membrane with hydrophobic amino acids in the core and hydrophilic regions extending to the exterior and cytoplasm.
- Integral Proteins: Partially embedded in the membrane, with a non-polar region inside the bilayer and a hydrophilic region extending outward.
- Peripheral Proteins: Attach to phospholipid heads on either the cytoplasmic or external side of the membrane.
3. Master these Flashcards
[qdeck bold_text=”false”]
[h] Membrane Structure
[i]
[q] In relationship to membranes, define the term selectively permeable.
[a] Membranes allow certain molecules to pass through but not others. In other words, membranes are selectively permeable. (Note that the term semi-permeable means just about the same as selectively permeable, and the two are used interchangeably).
[q] Review: How does the phospholipid bilayer arise?
[a] Phospholipids have a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. Consequently, when mixed with water they’ll spontaneously organize themselves into a bilayer. In the bilayer, the heads face out as they form hydrogen bonds with the water that’s in the cell exterior and in the cytoplasm. By contrast, tails cluster together, avoiding water, and forming weak, intermolecular bonds with one another.
[q] Describe the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane.
[a] The fluid mosaic model of the membrane involves two key features. 1) The membrane is made of a variety of small components (phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates). That’s the mosaic part. 2) These components are in constant motion. That’s the fluid part.
[q] Define integral proteins, and identify the integral proteins in the diagram below.
[a] Membrane proteins which are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are known at are known as integral proteins. In the diagram below, integral proteins are at 1, 5, and 6.
[!] Card 15+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++[/!]
[q] Define transmembrane proteins, and identify the transmembrane proteins in the diagram below.
[a] Transmembrane proteins span the width of the phospholipid bilayer. In the diagram below, transmembrane proteins are at 1 and 6.
[q] Name the molecule at “7,” and describe its structure and function.
[a] In the diagram below, the molecule shown at 7 is cholesterol. It’s a type of lipid called a steroid, composed of fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached. Cholesterol’s function is to stabilize the membrane at high temperatures and to keep it fluid at low temperatures.
[q] Define “peripheral protein,” and identify the peripheral proteins in the diagram below.
[a] Peripheral proteins are attached to the polar heads of the phospholipid bilayer but don’t extend into the hydrophobic portion. The protein at “3” is a peripheral protein.
[q] What are some of the functions of membrane carbohydrates? Identify the membrane carbohydrates in the diagram below.
[a] Membrane carbohydrates play a key role in cell recognition, allowing our immune systems to recognize our cells as belonging to our bodies, as opposed to being some foreign invader. In the diagram below, membrane carbohydrates are shown at 8.
[q] How do membrane proteins fit into the phospholipid bilayer?
[a] Transmembrane proteins (1) have a central region with hydrophobic amino acid residues that integrate into the nonpolar inner portion of the bilayer, with hydrophilic regions extending into the watery cytoplasm and the cell exterior. Other proteins (5) might have a nonpolar region that embeds into the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer, with a hydrophilic region that juts into the cytoplasm or cell exterior. Peripheral proteins (3) attach to phospholipid heads that are either on the cytoplasm side of the membrane or the cell exterior.
[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”2.Cell_Structure_and_Function” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1e3cea52dd110″ question_number=”58″ topic=”2.4-2.5.Plasma_Membranes”] Describe the role of phospholipids in cell membranes.
[a] Phospholipids form the phospholipid bilayer: the framework of the membrane. The hydrophobic tails create a water-free zone (the inside of the membrane), while the hydrophilic heads face outwards toward the watery cell exterior and interior. This structure is further stabilized by weak bonds between the hydrophobic tails (called London dispersion forces).
[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”2.Cell_Structure_and_Function” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1e2fac4f3c510″ question_number=”59″ topic=”2.4-2.5.Plasma_Membranes”] Describe how proteins fit into the cell membrane.
[a] Transmembrane proteins (1) have a hydrophobic core that fits into the nonpolar inner portion of the membrane, with hydrophilic regions extending into the cytoplasm and the membrane exterior. Other proteins (5) might have a nonpolar region that embeds into the hydrophobic membrane middle, with a single hydrophilic region that juts into the cytoplasm or cell exterior. Peripheral proteins (3) attach to phospholipid heads that are either on the cytoplasm side of the membrane or the cell exterior.
[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”2.Cell_Structure_and_Function” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1e19d85fc2d10″ question_number=”61″ topic=”2.4-2.5.Plasma_Membranes”] Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.
[a] Cell membranes can be described as fluid mosaics. They’re fluid because their components are in constant motion, moving laterally within the plane of the membrane. They’re mosaics because they’re composed of a variety of pieces: phospholipids, proteins, and additional molecules like cholesterol. On the membrane’s inside and outside, various additional molecules might be attached to proteins or phospholipids, including glycoproteins and glycolipids.
[/qdeck]
4. Tackle these Quizzes
4.1. Phospholipids and the Phospholipid Bilayer
[qwiz]
[h]Phospholipids and the Phospholipid Bilayer
[i]
[q]The molecules that make up that basic structure of the membrane are called [hangman].
[c]IA==cGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcw==[Qq]
[q]The two fatty acid chains make up the phospholipid’s “[hangman]”. In terms of polarity, the tail region is [hangman]. In terms of interaction with water, the tail region is [hangman].
[c]dGFpbA==[Qq]
[c]bm9ucG9sYXI=[Qq]
[c]aHlkcm9waG9iaWM=[Qq]
[q]The phosphate-containing part makes up the phospholipid’s “[hangman]”. In terms of polarity, this region is [hangman]. In terms of interaction with water, it’s [hangman].
[c]aGVhZA==[Qq]
[c]cG9sYXI=[Qq]
[c]aHlkcm9waGlsaWM=[Qq]
[q]The arrangement of phospholipids shown below is called a phospholipid [hangman].
[c]YmlsYXllcg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram of a phospholipid shown below, which shaded area is covering the fatty acids?
[c]MQ==[Qq]
[c]Mg==[Qq]
[c]Mw ==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciAxIGlzIGNvdmVyaW5nIHRoZSBpb25pY2FsbHkgY2hhcmdlZMKgJiM4MjIwO2hlYWQmIzgyMjE7IG9mIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgbW9sZWN1bGUuIFRoZSBmYXR0eSBhY2lkcyBhcmUgdGhlIGxvbmcgaHlkcm9jYXJib24gY2hhaW5zLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciAyIGlzIGNvdmVyaW5nIHRoZSBnbHljZXJvbC7CoFRoZSBmYXR0eSBhY2lkcyBhcmUgdGhlIGxvbmcgaHlkcm9jYXJib24gY2hhaW5zLg==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBjb3ZlcmluZyB0aGUgZmF0dHkgYWNpZHMsIGlkZW50aWZpZWQgYnkgdGhlaXIgbG9uZyBoeWRyb2NhcmJvbiBjaGFpbnMu
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram of a phospholipid shown below, which shaded area is covering the molecule’s polar “head.”
[c]MQ ==[Qq]
[c]Mg==[Qq]
[c]Mw==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBjb3ZlcmluZyB0aGUgaW9uaWNhbGx5IGNoYXJnZWTCoCYjODIyMDtoZWFkJiM4MjIxOyBvZiB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIG1vbGVjdWxlLsKgVGhlIGNoYXJnZWQgbW9sZWN1bGFyIHBpZWNlcyBpbsKgdGhpcyByZWdpb27CoG1ha2UgaXQgcG9sYXIgKGFzIG9wcG9zZWQgdG8gdGhlIHJlc3Qgb2YgdGhlIG1vbGVjdWxlKS4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciAyIGlzIGNvdmVyaW5nIHRoZSBnbHljZXJvbC7CoFRoZSBwb2xhciBoZWFkIGNhbiBiZSBpZGVudGlmaWVkIGJ5IHRoZSBpb25pYyBjaGFyZ2VzwqBmb3VuZCBpbiB0aGlzIHJlZ2lvbi4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciAzIGlzIGNvdmVyaW5nIHRoZSBmYXR0eSBhY2lkcy7CoFRoZSBwb2xhciBoZWFkIGNhbiBiZSBpZGVudGlmaWVkIGJ5IHRoZSBpb25pYyBjaGFyZ2VzwqBmb3VuZCBpbiB0aGlzIHJlZ2lvbi4=
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram of a phospholipid shown below, which shaded area is covering the glycerol?
[c]MQ==[Qq]
[c]Mg ==[Qq]
[c]Mw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciAxIGlzIGNvdmVyaW5nIHRoZSBpb25pY2FsbHkgY2hhcmdlZCAmIzgyMjA7aGVhZCYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBtb2xlY3VsZS4gR2x5Y2Vyb2wgaXMgYSAzLWNhcmJvbiBhbGNvaG9sLiBXaGVyZSBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgMyBjYXJib24gdW5pdD8=[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBjb3ZlcmluZyB0aGUgZ2x5Y2Vyb2wu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIE51bWJlciAzIGlzIGNvdmVyaW5nIHRoZSBmYXR0eSBhY2lkcy4gR2x5Y2Vyb2wgaXMgYSAzLWNhcmJvbiBhbGNvaG9sLiBXaGVyZSBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIGEgMyBjYXJib24gdW5pdD8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q labels = “top”]Drag the terms below onto the appropriate places on the phospholipid molecule below.
[l]hydrophobic
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]hydrophilic
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[q labels = “top”]Drag the terms below onto the appropriate places on the phospholipid molecule below.
[l]non-polar
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]polar
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[q labels = “top”]Drag the terms below onto the appropriate places on the phospholipid molecule.
[l]hydrophobic
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]hydrophilic
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[q] Which of the following best describes how phospholipids arrange themselves in the cell membrane?
[c]IFRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZvcm0gYSBiaWxheWVyIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBoeWRyb3BoaWxpYyBoZWFkcyBmYWNlIG91dHdhcmQgdG93YXJkIHRoZSB3YXRlcnkgZXh0 ZXJpb3Igb3IgdGhlIHdhdGVyeSBjeXRvcGxhc20sIGFuZCB0aGUgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgdGFpbHMgY2x1c3RlciB0b2dldGhlciBpbiBhIHdhdGVyLWZyZWUgem9uZS4=[Qq]
[c]IFRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZvcm0gYSBiaWxheWVyIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBoeWRyb3Bob2JpYyBoZWFkcyBmb3JtIGh5ZHJvZ2VuIGJvbmRzIHdpdGggb25lIGFub3RoZXIgb24gYW4gaW5uZXIgbGF5ZXIsIHdpdGggdGhlIGh5ZHJvcGhvYmljIHRhaWxzIGZhY2luZyBvdXR3YXJkIHRvd2FyZCB0aGUgY2VsbOKAmXMgd2F0ZXJ5IGV4dGVyaW9yLCBvciB0aGUgd2F0ZXJ5IGN5dG9wbGFzbWljIGludGVyaW9yLg==[Qq]
[c]IEludGVybG9ja2luZyBib25kcyBmb3JtIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIGh5ZHJvcGhvYmljIGhlYWRzIGFuZCB0aGUgaHlkcm9waGlsaWMgdGFpbHMuIFRoaXMgaXMgcmVwZWF0ZWQgb24gdGhlIGluc2lkZSBhbmQgb3V0c2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGVuYWJsaW5nIGl0IHRvIGZvcm0gYSBkb3VibGUgbGF5ZXIu[Qq]
[c]IFRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZvcm0gYSBiaWxheWVyIHdpdGggdGhlIGh5ZHJvcGhvYmljIGhlYWRzIGZhY2luZyBvdXQgYW5kIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHdpdGggdGhlIHdhdGVyeSBjZWxsIGV4dGVyaW9yIG9yIHRoZSB3YXRlcnkgY3l0b3BsYXNtLCB3aGlsZSB0aGUgaHlkcm9waGlsaWMgdGFpbHMgZm9ybSBhbiBpbm5lciBsYXllci4=[Qq]
[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGV4YWN0bHkgcmlnaHQuIEp1c3QgcmVtZW1iZXIg4oCYaGVhZHMgb3V0LOKAmSDigJh0YWlscyBpbizigJkgYW5kIHlvdeKAmWxsIHVuZGVyc3RhbmQgdGhlIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmXigJlzIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyLg==
Cg==
[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIG5vdCByaWdodC4gVGhlIGtleSB0aGluZyB0byByZW1lbWJlciBhYm91dCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmXigJlzIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBpcyB0aGF0IGl04oCZcyBidWlsdCBhcm91bmQgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgYmlsYXllci4gUGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBhcnJhbmdlIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMgaW50byBhIGJpbGF5ZXIgaW4gd2hpY2ggdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHPigJkgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgdGFpbHMgYXJlIGZhY2luZyBpbndhcmQsIGNyZWF0aW5nIGEgd2F0ZXItZnJlZSB6b25lLCBhbmQgdGhlIGh5ZHJvcGhpbGljIGhlYWRzIGFyZSBmYWNpbmcgb3V0d2FyZHMu[Qq]
[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIG5vdCByaWdodC4gVGhlIGtleSB0aGluZyB0byByZW1lbWJlciBhYm91dCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmXigJlzIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBpcyB0aGF0IGl04oCZcyBidWlsdCBhcm91bmQgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgYmlsYXllci4gUGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBhcnJhbmdlIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMgaW50byBhIGJpbGF5ZXIgaW4gd2hpY2ggdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHPigJkgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgdGFpbHMgYXJlIGZhY2luZyBpbndhcmQsIGNyZWF0aW5nIGEgd2F0ZXItZnJlZSB6b25lLCBhbmQgdGhlIGh5ZHJvcGhpbGljIGhlYWRzIGFyZSBmYWNpbmcgb3V0d2FyZHMu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgY2xvc2UuIEFzIHlvdSBzZWVtIHRvIHVuZGVyc3RhbmQsIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGRvIGZvcm0gYSBiaWxheWVyLiBCdXQgdGhlaXIgYXJyYW5nZW1lbnQgaXMgZGlmZmVyZW50IGZyb20gd2hhdCB5b3UgY2hvc2UuIEluIHRoZSBiaWxheWVyLCB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkc+KAmSBoeWRyb3Bob2JpYyB0YWlscyBhcmUgZmFjaW5nIGlud2FyZCwgY3JlYXRpbmcgYSB3YXRlci1mcmVlIHpvbmUsIGFuZCB0aGUgaHlkcm9waGlsaWMgaGVhZHMgYXJlIGZhY2luZyBvdXR3YXJkcy4=[Qq]
[q]A more scientific way to say “water-fearing” is [hangman].
[c]aHlkcm9waG9iaWM=[Qq]
[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
4.2 Cell Membrane Structure
[qwiz random = “true;” style = ” border: 3px solid black; “]
[h]Cell Membrane Structure Quiz
[i]
[q labels = “top”]
[l]phospholipid bilayer
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]phospholipid
head
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]phospholipid
tail
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]protein channel
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[q labels = “top”]
[l]cholesterol
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]integral protein
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]membrane carbohydrate
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]peripheral protein
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]phospholipid bilayer
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]phospholipid head
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]phospholipid tail
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]protein channel
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]trans-membrane protein
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to the phospholipid bilayer?
[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID Q=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gSGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludDogdGhlIHRlcm0gJiM4MjIwO2JpbGF5ZXImIzgyMjE7IG1lYW5zICYjODIyMDt0d28gbGF5ZXJzLiYjODIyMTsgV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGl0JiM4MjE3O3MgbWFkZSBvZiB0d28gbGF5ZXJzPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50OiB0aGUgdGVybSAmIzgyMjA7YmlsYXllciYjODIyMTsgbWVhbnMgJiM4MjIwO3R3byBsYXllcnMuJiM4MjIxOyBXaGF0IGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBtYWRlIG9mIHR3byBsYXllcnM/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC7CoEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQ6IHRoZSB0ZXJtICYjODIyMDtiaWxheWVyJiM4MjIxOyBtZWFucyAmIzgyMjA7dHdvIGxheWVycy4mIzgyMjE7IFdoYXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycz8=[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gTnVtYmVyIDQgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyLg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to the hydrophobic tail of a phospholipid?
[c]IDEgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQ=
Cg==[Qq][f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDEgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIHRhaWwgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLsKgTnVtYmVyIDIgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgaGVhZC4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgdGFpbD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLsKgTnVtYmVyIDMgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwcm90ZWluIGNoYW5uZWwuwqBXaGF0IGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgYSB0YWlsPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuIFdoYXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSBhIHRhaWw/
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a protein channel?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQ=
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gSW4gdGhlIGNvbnRleHQgb2YgbWVtYnJhbmVzLCBhwqBjaGFubmVsIGlzIGEgc3RydWN0dXJlIHRoYXQgbGV0cyBtb2xlY3VsZXMgcGFzcyB0aHJvdWdowqAobGlrZSBhIGJyaWRnZSBvciBhIHR1bm5lbCkuIFdoYXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSBhIGNoYW5uZWw/[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLsKgSW4gdGhlIGNvbnRleHQgb2YgbWVtYnJhbmVzLCBhwqBjaGFubmVsIGlzIGEgc3RydWN0dXJlIHRoYXQgbGV0cyBtb2xlY3VsZXMgcGFzcyB0aHJvdWdowqAobGlrZSBhIGJyaWRnZSBvciBhIHR1bm5lbCkuIFdoYXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSBhIGNoYW5uZWw/[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDMgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwcm90ZWluIGNoYW5uZWwu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuwqBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBtZW1icmFuZXMsIGHCoGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgYSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgdGhhdCBsZXRzIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBwYXNzIHRocm91Z2jCoChsaWtlIGEgYnJpZGdlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsKS4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgY2hhbm5lbD8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to the phospholipid bilayer?[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]NcKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]NsKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]N8KgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]OCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]OQ==
Cg==[Qq][f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0d28gdHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZSBwcm90ZWlucy4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDIgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbi4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIGNsb3NlLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHNpbmdsZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIA==YmlsYXllcg==IGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhbiBpbnRlZ3JhbCBwcm90ZWluLiBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIgaXMgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgYW5kIGl0JiM4MjE3O3MgbWFkZSBvZiB0d28gbGF5ZXJzIG9mIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMsIHRoZSBsb3dlciBvbmUgd2l0aCBpdHMgaGVhZHMgZG93biwgYW5kIHRoZSB0b3Agb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIHVwLiBXaGF0IG51bWJlciBwb2ludHMgdG8gc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vISBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBjaG9sZXN0ZXJvbC4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIG1lbWJyYW5lIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZS4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyIGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIGNsb3NlLiBOdW1iZXIgOcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIGhlYWQgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIA==YmlsYXllcg==IGlzIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGFuZCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG1hZGUgb2YgdHdvIGxheWVycyBvZiBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzLCB0aGUgbG93ZXIgb25lIHdpdGggaXRzIGhlYWRzIGRvd24sIGFuZCB0aGUgdG9wIG9uZSB3aXRoIGl0cyBoZWFkcyB1cC4gV2hhdCBudW1iZXIgcG9pbnRzIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a molecule of cholesterol?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]NcKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]NsKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]N8KgIM KgIMKg[Qq][c]OCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]OQ==
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0d28gdHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZSBwcm90ZWlucy4gQ2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgaXMgYSBsaXBpZCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLCBidXQgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBub3QgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuIEVsaW1pbmF0ZSB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbnMgKGFsbCBzaGFkZWQgaW4gYmx1ZSksIGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuwqBDaG9sZXN0ZXJvbCBpcyBhIGxpcGlkIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBlbWJlZGRlZCBpbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGJ1dCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG5vdCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gRWxpbWluYXRlIHRoZSBwcm90ZWlucyAoYWxsIHNoYWRlZCBpbiBibHVlKSwgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbi4gQ2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgaXMgYSBsaXBpZCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLCBidXQgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBub3QgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuIEVsaW1pbmF0ZSB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbnMgKGFsbCBzaGFkZWQgaW4gYmx1ZSksIGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC7CoENob2xlc3Rlcm9sIGlzIGEgbGlwaWQgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGVtYmVkZGVkIGluIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgYnV0IGl0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkLiBFbGltaW5hdGUgdGhlIHByb3RlaW5zIChhbGwgc2hhZGVkIGluIGJsdWUpLCBhbmQgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmlndXJlIG91dCB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG/CoGFuIGludGVncmFsIHByb3RlaW4uwqBDaG9sZXN0ZXJvbCBpcyBhIGxpcGlkIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBlbWJlZGRlZCBpbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGJ1dCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG5vdCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gRWxpbWluYXRlIHRoZSBwcm90ZWlucyAoYWxsIHNoYWRlZCBpbiBibHVlKSwgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC4gQ2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgaXMgYSBsaXBpZCB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLCBidXQgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBub3QgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuIEVsaW1pbmF0ZSB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbnMgKGFsbCBzaGFkZWQgaW4gYmx1ZSksIGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDfCoGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGNob2xlc3Rlcm9sLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOMKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuwqBDaG9sZXN0ZXJvbCBpcyBhIGxpcGlkIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBlbWJlZGRlZCBpbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGJ1dCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG5vdCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gRWxpbWluYXRlIHRoZSBwcm90ZWlucyAoYWxsIHNoYWRlZCBpbiBibHVlKSwgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIGhlYWQgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBDaG9sZXN0ZXJvbCBpcyBhIGxpcGlkIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBlbWJlZGRlZCBpbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGJ1dCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG5vdCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gRWxpbWluYXRlIHRoZSBwcm90ZWlucyAoYWxsIHNoYWRlZCBpbiBibHVlKSwgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpZ3VyZSBvdXQgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a phospholipid head?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]NcKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]NsKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]N8KgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]OCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]OQ ==
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0d28gdHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZSBwcm90ZWlucy4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgYXJlIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgbW9sZWN1bGVzIG1ha2luZyB1cCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIFRoZSBwb2xhciAmIzgyMjA7aGVhZHMmIzgyMjE7IG9mIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZhY2UgdG93YXJkcyB0aGUgb3V0c2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgKHdoaWNoIG1lYW5zIHVwLCB0b3dhcmQgdGhlIGV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgZmx1aWQsIGFuZCBkb3duLCB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20pLiBXaXRoIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIGNsb3NlLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgZW50aXJlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyLiBUaGUgcG9sYXIgJiM4MjIwO2hlYWRzJiM4MjIxOyBvZiB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBmYWNlIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIG91dHNpZGUgb2YgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lICh3aGljaCBtZWFucyB1cCwgdG93YXJkIHRoZSBleHRyYWNlbGx1bGFyIGZsdWlkLCBhbmQgZG93biwgdG93YXJkcyB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtKS4gV2l0aCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQsIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgaGVhZC4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhwqBwZXJpcGhlcmFsIHByb3RlaW4uwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBhcmUgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJhbCBtb2xlY3VsZXMgbWFraW5nIHVwIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhlIHBvbGFyICYjODIyMDtoZWFkcyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBvdXRzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSAod2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdXAsIHRvd2FyZCB0aGUgZXh0cmFjZWxsdWxhciBmbHVpZCwgYW5kIGRvd24sIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIGNsb3NlLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC4gVGhlIHBvbGFyICYjODIyMDtoZWFkcyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBvdXRzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSAod2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdXAsIHRvd2FyZCB0aGUgZXh0cmFjZWxsdWxhciBmbHVpZCwgYW5kIGRvd24sIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG/CoGFuIGludGVncmFsIHByb3RlaW4uwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBhcmUgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJhbCBtb2xlY3VsZXMgbWFraW5nIHVwIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhlIHBvbGFyICYjODIyMDtoZWFkcyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBvdXRzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSAod2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdXAsIHRvd2FyZCB0aGUgZXh0cmFjZWxsdWxhciBmbHVpZCwgYW5kIGRvd24sIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgYXJlIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgbW9sZWN1bGVzIG1ha2luZyB1cCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIFRoZSBwb2xhciAmIzgyMjA7aGVhZHMmIzgyMjE7IG9mIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZhY2UgdG93YXJkcyB0aGUgb3V0c2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgKHdoaWNoIG1lYW5zIHVwLCB0b3dhcmQgdGhlIGV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgZmx1aWQsIGFuZCBkb3duLCB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20pLiBXaXRoIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLg==
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgN8KgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gY2hvbGVzdGVyb2wuwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBhcmUgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJhbCBtb2xlY3VsZXMgbWFraW5nIHVwIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhlIHBvbGFyICYjODIyMDtoZWFkcyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBvdXRzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSAod2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdXAsIHRvd2FyZCB0aGUgZXh0cmFjZWxsdWxhciBmbHVpZCwgYW5kIGRvd24sIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOMKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBhcmUgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJhbCBtb2xlY3VsZXMgbWFraW5nIHVwIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhlIHBvbGFyICYjODIyMDtoZWFkcyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBvdXRzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSAod2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdXAsIHRvd2FyZCB0aGUgZXh0cmFjZWxsdWxhciBmbHVpZCwgYW5kIGRvd24sIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbSkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDnCoGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIHRoZSBoZWFkIG9mIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkLg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a peripheral protein?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]NcKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]NsKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]N8KgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]OCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]OQ==
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBwb2ludHMgdG8gdHdvIHRyYW5zbWVtYnJhbmUgcHJvdGVpbnMuIFBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbnMgaGFuZyBvbnRvIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgaGVhZHMgb2YgdGhlIGJpbGF5ZXIsIHdpdGhvdXQgcGVuZXRyYXRpbmcgaW50byB0aGUgbWlkZGxlLCBoeWRyb3Bob2JpYyBwb3J0aW9uLiBHaXZlbiB0aGF0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbSB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbnMgYXJlIHNoYWRlZCBibHVlLCB3aGljaCBudW1iZXIgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgZW50aXJlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyLsKgUGVyaXBoZXJhbCBwcm90ZWlucyBoYW5nIG9udG8gdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkcyBvZiB0aGUgYmlsYXllciwgd2l0aG91dCBwZW5ldHJhdGluZyBpbnRvIHRoZSBtaWRkbGUsIGh5ZHJvcGhvYmljIHBvcnRpb24uIEdpdmVuIHRoYXQgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtIHRoZSBwcm90ZWlucyBhcmUgc2hhZGVkIGJsdWUsIHdoaWNoIG51bWJlciBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBmaXRzIHRoYXQgZGVzY3JpcHRpb24/[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDMgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYcKgcGVyaXBoZXJhbCBwcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC7CoFBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbnMgaGFuZyBvbnRvIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQgaGVhZHMgb2YgdGhlIGJpbGF5ZXIsIHdpdGhvdXQgcGVuZXRyYXRpbmcgaW50byB0aGUgbWlkZGxlLCBoeWRyb3Bob2JpYyBwb3J0aW9uLiBHaXZlbiB0aGF0IGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbSB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbnMgYXJlIHNoYWRlZCBibHVlLCB3aGljaCBudW1iZXIgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgZml0cyB0aGXCoGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIG9mIGEgcGVyaXBoZXJhbCBwcm90ZWluPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG/CoGFuIGludGVncmFsIHByb3RlaW4uwqBQZXJpcGhlcmFsIHByb3RlaW5zIGhhbmcgb250byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWRzIG9mIHRoZSBiaWxheWVyLCB3aXRob3V0IHBlbmV0cmF0aW5nIGludG8gdGhlIG1pZGRsZSwgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgcG9ydGlvbi4gR2l2ZW4gdGhhdCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0gdGhlIHByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBzaGFkZWQgYmx1ZSwgd2hpY2ggbnVtYmVyIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhlwqBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC4gUGVyaXBoZXJhbCBwcm90ZWlucyBoYW5nIG9udG8gdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkcyBvZiB0aGUgYmlsYXllciwgd2l0aG91dCBwZW5ldHJhdGluZyBpbnRvIHRoZSBtaWRkbGUsIGh5ZHJvcGhvYmljIHBvcnRpb24uIEdpdmVuIHRoYXQgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtIHRoZSBwcm90ZWlucyBhcmUgc2hhZGVkIGJsdWUsIHdoaWNoIG51bWJlciBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBmaXRzIHRoZSBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgN8KgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gY2hvbGVzdGVyb2wuwqBQZXJpcGhlcmFsIHByb3RlaW5zIGhhbmcgb250byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWRzIG9mIHRoZSBiaWxheWVyLCB3aXRob3V0IHBlbmV0cmF0aW5nIGludG8gdGhlIG1pZGRsZSwgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgcG9ydGlvbi4gR2l2ZW4gdGhhdCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0gdGhlIHByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBzaGFkZWQgYmx1ZSwgd2hpY2ggbnVtYmVyIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhlwqBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOMKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuwqBQZXJpcGhlcmFsIHByb3RlaW5zIGhhbmcgb250byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWRzIG9mIHRoZSBiaWxheWVyLCB3aXRob3V0IHBlbmV0cmF0aW5nIGludG8gdGhlIG1pZGRsZSwgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgcG9ydGlvbi4gR2l2ZW4gdGhhdCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0gdGhlIHByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBzaGFkZWQgYmx1ZSwgd2hpY2ggbnVtYmVyIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhlwqBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbj8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIGhlYWQgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBQZXJpcGhlcmFsIHByb3RlaW5zIGhhbmcgb250byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWRzIG9mIHRoZSBiaWxheWVyLCB3aXRob3V0IHBlbmV0cmF0aW5nIGludG8gdGhlIG1pZGRsZSwgaHlkcm9waG9iaWMgcG9ydGlvbi4gR2l2ZW4gdGhhdCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0gdGhlIHByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBzaGFkZWQgYmx1ZSwgd2hpY2ggbnVtYmVyIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhlwqBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbj8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a protein channel?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]NcKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]NsKgIM KgIMKg[Qq][c]N8KgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]OCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]OQ==
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0d28gdHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZSBwcm90ZWlucy4gQSBjaGFubmVsIGlzIGEgc3RydWN0dXJlIHRoYXQgbGV0cyBtb2xlY3VsZXMgcGFzcyB0aHJvdWdoIChsaWtlIGEgYnJpZGdlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsKS4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgY2hhbm5lbD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuwqBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBtZW1icmFuZXMsIGHCoGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgYSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgdGhhdCBsZXRzIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBwYXNzIHRocm91Z2jCoChsaWtlIGEgYnJpZGdlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsKS4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgY2hhbm5lbD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHBlcmlwaGVyYWwgcHJvdGVpbi4gSW4gdGhlIGNvbnRleHQgb2YgbWVtYnJhbmVzLCBhIGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgYSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgdGhhdCBsZXRzIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBwYXNzIHRocm91Z2ggKGxpa2UgYSBicmlkZ2Ugb3IgYSB0dW5uZWwpLiBXaGF0IGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgYSBjaGFubmVsPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFpbCBvZiBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZC7CoEluIHRoZSBjb250ZXh0IG9mIG1lbWJyYW5lcywgYcKgY2hhbm5lbCBpcyBhIHN0cnVjdHVyZSB0aGF0IGxldHMgbW9sZWN1bGVzIHBhc3MgdGhyb3VnaMKgKGxpa2UgYSBicmlkZ2Ugb3IgYSB0dW5uZWwpLiBXaGF0IGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgYSBjaGFubmVsPw==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhbiBpbnRlZ3JhbCBwcm90ZWluIChidXQgb25lIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBub3QgYSB0cmFuc21lbWJyYW5lIHByb3RlaW4pLiBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBtZW1icmFuZXMsIGEgY2hhbm5lbCBpcyBhIHN0cnVjdHVyZSB0aGF0IGxldHMgbW9sZWN1bGVzIHBhc3MgdGhyb3VnaCAobGlrZSBhIGJyaWRnZSBvciBhIHR1bm5lbCkuIFdoYXQgbG9va3MgbGlrZSBhIGNoYW5uZWw/[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgTnVtYmVyIDYgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwcm90ZWluIGNoYW5uZWwu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgN8KgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gY2hvbGVzdGVyb2wuwqBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBtZW1icmFuZXMsIGHCoGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgYSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgdGhhdCBsZXRzIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBwYXNzIHRocm91Z2jCoChsaWtlIGEgYnJpZGdlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsKS4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgY2hhbm5lbD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOMKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuwqBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBtZW1icmFuZXMsIGHCoGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgYSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgdGhhdCBsZXRzIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBwYXNzIHRocm91Z2jCoChsaWtlIGEgYnJpZGdlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsKS4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgY2hhbm5lbD8=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIGhlYWQgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBJbiB0aGUgY29udGV4dCBvZiBtZW1icmFuZXMsIGHCoGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgYSBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgdGhhdCBsZXRzIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBwYXNzIHRocm91Z2jCoChsaWtlIGEgYnJpZGdlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsKS4gV2hhdCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgY2hhbm5lbD8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q] In the diagram below, which number is pointing to a phospholipid tail?
[c]IDEgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqAg wqDCoA==[Qq][c]NcKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]NsKgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]N8KgIMKgIMKg[Qq][c]OCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]OQ==
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0d28gdHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZSBwcm90ZWlucy4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgYXJlIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgbW9sZWN1bGVzIG1ha2luZyB1cCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIFRoZSBub24tcG9sYXIgJiM4MjIwO3RhaWxzJiM4MjIxOyBvZiB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBmYWNlIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGluc2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGF3YXkgZnJvbSB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtIG9yIHRoZSBleHRyYWNlbGx1bGFyIGZsdWlkLiBXaXRoIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91JiM4MjE3O3JlIGNsb3NlLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgZW50aXJlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBiaWxheWVyLiBUaGUgbm9uLXBvbGFyICYjODIyMDt0YWlscyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBpbnNpZGXCoG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgYXdheSBmcm9tIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gb3IgdGhlIGV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgZmx1aWQuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhwqBwZXJpcGhlcmFsIHByb3RlaW4uIFRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGFyZSB0aGUgbWFpbiBzdHJ1Y3R1cmFsIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBtYWtpbmcgdXAgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLiBUaGUgbm9uLXBvbGFyICYjODIyMDt0YWlscyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBpbnNpZGXCoG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgYXdheSBmcm9tIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gb3IgdGhlIGV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgZmx1aWQuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDQgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIHRhaWwgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG/CoGFuIGludGVncmFsIHByb3RlaW4uIFRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGFyZSB0aGUgbWFpbiBzdHJ1Y3R1cmFsIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBtYWtpbmcgdXAgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLiBUaGUgbm9uLXBvbGFyICYjODIyMDt0YWlscyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBpbnNpZGXCoG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgYXdheSBmcm9tIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gb3IgdGhlIGV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgZmx1aWQuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vISBOdW1iZXIgNiBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC4gVGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgYXJlIHRoZSBtYWluIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgbW9sZWN1bGVzIG1ha2luZyB1cCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIFRoZSBub24tcG9sYXIgJiM4MjIwO3RhaWxzJiM4MjIxOyBvZiB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBmYWNlIHRvd2FyZHMgdGhlIGluc2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGF3YXkgZnJvbSB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtIG9yIHRoZSBleHRyYWNlbGx1bGFyIGZsdWlkLiBXaXRoIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgN8KgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gY2hvbGVzdGVyb2wuIFRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGFyZSB0aGUgbWFpbiBzdHJ1Y3R1cmFsIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBtYWtpbmcgdXAgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLiBUaGUgbm9uLXBvbGFyICYjODIyMDt0YWlscyYjODIyMTsgb2YgdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgZmFjZSB0b3dhcmRzIHRoZSBpbnNpZGXCoG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgYXdheSBmcm9tIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gb3IgdGhlIGV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgZmx1aWQuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGhlYWQu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOMKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBhcmUgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJhbCBtb2xlY3VsZXMgbWFraW5nIHVwIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhlIG5vbi1wb2xhciAmIzgyMjA7dGFpbHMmIzgyMjE7IG9mIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZhY2UgdG93YXJkcyB0aGUgaW5zaWRlwqBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGF3YXkgZnJvbSB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtIG9yIHRoZSBleHRyYWNlbGx1bGFyIGZsdWlkLiBXaXRoIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgOcKgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIGhlYWQgb2YgYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBUaGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBhcmUgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJhbCBtb2xlY3VsZXMgbWFraW5nIHVwIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhlIG5vbi1wb2xhciAmIzgyMjA7dGFpbHMmIzgyMjE7IG9mIHRoZSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGZhY2UgdG93YXJkcyB0aGUgaW5zaWRlwqBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIGF3YXkgZnJvbSB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtIG9yIHRoZSBleHRyYWNlbGx1bGFyIGZsdWlkLiBXaXRoIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCwgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBhIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBoZWFkLg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, which letter represents a membrane carbohydrate?
[c]IEHCoCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]IETCoC DCoA==[Qq][c]RSDCoCDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]SC1JIMKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]Rw==
Cg==[Qq][f]Tm8uIEEgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuIE1lbWJyYW5lIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMgYXJlIHVzdWFsbHkgc2hvcnQsIGJyYW5jaGVkIHBvbHlzYWNjaGFyaWRlcy4gTG9vayBjbG9zZWx5IGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBEIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgbWVtYnJhbmUgY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEUgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtb2xlY3VsZSBvZiBjaG9sZXN0ZXJvbC4gTWVtYnJhbmUgY2FyYm9oeWRyYXRlcyBhcmUgdXN1YWxseSBzaG9ydCwgYnJhbmNoZWQgcG9seXNhY2NoYXJpZGVzLiBMb29rIGNsb3NlbHkgYW5kIHNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgc29tZXRoaW5nIHRoYXQgZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEgtSSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuIE1lbWJyYW5lIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMgYXJlIHVzdWFsbHkgc2hvcnQsIGJyYW5jaGVkIHBvbHlzYWNjaGFyaWRlcy4gTG9vayBjbG9zZWx5IGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIHNvbWV0aGluZyB0aGF0IGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEfCoGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsLiBNZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzIGFyZSB1c3VhbGx5IHNob3J0LCBicmFuY2hlZCBwb2x5c2FjY2hhcmlkZXMuIExvb2sgY2xvc2VseSBhbmQgc2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCBmaXRzIHRoYXQgZGVzY3JpcHRpb24u
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, which letter represents a protein channel?
[c]IEHCoCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]IETCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]RSDCoCDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]SC1JIMKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]Rw ==
Cg==[Qq][f]Tm8uIEEgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuIEEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsIGlzIGxpa2UgYSBwb3JlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsLiBJdCBhbGxvd3MgbW9sZWN1bGVzIHRvIHBhc3MgdGhyb3VnaC4gV2hhdCwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgdHVubmVsPw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEQgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuwqDCoEEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsIGlzIGxpa2UgYSBwb3JlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsLiBJdCBhbGxvd3MgbW9sZWN1bGVzIHRvIHBhc3MgdGhyb3VnaC4gV2hhdCwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgdHVubmVsPw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEUgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtb2xlY3VsZSBvZiBjaG9sZXN0ZXJvbC4gQSBwcm90ZWluIGNoYW5uZWwgaXMgbGlrZSBhIHBvcmUgb3IgYSB0dW5uZWwuIEl0IGFsbG93cyBtb2xlY3VsZXMgdG8gcGFzcyB0aHJvdWdoLiBXaGF0LCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0sIGxvb2tzIGxpa2UgYSB0dW5uZWw/[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEgtSSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuwqDCoEEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsIGlzIGxpa2UgYSBwb3JlIG9yIGEgdHVubmVsLiBJdCBhbGxvd3MgbW9sZWN1bGVzIHRvIHBhc3MgdGhyb3VnaC4gV2hhdCwgaW4gdGhpcyBkaWFncmFtLCBsb29rcyBsaWtlIGEgdHVubmVsPw==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBHwqBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byBhIHByb3RlaW4gY2hhbm5lbC4=
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, which letter represents cholesterol?
[c]IEHCoCDCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]IETCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]RSDCoCDC oCDCoCA=[Qq][c]SC1JIMKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]Rw==
Cg==[Qq][f]Tm8uIEEgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWQuwqBDaG9sZXN0ZXJvbCBpcyBhIGxpcGlkLiBJdCYjODIxNztzIHVzdWFsbHkgcmVwcmVzZW50ZWQgYXMgYSBncm91cCBvZiBmdXNlZCByaW5ncyBlbWJlZGRlZCBpbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIFdoYXQsIGluIHRoaXMgZGlhZ3JhbSwgZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEQgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuIMKgQ2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgaXMgYSBsaXBpZC4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyB1c3VhbGx5IHJlcHJlc2VudGVkIGFzIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2YgZnVzZWQgcmluZ3MgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLiBXaGF0LCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0sIGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBFIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgb2YgY2hvbGVzdGVyb2wu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEgtSSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIGJpbGF5ZXIuIMKgQ2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgaXMgYSBsaXBpZC4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyB1c3VhbGx5IHJlcHJlc2VudGVkIGFzIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2YgZnVzZWQgcmluZ3MgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLiBXaGF0LCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0sIGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEfCoGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsLsKgQ2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgaXMgYSBsaXBpZC4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyB1c3VhbGx5IHJlcHJlc2VudGVkIGFzIGEgZ3JvdXAgb2YgZnVzZWQgcmluZ3MgZW1iZWRkZWQgaW4gdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLiBXaGF0LCBpbiB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0sIGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, which letter represents a phospholipid?
[c]IEHCoCDC oCDCoA==[Qq][c]IETCoCDCoA==[Qq][c]RSDCoCDCoCDCoCA=[Qq][c]SC1JIMKgIMKgIA==[Qq][c]Rw==
Cg==[Qq][f]WWVzLiBBIGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEQgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtZW1icmFuZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGUuIMKgWW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGluIHNldmVyYWzCoHdheXM6IDEpIHRoZXkgbWFrZSB1cCB0aGUgbWFpbiBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgb3IgZnJhbWV3b3JrIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gMikgVGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBvcmdhbml6ZWQgaW50byBhIGJpbGF5ZXIsIHdpdGjCoHRoZSB0YWlscyBmYWNpbmcgaW53YXJkIGFuZCB0aGUgaGVhZHMgZmFjaW5nIG91dHdhcmQuIDMpIFRoZXkgaGF2ZSBhICYjODIyMDtoZWFkJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgYSAmIzgyMjA7dGFpbC4mIzgyMjE7[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEUgaXMgcG9pbnRpbmcgdG8gYSBtb2xlY3VsZSBvZiBjaG9sZXN0ZXJvbC7CoFlvdSBjYW4gaWRlbnRpZnkgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcyBpbiBzZXZlcmFswqB3YXlzOiAxKSB0aGV5IG1ha2UgdXAgdGhlIG1haW4gc3RydWN0dXJlIG9yIGZyYW1ld29yayBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUuIDIpIFRoZXkmIzgyMTc7cmUgb3JnYW5pemVkIGludG8gYSBiaWxheWVyLCB3aXRowqB0aGUgdGFpbHMgZmFjaW5nIGlud2FyZCBhbmQgdGhlIGhlYWRzIGZhY2luZyBvdXR3YXJkLiAzKSBUaGV5IGhhdmUgYSAmIzgyMjA7aGVhZCYjODIyMTsgYW5kIGEgJiM4MjIwO3RhaWwuJiM4MjIxOw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIGJ1dCB5b3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgY2xvc2UuIEgtSSBpcyBwb2ludGluZyB0byB0aGUgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkIA==YmlsYXllcg==LiDCoEZpbmQgd2hhdCYjODIxNztzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgc2luZ2xlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBtb2xlY3VsZS4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEfCoGlzIHBvaW50aW5nIHRvIGEgcHJvdGVpbiBjaGFubmVsLsKgWW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSBwaG9zcGhvbGlwaWRzIGluIHNldmVyYWzCoHdheXM6IDEpIHRoZXkgbWFrZSB1cCB0aGUgbWFpbiBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgb3IgZnJhbWV3b3JrIG9mIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gMikgVGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBvcmdhbml6ZWQgaW50byBhIGJpbGF5ZXIsIHdpdGjCoHRoZSB0YWlscyBmYWNpbmcgaW53YXJkIGFuZCB0aGUgaGVhZHMgZmFjaW5nIG91dHdhcmQuIDMpIFRoZXkgaGF2ZSBhICYjODIyMDtoZWFkJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgYSAmIzgyMjA7dGFpbC4mIzgyMjE7
Cg==[Qq]
[q]Membranes allow certain molecules to pass through but not others. In other words, membranes are [hangman] [hangman].
[c]c2VsZWN0aXZlbHk=[Qq]
[c]cGVybWVhYmxl
Cg==[Qq]
[q]The dynamic model of cell membrane structure which involves phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates in constant motion in the membrane is the [hangman] [hangman] model.
[c]Zmx1aWQ=[Qq]
[c]bW9zYWlj[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, membrane proteins like the ones at 1, 5, and 6, all of which are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, are known as [hangman] proteins.
[c]aW50ZWdyYWw=
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, membrane proteins like the ones at 1 and 6, both of which span the width of the phospholipid bilayer, are known as [hangman] proteins.
[c]dHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZQ==
Cg==[Qq]
[q]In the diagram below, the molecule shown at 7 is a lipid, but not a phospholipid. Its function is to stabilize the membrane at high temperatures and to keep it fluid at low temperatures. This molecule must be [hangman].
[c]Y2hvbGVzdGVyb2w=
Cg==[Qq]
[q]Because of the way that it’s positioned in the membrane, you can tell that protein #3 must be a [hangman] protein.
[c]cGVyaXBoZXJhbA==[Qq]
[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
What’s next?
Please proceed to this next tutorial: Membrane Transport