Cellular Compartmentalization and Endosymbiosis

For a deeper dive into this material, complete these tutorials: Topic 2.10: The Endomembrane System: ER, Golgi, and Lysosomes and Topic 2.11: Origins of Cellular Compartmentalization

1. Watch this Video

2a. A few useful terms/concepts that didn’t make it into the video

  • Symbiosis is a term that we’ll look at in Unit 8 (ecology). It means “living together” When one organism lives inside another it’s called endosymbiosis. The endosymbiotic relationship that you might be familiar with is parasitism, in which a parasite (like a tapeworm) lives inside a host (like a dog or a person). The parasite benefits and the host is harmed.
  • Endosymbiosis can also be positive. For example, the giant green sea anemone has, inside its tissues, an endosymbiotic algae. The algae does photosythesis, and the anemone benefits from the carbohydrates. The algae, in turn, gets a safe place to live. This type of win-win relationship is called mutualism. 
  • All of life can be organized into three domains.
    • Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotes with no nucleus, known for diverse metabolic pathways and widespread presence in various environments.
    • Archaea: Single-celled prokaryotes similar to bacteria but with unique cell membranes and metabolic pathways, often thriving in extreme environments.
    • Eukarya: Organisms with eukaryotic cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, ranging from single-celled protists to multicellular plants, animals, and fungi.

2b. Study this Summary

Introduction:

Cellular compartmentalization refers to the division of a cell into distinct internal regions. This organization is crucial for the function and efficiency of eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic compartmentalization arose in an astonishing way: through a process called endosymbiosis, in which an archaeal cell fused with a bacterial cell (details below!)

What is Cell Compartmentalization?

  • Definition: Internal division of space into specialized sections.
  • Advantages:
    • Maintains distinct internal chemistry (e.g., lysosomes house hydrolytic enzymes to prevent cytoplasmic damage).
    • Provides internal surface area for processes (e.g., membrane-bound enzymes in the ER and ribosomes in the rough ER).

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells:

  • Prokaryotic Cells: Few compartments but specialized regions like thylakoids in cyanobacteria, which are essential for photosynthesis.
  • Eukaryotic Cells: Highly compartmentalized with many organelles (e.g., lysosomes, ER, Golgi complex, and vacuoles) that have distinct functions and structures.

The Endomembrane System:

  • A connected, dynamic network of internal membranes, including:
    • Nuclear membrane, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vesicles.
  • Membrane components flow and exchange phospholipids dynamically between compartments.

Origin of Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles:

  • Timeline: Eukaryotes arose ~1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis:
    • An archaeal cell engulfed a bacterial cell, forming the first mitochondria.
    • A second endosymbiotic event led to the formation of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria.
  • Evidence for Endosymbiosis:
    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, replicate via binary fission, and use bacterial-like ribosomes.
    • Both organelles have double membranes, with the outer membrane originating from the host cell’s engulfing process.

3. Master these Flashcards

[qdeck bold_text=”false”]

[h]Cellular Compartmentalization and the Three Domains

[q]What is cellular compartmentalization?
[a]Cellular compartmentalization is a kind of cellular organization that divides the internal volume of the cell into discrete (but often interconnected) compartments. These compartments each have distinct properties and functions.

[q]List some examples of cellular compartmentalization.
[a]Examples of cellular compartmentalization include the entire endomembrane system (nucleus, rough and smooth E.R., Golgi, lysosomes, transport vesicles), small vacuoles, the large central vacuole in plant cells, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plastids).

[q]List life’s three domains.
[a]The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

[q]What are the key features of Domain Eukarya?
[a]The Eukarya are eukaryotes. They have complex, compartmentalized cells. These cells possess mitochondria. Their DNA is organized into multiple, linear chromosomes, and housed in a nucleus that’s separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in size. And only eukaryotes have progressed to multicellularity.

[q]In terms of cellular compartmentalization, how do the three domains differ?
[a]Cellular compartmentalization is only widespread in Domain Eukarya.

[q]Define endosymbiosis.
[a]Endosymbiosis is a biological relationship in which one species lives inside another.

[q]Which two eukaryotic organelles are endosymbiotic mutualists?
[a]The two endosymbiotic mutualists in eukaryotic cells are mitochondria (found in all eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (found in plants, algae, and other aquatic photosynthetic single-celled eukaryotes).

[q]Describe the mutualistic relationship between eukaryotic cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
[a]All eukaryotic cells benefit from their relationship with mitochondria because they receive ATP (the molecule that cells use to perform any kind of cellular work) from their mitochondria. The mitochondria benefit because they receive food (in the form of pyruvic acid, a by-product of glucose breakdown) from their host cells, as well as a safe place to live.

Plant and algae cells benefit from their relationship with chloroplasts because the chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, enabling them to provide their host cells with food in the form of secreted glucose. The chloroplasts get a safe place to live.

[q]What’s the evidence supporting the claim that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent cells?
[a]

  1. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane.
  2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, and this DNA has the same form (a looped chromosome) as the DNA that’s found in bacteria.
  3. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes and produce some of their own proteins.
  4. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate themselves autonomously (independently of the host cell’s cell cycle).

[q]What is the endomembrane system?
[a]The endomembrane system is a dynamic network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell that includes the nuclear membrane, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vesicles.

[q]What is one key function of the endomembrane system?
[a]The endomembrane system enables the exchange of phospholipids and proteins between its components, maintaining dynamic compartmentalization.

[q]What is the role of the nucleus in cellular compartmentalization?
[a]The nucleus houses the DNA and separates genetic material from the cytoplasm through a nuclear membrane, facilitating controlled access for RNA and proteins.

[q]What are the advantages of cellular compartmentalization?
[a]Advantages include:

  • Maintaining distinct internal environments for chemical reactions (e.g., lysosomes with acidic pH).
  • Increased surface area for reactions, such as the membranes of the ER and Golgi complex.
  • Separation of incompatible processes (e.g., synthesis in the rough ER versus degradation in lysosomes).

[q]What role did endosymbiosis play in the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
[a]Endosymbiosis allowed ancient eukaryotic cells to acquire mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were once independent prokaryotic organisms. These organelles provided energy (ATP) and food production (photosynthesis), allowing eukaryotes to thrive.

[q]Why is the double membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts significant?
[a]The double membrane is evidence of their endosymbiotic origin, with the outer membrane derived from the engulfing cell and the inner membrane from the original prokaryote.

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these Quizzes

4.1 The Endomembrane System

[qwiz random = “true”]

[h]Endomembrane quiz 1

[i]

[q]Which number is pointing to the nucleus?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]MQ ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiBUaGUgbnVjbGV1cywgdGhlIGNlbGwmIzgyMTc7cyBjb250cm9sIGNlbnRlciwgaXMgYXQgbnVtYmVyIDE=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEZpbmQgdGhlIHN0cnVjdHVyZSB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgY2xvc2VzdCB0byB0aGUgY2VudGVyIG9mIHRoZSBjZWxsIChmdXJ0aGVzdCBmcm9tIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]Which number is pointing to where ribosomes are going to make the antibody that’s (hopefully) going to fight off the invading virus?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Mg ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7MiYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIHJvdWdoIEVSLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGVyZSByaWJvc29tZXMgYXR0YWNoZWQgdG8gdGhlIEVSIGFyZSBtYWtpbmcgcHJvdGVpbnMu[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBZb3UmIzgyMTc7cmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgdGhlIHJvdWdoIEVSLiBGaW5kIHJpYm9zb21lcyAoYmxhY2sgZG90cykgYXR0YWNoZWQgdG8gbWVtYnJhbmUu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]After the antibody is made, it’s going to be enclosed within a bubble of membrane. Such a bubble of membrane is also known as a vesicle. Where is the membrane that’s going to make up that vesicle going to be made?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Mw ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7MyYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIHNtb290aMKgRVIsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoZXJlwqBtZW1icmFuZSAoYW5kIG90aGVyIGxpcGlkcykgYXJlIHN5bnRoZXNpemVkLg==[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIFlvdSYjODIxNztyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciB0aGUgc21vb3RoIEVSLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIG5ldHdvcmsgb2YgbWVtYnJhbmVzIGp1c3Qgb3V0c2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgcm91Z2ggRVIsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBsYWNrcyByaWJvc29tZXMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]Which numbered part indicates a vesicle that’s going to transport the antibody from the ER to the Golgi?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]NA ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7NCYjODIyMTsgaXPCoGEgdmVzaWNsZSwgYSBidWJibGUgb2YgbWVtYnJhbmUsIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0cmFuc3BvcnRpbmcgb3VyIGRldmVsb3BpbmcgYW50aWJvZHkgZnJvbSB0aGUgRVIgdG8gdGhlIEdvbGdpIGFwcGFyYXR1cy4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIExvb2sgZm9yIGEgc21hbGwgYnViYmxlIG9mIG1lbWJyYW5lIGluLWJldHdlZW4gdGhlIEVSIGFuZCB0aGUgR29sZ2ku

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]The antibody is going to have to be modified and packaged for export before it can be released from the cell into the bloodstream. Which numbered part is where this modification and packaging is going to happen?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]NQ ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7NSYjODIyMTsgaXMgdGhlIEdvbGdpIGFwcGFyYXR1cy4gV2l0aGluIHRoZXNlIGZsYXR0ZW5lZCBzYWNzIG9mIG1lbWJyYW5lLCBlbnp5bWVzIG1vZGlmeSBwcm90ZWlucyBhbmQgcHJlcGFyZSB0aGVtIGZvciBzaGlwcGluZyB0byB0aGVpciBmaW5hbCBkZXN0aW5hdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIExvb2sgZm9yIHRoZSBzZXJpZXMgb2YgZmxhdHRlbmVkIHNhY3MgYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgYW5kIHRoZSBFUi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]After modification of the protein, the Golgi will bud off a vesicle that will bring the antibody to the membrane for export from the cell. Which number shows a vesicle that’s budding off from the Golgi complex?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]Ng ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7NiYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3MgYSB2ZXNpY2xlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBidWRkaW5nIG9mZiBmcm9tIHRoZSBHb2xnaS4=[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBGaW5kIHRoZSB2ZXNpY2xlIGp1c3Qgb3V0c2lkZSB0aGUgR29sZ2kgYm9keSwgaW4gYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgR29sZ2kgYW5kIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSAoYW5kIGRvbiYjODIxNzt0IHBpY2sgIyA3KS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q]To be exported from the cell, our antibody is going to be transported (within a vesicle) to the membrane. The vesicle will fuse with the membrane, and dump the antibody out of the cell (in this case, into the bloodstream). Which number shows a vesicle that’s fusing with the membrane, dumping its contents outside?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]OA ==[Qq]

[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7OCYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3MgYSB2ZXNpY2xlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBmdXNpbmcgd2l0aCB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUu[Qq]

[c]Kg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uwqBGaW5kIHRoZSB2ZXNpY2xlIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBmdXNlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSwgZm9ybWluZyBhIGtpbmQgb2YgcG9ja2V0IHdpdGhpbiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUsIHdpdGggYXJyb3dzIGluZGljYXRpbmfCoHRoYXQgbWF0ZXJpYWxzIGFyZSBiZWluZyBkdW1wZWQgb3V0c2lkZSBvZiB0aGUgY2VsbC4=[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

 

4.2. The Origins of Cellular Compartmentalization

[qwiz]

[h]Cellular Compartmentalization and its Origins: Checking Understanding

[i]Mitochondria

Making ATP

Setting the stage for 

Life’s complexity

[q] Organelles like the mitochondria, the Golgi, and lysosomes are all examples of cellular [hangman].

[c]IGNvbXBhcnRtZW50YWxpemF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] The only domain in which extensive cellular compartmentalization is found is domain [hangman].

[c]ZXVrYXJ5YQ==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q]Cells that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound compartments are described as [hangman]

[c]cHJva2FyeW90aWM=[Qq]

[q]The cell type found in animals, plants, fungi, and many single-celled organisms with large complex cells is described as [hangman].

[c]ZXVrYXJ5b3RpYw==[Qq]

[q]A relationship in which one organism lives inside one another is called [hangman].

[c]ZW5kb3N5bWJpb3Npcw==[Qq]

[q]A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called [hangman].

[c]bXV0dWFsaXNt[Qq]

[q]Mitochondria can be thought of as [hangman] endosymbionts living within every [hangman] cell. The mitochondrial supply their hosts with [hangman]. In return, the mitochondria receive [hangman] and oxygen.

[c]bXV0dWFsaXN0aWM=[Qq]

[c]ZXVrYXJ5b3RpYw==[Qq]

[c]QVRQ[Qq]

[c]Zm9vZA==[Qq]

[q]In most theories about the origin of mitochondria, the cell that took up the mitochondria would have belonged to the domain [hangman].

[c]YXJjaGFlYQ==[Qq]

[q]Evidence for the endosymbiotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts includes the fact that both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a [hangman] membrane; that both possess their own [hangman], which is organized into a looped [hangman]; and that both can [hangman] by binary fission, just like bacteria.

[c]ZG91Ymxl[Qq]

[c]RE5B[Qq]

[c]Y2hyb21vc29tZQ==[Qq]

[c]cmVwcm9kdWNl[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the cell that evolved into a mitochondrion is at number

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiAmIzgyMjA7MiYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoZSBiYWN0ZXJpYWwgY2VsbCB0aGF0IHRvb2sgdXAgcmVzaWRlbmNlIGluc2lkZSBhbiBhcmNoYWVhbCBjZWxsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBldmVudHVhbCBldm9sdmVkIGludG8gYSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaW9u[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgYmFjdGVyaWFsIGNlbGwgd2FzIHRoZSBvbmUgdGhhdCwgYXQgdGhlIGJlZ2lubmluZyBvZiB0aGUgZXVrYXJ5b3RpYyBzdG9yeSwgdG9vayB1cCByZXNpZGVuY2UgaW5zaWRlIGFuIGFyY2hhZWFsIGNlbGwu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, an archaeal cell is shown at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiAmIzgyMjA7MSYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoZSBhcmNoYWVhbCBjZWxsIHRoYXQgdG9vayB1cCBhIGJhY3RlcmlhbCBjZWxsLCB0aGUgY2VsbHVsYXIgYWNxdWlzaXRpb24gdGhhdCBsZWQgdG8gdGhlIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMu[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

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[q] In the diagram below, the developing nuclear membrane is shown by which number or letter?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG M=[Qq]

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[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgbnVjbGVhciBtZW1icmFuZSBkZXZlbG9wcyBhcm91bmQgdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgbWF0ZXJpYWwgdGhhdCB3YXMgb3JpZ2luYWxseSBpbiB0aGUgQXJjaGFlYWwgaG9zdCBjZWxsLg==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the developing endoplasmic reticulum is shown by which number or letter?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG Q=[Qq]

[f]VGVycmlmaWMuIExldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7ZCYjODIyMTsgaW5kaWNhdGVzIHRoZSBkZXZlbG9waW5nIGVuZG9wbGFzbWljIHJldGljdWx1bS4=[Qq]

[c]IEVudGVyIHdvcmQ=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgRVIgaXMgc2hvd24gY2xvc2UgdG8gdGhlIG51Y2xlYXIgbWVtYnJhbmUu[Qq]

[q]What is the primary advantage of cellular compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?
[c]VG8gY3JlYXRlIHNwZWNpYWxpemVkIGludGVybmFsIGVudmlyb25tZW50cyBmb3IgZGlmZmVyZW50IHByb2Nlc3Nlcy4=[Qq]
[f]UGFydGlhbGx5IGNvcnJlY3QhIFRoaXMgaXMgb25lIG9mIHRoZSBhZHZhbnRhZ2VzLCBidXQgdGhlcmUgYXJlIG1vcmUu[Qq]
[c]VG8gYWxsb3cgY2VsbHMgdG8gbWFpbnRhaW4gZGlzdGluY3QgaW50ZXJuYWwgY2hlbWlzdHJ5Lg==[Qq]
[f]UGFydGlhbGx5IGNvcnJlY3QhIFRoaXMgaXMgb25lIGFkdmFudGFnZSwgYnV0IGl0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IHRoZSBmdWxsIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[c]VG8gaW5jcmVhc2Ugc3VyZmFjZSBhcmVhIGZvciBjZWxsdWxhciBwcm9jZXNzZXMu[Qq]
[f]UGFydGlhbGx5IGNvcnJlY3QhIFRoaXMgaXMgb25lIGJlbmVmaXQsIGJ1dCBpdCYjODIxNztzIG5vdCB0aGUgY29tcGxldGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]
[c]QWxsIG9mIHRo ZSBhYm92ZS4=[Qq]
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Cg==[Qq]

[q]Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship involving endosymbiosis?
[c]QSB0YXBld29ybSBsaXZpbmcgaW4gYSBkb2cu[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoaXMgaXMgYW4gZXhhbXBsZSBvZiBwYXJhc2l0aXNtLCB3aGVyZSBvbmUgb3JnYW5pc20gYmVuZWZpdHMgYW5kIHRoZSBvdGhlciBpcyBoYXJtZWQu[Qq]
[c]QWxnYWUgbGl2aW5nIGluc2lkZSB0aGUgdGlzc3Vlcy BvZiBhIGdpYW50IGdyZWVuIHNlYSBhbmVtb25lLg==[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgQm90aCB0aGUgYWxnYWUgYW5kIHRoZSBhbmVtb25lIGJlbmVmaXQsIG1ha2luZyB0aGlzIGFuIGV4YW1wbGUgb2YgbXV0dWFsaXNtLg==[Qq]
[c]QSBiYWN0ZXJpdW0gaW5mZWN0aW5nIGEgaHVtYW4gY2VsbC4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoaXMgaXMgbm90IG11dHVhbGlzbTsgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBwYXJhc2l0aXNtLg==[Qq]
[c]QSB2aXJ1cyByZXBsaWNhdGluZyB3aXRoaW4gYSBob3N0IGNlbGwu[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoaXMgaXMgbm90IG11dHVhbGlzbTsgdmlydXNlcyBhcmUgaW50cmFjZWxsdWxhciBwYXJhc2l0ZXMu

Cg==[Qq]

[q]Which domain includes organisms with highly compartmentalized cells?
[c]QmFjdGVyaWE=[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIGJhY3RlcmlhIGFyZSBwcm9rYXJ5b3RlcyBhbmQgbGFjayBjb21wYXJ0bWVudGFsaXphdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[c]QXJjaGFlYQ==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIGFyY2hhZWEgYXJlIHByb2thcnlvdGVzIHdpdGhvdXQgY29tcGFydG1lbnRhbGl6YXRpb24u[Qq]
[c]RXVrYX J5YQ==[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgRXVrYXJ5b3RlcyBoYXZlIGNvbXBsZXggY2VsbHMgd2l0aCBjb21wYXJ0bWVudGFsaXplZCBzdHJ1Y3R1cmVzLg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q]Which of the structures below is or are part of the  endomembrane system?
[c]VGhlIGNlbGwgd2FsbCBhbmQgcGxhc21hIG1lbWJyYW5lLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZSBjZWxsIHdhbGwgaXMgbm90IHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIGVuZG9tZW1icmFuZSBzeXN0ZW0u[Qq]
[c]Q2hsb3JvcGxhc3RzIGFuZCBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWEu[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZXNlIG9yZ2FuZWxsZXMgYXJlIG5vdCBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBlbmRvbWVtYnJhbmUgc3lzdGVtOyB0aGV5IGFyZSBkZXJpdmVkIGZyb20gZW5kb3N5bWJpb3Npcy4=[Qq]
[c]VGhlIG51Y2xlYXIgbWVtYnJhbmUsIEVSLCBHb2xnaSBj b21wbGV4LCBseXNvc29tZXMsIGFuZCB2ZXNpY2xlcy4=[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgVGhlc2Ugc3RydWN0dXJlcyBhcmUgYWxsIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIGR5bmFtaWMgZW5kb21lbWJyYW5lIHN5c3RlbS4=[Qq]
[c]Umlib3NvbWVzIGFuZCBwbGFzbWlkcy4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFJpYm9zb21lcyBhcmUgaW50cmFjZWxsdWxhciBzdHJ1Y3R1cmVzIHRoYXQgdHJhbnNsYXRlIG1STkEgaW50byBwcm90ZWluLiBQbGFzbWlkcyBhcmUgbG9vcHMgb2YgRE5BIHVzZWQgZHVyaW5nIGJhY3RlcmlhbCBnZW5lIHRyYW5zZmVyIChjb25qdWdhdGlvbikuIEhpbnQ6IHBhcnRzIG9mIHRoZSBlbmRvbWVtYnJhbmUgc3lzdGVtIGFyZSBzdXJyb3VuZGVkIGJ5IG1lbWJyYW5lLg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q]What is the term for when an organism lives inside another organism?

[c]U3ltYmlvc2lz[Qq]
[f]Q2xvc2UsIGJ1dCBzeW1iaW9zaXMgaXMgYSBicm9hZGVyIHRlcm0gdGhhdCBpbmNsdWRlcyBsaXZpbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgaW4gZ2VuZXJhbC4=[Qq]
[c]UGFyYXNpdGlzbQ==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHBhcmFzaXRpc20gaXMgYSBzcGVjaWZpYyB0eXBlIG9mIHN5bWJpb3NpcyB3aGVyZSBvbmUgb3JnYW5pc20gYmVuZWZpdHMgYW5kIHRoZSBvdGhlciBpcyBoYXJtZWQuIFBhcmFzaXRlcyBjYW4gbGl2ZSBvbiB0aGUgb3V0ZXIgc3VyZmFjZSBvZiB0aGVpciBob3N0cyAoc3VjaCBhcyBsaWNlLCB3aGljaCBsaXZlIG9uIHRoZSBzY2FscCku[Qq]
[c]RW5kb3N5bW Jpb3Npcw==[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgRW5kb3N5bWJpb3NpcyBkZXNjcmliZXMgb25lIG9yZ2FuaXNtIGxpdmluZyBpbnNpZGUgYW5vdGhlci4=[Qq]
[c]TXV0dWFsaXNt[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIG11dHVhbGlzbSBpcyBhIHNwZWNpZmljIHR5cGUgb2Ygc3ltYmlvc2lzIHdoZXJlIGJvdGggb3JnYW5pc21zIGJlbmVmaXQu

Cg==[Qq]

[q]Which feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts supports the endosymbiosis theory?
[c]VGhleSBoYXZlIHRoZWlyIG 93biBjaXJjdWxhciBETkEu[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgVGhpcyBmZWF0dXJlIGlzIGV2aWRlbmNlIG9mIHRoZWlyIHByb2thcnlvdGljIG9yaWdpbi4=[Qq]
[c]VGhleSBhcmUgZm91bmQgaW4gYWxsIHRocmVlIGRvbWFpbnMu[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpYSBhbmQgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3RzIGFyZSBvbmx5IGZvdW5kIGluIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMu[Qq]
[c]VGhleSBkbyBub3QgaGF2ZSBtZW1icmFuZXMu[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIGJvdGggaGF2ZSBtZW1icmFuZXMsIHdoaWNoIGlzIGFsc28ga2V5IHRvIHRoZWlyIGVuZG9zeW1iaW90aWMgb3JpZ2luLg==[Qq]
[c]VGhleSByZWx5IHNvbGVseSBvbiB0aGUgaG9zdCBjZWxsIGZvciBwcm90ZWlucy4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZXkgcHJvZHVjZSBzb21lIG9mIHRoZWlyIG93biBwcm90ZWlucywgd2hpY2ggc3VwcG9ydHMgdGhlIGVuZG9zeW1iaW9zaXMgdGhlb3J5Lg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q]What key event in evolution allowed eukaryotic cells to form chloroplasts?
[c]VGhlIGZ1c2lvbiBvZiB0d28gcHJva2FyeW90aWMgY2VsbHMu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjbG9zZXIgdG8gYW4gZXhwbGFuYXRpb24gb2YgdGhlIG9yaWdpbiBvZiBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWEgKGFuZCBldWthcnlvdGVzIGluIGdlbmVyYWwp[Qq]
[c]QW4gZWFybHkgZXVrYXJ5b3RpYyBjZWxsICh3aXRoIGEgbnVjbGV1cyBhbmQgbWl0b2No b25kcmlhKSBlbmd1bGZpbmcgYSBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXRpYyBiYWN0ZXJpYWwgY2VsbC4=[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgVGhpcyBlbmRvc3ltYmlvdGljIGV2ZW50IGdhdmUgcmlzZSB0byBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdHMu[Qq]
[c]VGhlIGNyZWF0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBlbmRvbWVtYnJhbmUgc3lzdGVtLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZSBlbmRvbWVtYnJhbmUgc3lzdGVtIGlzIGEgc2VwYXJhdGUgaW5ub3ZhdGlvbiBpbiBldWthcnlvdGljIGNlbGxzLg==[Qq]
[c]QSBtdXRhdGlvbiBpbiB0aGUgaG9zdCBjZWxsJiM4MjE3O3MgRE5BLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZSBvcmlnaW4gb2YgY2hsb3JvcGxhc3RzIGludm9sdmVkIGVuZG9zeW1iaW9zaXMsIG5vdCBtdXRhdGlvbi4=

Cg==[Qq]

[q]Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?
[c]Um91Z2ggRVI=[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZSByb3VnaCBFUiBpcyBhIGtleSBjb21wb25lbnQgb2YgdGhlIGVuZG9tZW1icmFuZSBzeXN0ZW0u[Qq]
[c]R29sZ2kgY29tcGxleA==[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIHRoZSBHb2xnaSBjb21wbGV4IGlzIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIGVuZG9tZW1icmFuZSBzeXN0ZW0u[Qq]
[c]THlzb3NvbWVz[Qq]
[f]Tm8sIGx5c29zb21lcyBhcmUgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgZW5kb21lbWJyYW5lIHN5c3RlbS4=[Qq]
[c]TWl0b2No b25kcmlh[Qq]
[f]Q29ycmVjdCEgTWl0b2Nob25kcmlhIGFyZSBub3QgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgZW5kb21lbWJyYW5lIHN5c3RlbTsgdGhleSBhcmUgZGVyaXZlZCBmcm9tIGVuZG9zeW1iaW9zaXMu

Cg==[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

 

What’s next?

Please proceed to this next tutorial: Eukaryotic Cell Parts and Functions