Enzymes and Enzyme Regulation

For a deeper dive into this material, go to Topics 3.1 – 3.3, Part 1: Enzyme Structure and Function; Environmental Impacts on Enzymes and Topics 3.1-3.3, Part 2: Enzyme Inhibition and Regulation

1. Watch this Video

2. Study this Summary

Key Properties of Enzymes:
- Enzymes are typically proteins (some RNA molecules also act as enzymes).
- They lower the activation energy of reactions, increasing the reaction rate.
- Enzymes act as catalysts: they speed up reactions without being chemically altered, allowing them to repeat their activity over and over again.
- Enzymes are highly specific, with active sites shaped to complement their substrate’s shape and charge.
- They function optimally within narrow environmental conditions (pH, temperature, ion concentration).
Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity:
- Enzymes have an optimal pH where they work most efficiently.
- Deviation from the optimal pH disrupts bonds in the enzyme’s structure, causing denaturation.
- Denaturation changes the enzyme’s shape, reducing or negating its catalytic ability.
Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity:
- Increased temperature raises enzyme activity up to a point due to greater molecular motion.
- Beyond the optimal temperature, enzymes denature, losing their ability to bind with substrates effectively.
Reversible vs. Irreversible Enzyme Denaturation:
- Reversible Denaturation:
  - Enzyme regains its shape and function when optimal conditions are restored.
- Irreversible Denaturation:
  - Permanent structural change destroys the enzyme’s catalytic ability (e.g., cooking an egg).
Effect of Substrate Concentration:
- Low substrate concentrations result in fewer enzyme-substrate interactions and a low reaction rate.
- Increasing substrate concentration increases the reaction rate up to a maximum rate (the saturation point), beyond which no further increase occurs. That’s because at that point, all available enzyme active sites are occupied by substrates.
Competitive vs. Non-Competitive Inhibition:
- Competitive Inhibition:
  - A foreign molecule competes with the substrate for the active site, blocking the reaction.
- Non-Competitive Inhibition:
  - A foreign molecule binds to an allosteric site (not the active site), causing a shape change in the enzyme that blocks substrate binding.

3. Master these Flashcards

[qdeck style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” bold_text=”false” random=”true”]

[h] Enzymes

[i]

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ce91f7b4e910″ question_number=”98″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] What is the role of enzymes in cellular reactions?

[a] Enzymes act as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy required for reactions, making the reactions occur more quickly and efficiently. They are essential for metabolic pathways in living organisms.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1cef3a7c51910″ question_number=”99″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] How does enzyme specificity arise?

[a] Enzyme specificity arises because of the shape and chemical properties of their active site, which is complementary to the substrate. Enzymes are proteins, and their specificity is driven by their unique tertiary and quaternary structures.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ceb4a7c51011″ question_number=”100″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] Why do enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH?

[a] Enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH because their structure relies on hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Changes in temperature or pH disrupt these interactions, leading to denaturation and loss of enzyme function.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1cef4c7e61901″ question_number=”101″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] What happens to enzyme activity at extremely high temperatures?

[a] At extremely high temperatures, enzymes denature. The heat breaks the hydrogen and ionic bonds holding the protein structure together, altering the active site and preventing the substrate from binding.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ceaf7d061911″ question_number=”102″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] How does reversible denaturation differ from irreversible denaturation?

[a] In reversible denaturation, the enzyme can regain its proper structure and function when the environmental conditions return to optimum. In irreversible denaturation, the structural damage to the enzyme is permanent, and it cannot regain its function.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ceb3b7d51210″ question_number=”103″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

[a] At low substrate concentrations, enzyme activity is limited by the availability of substrate. As the substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity rises until all active sites are occupied. Beyond this saturation point, further increases in substrate concentration do not increase the reaction rate.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ce43b7d61920″ question_number=”104″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] What is the impact of non-competitive inhibition on enzyme activity compared to competitive inhibition?

[a] Non-competitive inhibition affects enzyme activity by altering the shape of the enzyme’s active site through binding at the allosteric site. This reduces the enzyme’s ability to catalyze the reaction regardless of substrate concentration, unlike competitive inhibition, which can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1cfecf7a4e910″ question_number=”91″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] Describe the key properties of enzymes.

[a] Enzymes are large molecules (usually proteins, but sometimes RNAs) that catalyze reactions in cells. They act to lower the activation energy of the reactions that they catalyze, greatly increasing the rate of these reactions. Enzymes are specific, and their specificity derives from the fact that they have an active site that has a shape and charge that complements the shape and charge of their substrate (the substance that an enzyme acts upon).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1cf4ea47c5910″ question_number=”92″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] Unlike inorganic catalysts, enzymes are both highly specific, and tend to have a narrow set of conditions where they can function at or near their optimum. Explain.

[a] Enzymes are proteins. Their shape involves secondary, tertiary, and quaternary level interactions, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic clustering. Changes in pH, temperature, or ion concentration interfere with these bonds, changing the shape of the active site, which can keep the enzyme from binding with its substrate. As a result, most enzymes have a pH, ionic, or temperature optimum at which the shape of their active site best fits their substrate. Changing this optimum causes denaturation: a change in the shape that lowers (or completely negates) the enzyme’s function.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ce9460c51910″ question_number=”93″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] Describe how enzyme activity is affected by changes in the pH of its environment. Include the concept of “denaturation” in your answer, and sketch the relation between pH and enzyme activity.

[a] Most enzymes have a pH optimum where they operate at peak efficiency. As the pH moves above or below the optimum, enzyme performance drops. A graph of enzyme efficiency plotted against pH shows a peak at the optimum, and then a drop off at either side as the enzyme becomes denatured.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1c490d7e6b86c5″ question_number=”94″] Describe how enzyme activity is affected by changes in the temperature of the enzyme’s environment. Include the concept of “denaturation” in your answer, and sketch showing the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity.

[a] Up to a certain point, enzyme activity increases with temperature, because more kinetic energy increases molecular motion and increases the chance that the enzyme will bind with its substrate(s). At a certain temperature (beyond 2 in the graph), the enzyme denatures, reducing the enzyme’s catalytic abilities.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1cdf3b990a510″ question_number=”95″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] What’s the difference between reversible and irreversible enzyme denaturation?

[a] In reversible denaturation, restoration of optimal conditions will restore the enzyme’s function as it regains its optimal shape. In irreversible denaturation, the enzyme’s shape is permanently changed, and its catalytic ability is destroyed.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1cd4e6a446910″ question_number=”96″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] Explain how enzyme activity is affected by substrate concentration.

[a] At low substrate concentrations, the probability of the enzyme meeting the substrate to catalyze the reaction is low, and the product will be produced at a low rate. As substrate concentration increases, the collision and the reaction rate will increase. Eventually, the saturation point is reached, and the reaction will reach a maximum rate.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”3.Cellular_Energetics” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1ccab6f041110″ question_number=”97″ topic=”3.1-3.Enzymes”] Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.

[a]

In competitive inhibition (b), a “foreign” molecule (4) that’s not the enzyme’s substrate (1) blocks the enzyme’s active site (2). This keeps the substrate from binding, inhibiting the rate of the reaction. In non-competitive inhibition, a “foreign” molecule (6) binds away from the active site at a region called the allosteric site (5). Binding at the allosteric site has a ripple effect throughout the protein, causing a change in the shape of the active site which diminishes or blocks enzyme activity.

[/qdeck]

4. Tackle these Quizzes

4.1. Enzymes quiz 1

[qwiz style=”width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;”]

[h] Quiz: Enzymes
[i]

[q labels = “top”] Use the choices below to label the enzyme, the substrate, and the enzyme-substrate complex.

[l]enzyme

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]enzyme-substrate complex

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]product

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]substrate

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[q] Enzymes almost always belong to which family of macromolecules?

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[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEFsbW9zdCBhbGwgZW56eW1lcyBhcmUgcHJvdGVpbnMu

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[Qq]

[q] The thing an enzyme acts upon is called a (n)

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[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEVuenltZXMgYWN0IHVwb24gc3Vic3RyYXRlcy4=

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[Qq]

[q] From the choices below, choose the best match: Enzymes fit with their substrates as a _______________ fits with a __________________.

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[f]IFJpZ2h0LiBJbiB0aGUgc2FtZSB3YXkgYXMgb25seSBvbmUgc3BlY2lhbGx5IGN1dCBrZXkgZml0cyBpbnRvIGEgbG9jaywgdGhlcmUgaXMgdXN1YWxseSBhIG9uZS10by1vbmUgcmVsYXRpb25zaGlwIGJldHdlZW4gZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGFuZCB0aGF0IHJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCBpcyBiYXNlZCBvbiBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHNoYXBlLg==

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[Qq]

[q] The notion that an enzyme will change its shape to closely bind with and modify its substrate is called

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q] An enzyme binds its substrate at its

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[Qq]

[q] The relationship in shape between enzyme and substrate is best described as

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[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgc2hhcGUgb2YgYW4gZW56eW1lIGFuZCBhIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBmaXQgdG9nZXRoZXIsIGJ1dCB0aGV54oCZcmUgbm90IG1pcnJvciBpbWFnZXMuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSB3b3JkIHRoYXQgY29udmV5cyB0aGlzIOKAmGZpdHRpbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIu4oCZ[Qq]

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q] If you added 4 milligrams of an enzyme to a reaction, and were able to recover all of the available enzymes at the reaction’s end, how much enzyme should you be able to recover?

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Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below that shows the progress of two chemical reactions, which number shows the pathway of the reaction when it’s catalyzed by an enzyme?

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Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBzaG93cyB0aGUgcHJvZ3Jlc3Mgb2YgYSBub24tZW56eW1lIGNhdGFseXplZCByZWFjdGlvbi4gWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZ29pbmcgKHNob3duIGF0IDQpIGlzIG11Y2ggaGlnaGVyIHRoYW4gdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHdpdGggYW4gZW56eW1lIChzaG93biBhdCAzKS4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgd2hlbiB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgTnVtYmVyIDIgc2hvd3MgdGhlIHByb2dyZXNzIG9mIGFuIGVuenltZS1jYXRhbHl6ZWQgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFlvdSBjYW4gdGVsbCBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZSBhY3RpdmF0aW9uIGVuZXJneSByZXF1aXJlZCB0byBnZXQgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uIGdvaW5nIChzaG93biBhdCAzKSBpcyBtdWNoIGxvd2VyIHRoYW4gdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHdvdWxkIGJlIHdpdGhvdXQgYW4gZW56eW1lIChzaG93biBhdCA0KS4gTG93ZXJpbmcgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgaXMgZXhhY3RseSB3aGF0IGVuenltZXMgZG8u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW914oCZcmUgb24gdGhlIHJpZ2h0IHRyYWNrLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBzaG93aW5nIHRoZSByZWR1Y2VkIGFtb3VudCBvZiBlbmVyZ3kgcmVxdWlyZWQgdG8gc3RhcnQgYSByZWFjdGlvbiAoYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kpIHdoZW4gYW4gZW56eW1lIGlzIHByZXNlbnQgKGNvbXBhcmUgMyB0byA0KS4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgd2hlbiB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24gYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyB0aGUgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgcmVxdWlyZWQgd2hlbiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXNu4oCZdCBjYXRhbHl6aW5nIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBtYWluIGVmZmVjdCBvZiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXMgdG8gbG93ZXIgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgKGNvbXBhcmUgbnVtYmVyIDQgdG8gbnVtYmVyIDMpLiBLZWVwIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiBhZ2Fpbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below that shows the progress of two chemical reactions, which number shows the activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBzaG93cyB0aGUgcHJvZ3Jlc3Mgb2YgYSBub24tZW56eW1lIGNhdGFseXplZCByZWFjdGlvbi4gWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZ29pbmcgKHNob3duIGF0IDQpIGlzIHNvIGhpZ2guIE5vdywga25vd2luZyB3aGF0IG51bWJlciA0IGlzLCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaWd1cmUgb3V0IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIgdG8gdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgaXQgYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBzaG93cyB0aGUgcHJvZ3Jlc3Mgb2YgYW4gZW56eW1lLWNhdGFseXplZCByZWFjdGlvbi4gWW91IGNhbiB0ZWxsIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24gZ29pbmcgaXMgbXVjaCBsb3dlciB0aGFuIHRoZSBhY3RpdmF0aW9uIGVuZXJneSB3b3VsZCBiZSB3aXRob3V0IGFuIGVuenltZSAoc2hvd24gYXQgNCkuIFdpdGggdGhhdCBoaW50LCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBnZXQgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiByaWdodCB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgaXQgYWdhaW4u[Qq]

[f]IEZhbnRhc3RpYy4gTnVtYmVyIDMgaXMgc2hvd2luZyB0aGUgcmVkdWNlZCBhbW91bnQgb2YgZW5lcmd5IHJlcXVpcmVkIHRvIHN0YXJ0IGEgcmVhY3Rpb24gKGFjdGl2YXRpb24gZW5lcmd5KSB3aGVuIGFuIGVuenltZSBpcyBwcmVzZW50IChjb21wYXJlIDMgdG8gNCku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBzaG93cyB0aGUgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kgcmVxdWlyZWQgd2hlbiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXNu4oCZdCBjYXRhbHl6aW5nIGEgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBtYWluIGVmZmVjdCBvZiBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaXMgdG8gbG93ZXIgYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBlbmVyZ3kuIEtlZXAgdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kIHdoZW4geW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uIGFnYWluLCBhbmQgeW91IHNob3VsZCBiZSBhYmxlIHRvIGZpZ3VyZSBpdCBvdXQu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the graph below, which line would represent the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme?

[c]IDEgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDI=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkhIEVuenltZXMgc3BlZWQgdXAgcmVhY3Rpb24gcmF0ZXMuIFRoYXTigJlzIHdoeSB0aGUgc2xvcGUgb2YgbGluZSBvbmUgaXMgc3RlZXBlcjogbW9yZSBvZiB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCBpcyBiZWluZyBjb252ZXJ0ZWQgdG8gdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBvdmVyIHRpbWUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IGlkZWEgb2YgdGhpcyBncmFwaCBpcyB0aGF0IGVuenltZXMgbWFrZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgZ28gZmFzdGVyLiBMaW5lIG51bWJlciBvbmUgaGFzIGEgbGVzcyBzdGVlcCBzbG9wZSB0aGFuIGxpbmUgbnVtYmVyIDIsIGluZGljYXRpbmcgdGhhdCB0aGUgcmF0ZSBvZiBwcm9kdWN0IGNyZWF0aW9uIGlzIGxvd2VyLiBLZWVwIHRoYXQgaW4gbWluZCB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiBhZ2Fpbi4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the enzyme-substrate complex is represented by

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21pbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgdG8gZm9ybSBhbiBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSB0aGF0IHNob3dzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgYW5kIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUgY29taW5nIHRvZ2V0aGVyIHRvIGZvcm0gYW4gZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21wbGV4Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21pbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgdG8gZm9ybSBhbiBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgu[Qq]

[f]IEZhbnRhc3RpYyEgTnVtYmVyIDQgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21wbGV4Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cyBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGVuenltZSBhbmQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjb21pbmcgdG9nZXRoZXIgdG8gZm9ybSBhbiBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the active site is represented by

[c]IDEgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnRpcmUgZW56eW1lLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIGEgcGFydCBvZiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSB0aGF0IHNob3dzIHdoZXJlIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgd2lsbCBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZS4=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUhIE51bWJlciAyIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIGFjdGl2ZSBzaXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1lIHdpbGwgYmluZCB3aXRoIGl0cyBzdWJzdHJhdGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3Mgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXguIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3Mgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cyBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgYSBwYXJ0IG9mIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRoYXQgc2hvd3Mgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the enzyme is represented by

[c]IDEgwq AgwqA=[Qq][c]IDIgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDMgwqAgwqA=[Qq][c]IDQgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcyEgTnVtYmVyIDEgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW50aXJlIGVuenltZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgd2hpY2ggcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW50aXJlIGVuenltZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIGFib3V0IHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBmaW5kIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgd2hpY2ggcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgZW56eW1lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGF0IGEgbW9tZW50IHdoZW4gdGhlIHR3byBhcmUgdGVtcG9yYXJpbHkgYm9uZGVkIHRvZ2V0aGVyIGFzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgY2F0YWx5emVzIGl0cyByZWFjdGlvbi4gU2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gZmluZCB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIHdoaWNoIHJlcHJlc2VudHMganVzdCB0aGUgZW56eW1lLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cyBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cywgeW91IGNhbiBzZWUsIHdlcmUgZm9ybWVybHkgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgc2hvd24gaW4gdGhlIHNhbWUgY29sb3IuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHRoZSB0aGluZyB0aGF0IGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBpbnRvIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0cy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the product of the reaction is represented by

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID U=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0IHRoYXQgdGhlIGVuenltZSBjcmVhdGVzIGFmdGVyIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHdpdGggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgc2hvd24gYXQgbnVtYmVyIDMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCB0aGF0IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgY3JlYXRlcyBhZnRlciBpbnRlcmFjdGluZyB3aXRoIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGF0IG51bWJlciAzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIGFib3V0IHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24sIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yIGFzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBhcHBlYXJzIGF0IHRoZSBlbmQgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFRoaXMgY29tcGxleCBmb3JtcyBhcyB0aGUgdHdvIGFyZSB0ZW1wb3JhcmlseSBib25kZWQgdG9nZXRoZXIgYXMgdGhlIGVuenltZSBjYXRhbHl6ZXMgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdCBvZiB0aGUgcmVhY3Rpb24sIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yIGFzIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBhcHBlYXJzIGF0IHRoZSBlbmQgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4=wqAgTnVtYmVyIDUgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLiBUaGUgcHJvZHVjdHMsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlLCB3ZXJlIGZvcm1lcmx5IHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, the substrate of the reaction is represented by

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDMgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDQgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDU=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoYXQgdGhlIGVuenltZSBpbnRlcmFjdHMgd2l0aC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hlcmUgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aWxsIGJpbmQgd2l0aCBpdHMgc3Vic3RyYXRlLiBTZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGF0IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgaW50ZXJhY3RzIHdpdGgu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gTnVtYmVyIDMgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhYm91dCB0byBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGhlIGVuenltZS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUtc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbXBsZXgsIHdoaWNoIGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggZW56eW1lIGFuZCBzdWJzdHJhdGUuIFNlZSBpZiB5b3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IGp1c3QgdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgd2hhdCB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGludGVyYWN0cyB3aXRoLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==wqAgTnVtYmVyIDUgcmVwcmVzZW50cyB0aGUgcHJvZHVjdHMgb2YgdGhlIHJlYWN0aW9uLiBUaGUgcHJvZHVjdHMsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlLCB3ZXJlIGZvcm1lcmx5IHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHNob3duIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNvbG9yLg==wqAgU2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gaWRlbnRpZnkganVzdCB0aGUgc3Vic3RyYXRlLCB3aGljaCBpcyB3aGF0IHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgaW50ZXJhY3RzIHdpdGgu

[Qq]

[q] What’s the name for the process where environmental changes (in temperature or pH, for example) cause an enzyme’s shape to change, destroying its function?

[c]IGRlY2F0YWx5emF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IGRlZm9ybWF0aW9u[Qq]

[c]IGRlbmF0dX JhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[c]IGRlZW56eW1pZmljYXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgcHJvYmFibHkgcmVjb2duaXplZCDigJhjYXRhbHlzdOKAmSBpbiB0aGlzIGNob2ljZSwgYnV0IHRoYXQgaXMgbm90IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIuIE5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24sIHRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSBmYWN0IHRoYXQgZW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBmYWN0b3JzIGhhdmUgY2hhbmdlZCB0aGUgbmF0dXJlIG9mIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUuIE9uZSB3b3JkIGluIHRoZSBwcmV2aW91cyBzZW50ZW5jZSBlc3NlbnRpYWxseSB0ZWxscyB5b3UgdGhlIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgZW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBjaGFuZ2VzIGhhdmUsIGluZGVlZCwgZGVmb3JtZWQgdGhlIGVuenltZSwgYnV0IHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIGJldHRlciBhbmQgbW9yZSB3aWRlbHkgdXNlZCB0ZXJtLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCB0aGluayBvZiB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGVudmlyb25tZW50YWwgZmFjdG9ycyBoYXZlIGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIG5hdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBPbmUgd29yZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJldmlvdXMgc2VudGVuY2UgZXNzZW50aWFsbHkgdGVsbHMgeW91IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIENoYW5naW5nIGFuIGVuenltZeKAmXMgc2hhcGUgZGVzdHJveXMgaXRzIGFiaWxpdHkgdG8gY2F0YWx5emUgYSByZWFjdGlvbi4gVGhpcyBjaGFuZ2UgaXMgY2FsbGVkIGRlbmF0dXJhdGlvbi4gVGhlIHZlcmIgaXMg4oCYdG8gZGVuYXR1cmUu4oCZ[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBZb3UgcHJvYmFibHkgcmVjb2duaXplZCDigJhlbnp5bWXigJkgaW4gdGhpcyBjaG9pY2UsIGJ1dCB0aGlzIGlzIG5vdCB0aGUgY29ycmVjdCB0ZXJtIChub3QgaXMgaXQgYSByZWFsIHdvcmQpLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCB0aGluayBvZiB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGVudmlyb25tZW50YWwgZmFjdG9ycyBoYXZlIGNoYW5nZWQgdGhlIG5hdHVyZSBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lLiBPbmUgd29yZCBpbiB0aGUgcHJldmlvdXMgc2VudGVuY2UgZXNzZW50aWFsbHkgdGVsbHMgeW91IHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Enzymes have a pH optimum: a pH at which they’ll have maximum activity. In the diagram below, the optimum is shown at

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDM=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb3B0aW11bSBpcyB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIHRoZSBoaWdoZXN0LiBFbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcywgd2l0aCBoaWdoZXIgbWVhbmluZyBtb3JlIGFjdGl2aXR5LiBOZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCBsb29rIGZvciB0aGUgaGlnaCBwb2ludCBvbiB0aGUgZ3JhcGgu[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iISBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWXigJlzIHBIIG9wdGltdW0sIHRoZSBwSCB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIGF0IGl0cyBoaWdoZXN0IHJhdGUu[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Enzymes have a pH optimum: a pH at which they’ll have maximum activity. In the diagram below, which number shows where the enzyme has lost its activity because of conditions that are too acidic?

[c]IDEgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDM=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIE9uIHRoZSBwSCBzY2FsZSwgbG93ZXIgbWVhbnMgbW9yZSBhY2lkaWMuIEF0IHBvaW50IDEsIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIGxvdyAoc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcykgYW5kIHRoZSBwSCBpcyBiZWxvdyB0aGUgb3B0aW11bSBwSCwgd2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgbW9yZSBhY2lkaWMgKGZhciB0byB0aGUgbGVmdCBvbiB0aGUgWC1heGlzKS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiByZXByZXNlbnRzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWXigJlzIHBIIG9wdGltdW0sIHRoZSBwSCB3aGVyZSB0aGUgZW56eW1l4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIGF0IGl0cyBoaWdoZXN0IHJhdGUuwqAgTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBsb29rIGZvciBhIG51bWJlciB0aGF0IHNob3dzIGxvd2VyIGFjdGl2aXR5IChsb3dlciBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzKSwgYW5kIGxvd2VyIHBIICh0byB0aGUgbGVmdCBvbiB0aGUgWC1heGlzKS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBdCBudW1iZXIgMyB0aGUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgbG93IChhcyBzaG93biBieSB0aGUgcG9zaXRpb24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcyksIGJ1dCB0aGUgcG9zaXRpb24gb24gdGhlIFgtYXhpcyBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgYSBoaWdoZXIgcEgsIHdoaWNoIHdvdWxkIG1lYW4gbW9yZSBiYXNpYy4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBtb3JlIGFjaWRpYyBwb2ludCBvbiB0aGUgZ3JhcGggKGJ1dCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzYW1lIGxldmVsIG9mIGFjdGl2aXR5KS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the optimum temperature for this enzyme?

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwq DCoA==[Qq][c]IDM=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpcyBzaG93biBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzLiBBdCBwb2ludCBudW1iZXIgMSwgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIHZlcnkgbG93LiBBdCB0aGUgb3B0aW11bSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSwgdGhlIGFjdGl2aXR5IHdvdWxkIGJlIGhpZ2hlc3Qu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudDogdGhlIG9wdGltdW0gdGVtcGVyYXR1cmUgaXMgdGhlIG9uZSB3aGVyZSBhY3Rpdml0eSB3b3VsZCBiZSB0aGUgaGlnaGVzdCBvbiB0aGUgWSBheGlzLCBhcyBzaG93biBhdCBwb2ludCAyLg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBpcyBzaG93biBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzLiBBdCBwb2ludCBudW1iZXIgMywgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIHZlcnkgbG93LiBBdCB0aGUgb3B0aW11bSB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSwgdGhlIGFjdGl2aXR5IHdvdWxkIGJlIGhpZ2hlc3Qu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the point where denaturation has caused enzyme activity to fall?

[c]IDEgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]IDIgwqDCoA==[Qq][c]ID M=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgc2hvd24gb24gdGhlIFktYXhpcy4gQXQgcG9pbnQgbnVtYmVyIDIsIGFjdGl2aXR5IGlzIHZlcnkgaGlnaCwgd2hpY2ggbWVhbnMgdGhhdCB0aGUgZW56eW1lIGlzIHByb2JhYmx5IGluIGdvb2Qgc2hhcGUgKG5vdCBkZW5hdHVyZWQpLg==wqAgRGVuYXR1cmF0aW9uIHVzdWFsbHkgY29tZXMgYWJvdXQgYnkgZXhjZXNzaXZlIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlLiBUaGluayBvZiB0aGF0IG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQXQgcG9pbnQgMywgdGhlIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlIGlzIGhpZ2ggKGFzIHNob3duIG9uIHRoZSBYLWF4aXMpLCBhbmQgYWN0aXZpdHkgaXMgbG93IChhcyBzaG93biBvbiB0aGUgWS1heGlzKS4gRXhjZXNzaXZlIGhlYXQgY2FuIGNhdXNlIGVuenltZXMgdG8gZGVuYXR1cmUsIGRlc3Ryb3lpbmcgdGhlaXIgYWN0aXZpdHku

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which of the following environmental changes would be LEAST LIKELY to cause enzymes to denature?

[c]IHRvbyBtdWNoIH N1YnN0cmF0ZS4=[Qq]

[c]IHRvbyBtdWNoIGhlYXQ=[Qq]

[c]IHRvbyBtdWNoIHNhbHQu[Qq]

[c]IGEgcEggd2F5IGFib3ZlIHRoZSBvcHRpbXVtLg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZWF0IGlzIGEgbWFqb3IgZmFjdG9yIGJlaGluZCBlbnp5bWUgZGVuYXR1cmF0aW9uLiBUaGUgcmVhc29uIHdoeSBpcyB0aGF0IGVuenltZXMgYXJlIHByb3RlaW5zLCBhbmQgcHJvdGVpbnMgaGF2ZSBhIDMtRCBzaGFwZSB0aGF04oCZcyBkZXRlcm1pbmVkLCBpbiBwYXJ0LCBieSB3ZWFrIGZvcmNlcyBsaWtlIGh5ZHJvZ2VuIGJvbmRzIHdoaWNoIGNhbiBlYXNpbHkgYmUgZGlzcnVwdGVkLiBUb28gbXVjaCBoZWF0IGNhbiBjaGFuZ2UgYW4gZW56eW1l4oCZcyBzaGFwZSwgZGVuYXR1cmluZyBpdC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Beano is a commercial enzyme product that claims to reduce flatulence (farting) by providing enzymes that break down certain carbohydrates that people sometimes have difficulty digesting. The product information tells you not to cook Beano with your food, but to ingest the enzyme tablets just before eating. Why can’t you cook Beano with your food?

[c]IFRoZSBlbnp5bWVzIGluIEJlYW5vLCBtaXhlZCB3aXRoIHlvdXIgZm9vZCwgd291bGQgYnJlYWsgYWxsIG9mIHRoZSBmb29kIGRvd24sIGxlYXZpbmcgeW91IHdpdGggYSBzb2dneSBtdXNoLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBlbnp5bWVzIGluIEJlYW5vIHRhc3RlIGhvcnJpYmxlIGFuZCB3b3VsZCBydWluIGFueSBkaXNoIHRoYXQgeW91IGNvb2tlZC4=[Qq]

[c]IEJlYW5vIG5lZWRzIGFuIGFjaWRpYyBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCBhbmQgbmVlZHMgdG8gZ2V0IGRvd24gdG8geW91ciBzdG9tYWNoIGJlZm9yZSB0aGUgZm9vZCBnZXRzIHRoZXJlLg==[Qq]

[c]wq AgQmVhbm8gY29udGFpbnMgZW56eW1lcy4gTGlrZSBtb3N0IGVuenltZXMsIGl0IHdpbGwgYmUgZGVuYXR1cmVkIGJ5IGhpZ2ggdGVtcGVyYXR1cmVzLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUgY29va2luZyB3b3VsZCBydWluIEJlYW5v4oCZcyBhY3Rpdml0eS4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgcHJvYmxlbSByZWxhdGVzIHRvIHRoZSBlZmZlY3QgdGhhdCBoZWF0IGhhcyBvbiBlbnp5bWVzLiBJZiB5b3UgY29va2VkIEJlYW5vIHdpdGggeW91ciBmb29kLCB5b3XigJlkIGJlIGV4cG9zaW5nIGl0IHRvIGZhaXJseSBleHRyZW1lIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlcy4gS2VlcCB0aGF0IGluIG1pbmQgdGhlIG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiB3aXRob3V0IGJlaW5nIHRvbyBwZXJzb25hbCwgSeKAmXZlIHRyaWVkIEJlYW5vIG15c2VsZi4gSXQgaGFzIGEgc2xpZ2h0bHkgc2FsdHkgdGFzdGUsIGEgYml0IHBvd2RlcnksIGJ1dCBub3RoaW5nIHRoYXQgd291bGQgcnVpbiBhIGRpc2guIFRoZSBwcm9ibGVtIHJlbGF0ZXMgdG8gdGhlIGVmZmVjdCB0aGF0IGhlYXQgaGFzIG9uIGVuenltZXMuIEtlZXAgdGhhdCBpbiBtaW5kIHRoZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGV4YWN0bHkgcmlnaHQuIElmIHlvdSBjb29rZWQgQmVhbm8sIHlvdeKAmWQgZGVuYXR1cmUgaXRzIGVuenltZXMsIG1ha2luZyBpdCBpbmVmZmVjdGl2ZSBhdCBoZWxwaW5nIHlvdSBicmVhayBkb3duIHRoZSBjYXJib2h5ZHJhdGVzIHRoYXQgY2F1c2UgZ2FzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an inherited enzyme deficiency (the body’s inability to produce an enzyme)? Note that this might be a tough question without having watched the Enzymes! music video above.

[c]IFRheS1TYWNocyBkaXNlYXNl[Qq]

[c]IFBoZW55bGtldG9udXJpYSAoUEtVIGRpc2Vhc2Up[Qq]

[c]IEdhbGFjdG9zZW1pYQ==[Qq]

[c]IFNpY2tsZS1jZW xsIEFuZW1pYQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUYXktU2FjaHMgaXMgYW4gaW5oZXJpdGVkIGRpc29yZGVyIGludm9sdmluZyB0aGUgYm9keeKAmXMgaW5hYmlsaXR5IHRvIHByb2R1Y2UgYW4gZW56eW1lIGNhbGxlZCA=SGV4b3NhbWluaWRhc2UgQS4gV2l0aG91dCB0aGlzIGVuenltZSwgYSBmYXR0eSBzdWJzdGFuY2UgYnVpbGRzIHVwIGluIHRoZSBicmFpbiwgY2F1c2luZyBhIHZhcmlldHkgb2YgbmV1cm9sb2dpY2FsIHN5bXB0b21zLCBhbmQsIGV2ZW50dWFsbHksIGRlYXRoLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGNob29zZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBjb25kaXRpb24u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBQS1UgZGlzZWFzZSBpcyBjYXVzZWQgYnkgdGhlIGJvZHnigJlzIGluYWJpbGl0eSB0byBwcm9kdWNlIGFuIGVuenltZSB0aGF0IGJyZWFrcyBkb3duIHRoZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHBoZW55bGFsYW5pbmUsIHdoaWNoIGNvbnNlcXVlbnRseSBjYW4gYWNjdW11bGF0ZSB0byB0b3hpYyBsZXZlbHMuIFRoZSBkaXNlYXNlIGNhbiBiZSB0cmVhdGVkIHRocm91Z2ggYSBkaWV0IHRoYXQgcmVtb3ZlcyB0aGUgZW56eW1lJiM4MjE3O3Mgc3Vic3RyYXRlIOKAkyBwaGVueWxhbGFuaW5lLiA=TmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgY29uZGl0aW9uLiA=[Qq]

[f]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Y2hvb3NlIGEgZGlmZmVyZW50IGNvbmRpdGlvbi4g[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIFNpY2tsZSBjZWxsIGFuZW1pYSBpcyBhbiBpbmhlcml0ZWQgZGlzZWFzZSBjYXVzZWQgYnkgYSBtdXRhdGlvbiBpbiB0aGUgZ2VuZSBmb3IgaGVtb2dsb2Jpbi4gV2hpbGUgaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBpcyBhIHByb3RlaW4sIGl0IGlzIG5vdCBhbiBlbnp5bWUu[Qq]

[q]The energy required to get a chemical reaction started is known as [hangman] energy.

[c]YWN0aXZhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[q]The substance an enzyme acts upon is called the [hangman].

[c]c3Vic3RyYXRl[Qq]

[q]The specific area on an enzyme where it binds with its substrate is called its [hangman] [hangman].

[c]YWN0aXZl[Qq]

[c]c2l0ZQ==[Qq]

[q]At the moment when an enzyme binds with its substrate at the active site, it forms an [hangman]-[hangman] complex.

[c]ZW56eW1l[Qq]

[c]c3Vic3RyYXRl[Qq]

[q]A useful metaphor about the specificity of enzymes states that a substrate usually has only one enzyme that it can interact with. This is called the [hangman] and [hangman] model of enzyme action.

[c]bG9jaw==[Qq]

[c]a2V5[Qq]

[q]The idea that in an enzyme-substrate complex, an enzyme will bend in a way that stresses the bonds of the substrate is called the [hangman]-[hangman] model of enzyme action.

[c]aW5kdWNlZA==[Qq]

[c]Zml0[Qq]

[q]Every enzyme has a pH or temperature [hangman] at which it functions best.

[c]b3B0aW11bQ==[Qq]

[q]When heat, pH changes, or other factors in an enzyme’s environment cause it to change shape, the enzyme loses its ability to function. At that point, the enzyme is said to be [hangman].

[c]ZGVuYXR1cmVk[Qq]

[x]

If you want to take this quiz again, click the button below

[restart]
[/qwiz]

4.2 Enzyme Inhibition

[qwiz random=”true” use_dataset=”Enzyme Inhibition-SMV (AP)” dataset_intro=”false”]

[h]Enzyme Inhibition

[i]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

4.3 Enzyme Quiz 3

[qwiz]

[h]Enzyme quiz 3

[i]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”3.Cellular Energetics” dataset_id=”Unit 3 Cumulative Multiple Choice Dataset, v2.0|1be16a735a2814″ question_number=”1″ topic=”3.1-2.Enzyme_Structure_and_Function”] Almost all enzymes are

[c]IGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMu[Qq]

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[c]IGxpcGlkcw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgbW9ub21lcnMgbWFraW5nIHVwIG1vc3QgZW56eW1lcyBhcmUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMu[Qq]

[c]IHByb3 RlaW5z[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQWxtb3N0IGFsbCBlbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBwcm90ZWlucy4gVGhlIGV4Y2VwdGlvbnMgYXJlIGEgZmV3IChleHRyZW1lbHkgaW1wb3J0YW50KSBSTkEgZW56eW1lcyAobGlrZSB0aGUgUk5BIGluIGEgcmlib3NvbWUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoYXQgY2F0YWx5emVzIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgb2YgcHJvdGVpbiBzeW50aGVzaXMp[Qq]

[c]IG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZHM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLCBidXQgeW91IG1hZGUgdGhlIHNlY29uZC1iZXN0IGNob2ljZS4gSXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0cnVlIHRoYXQgYSBmZXcsIGV4dHJlbWVseSBpbXBvcnRhbnQgZW56eW1lcyBhcmUgY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgbnVjbGVpYyBhY2lkcyAobGlrZSB0aGUgUk5BIGluIGEgcmlib3NvbWUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoYXQgY2F0YWx5emVzIHRoZSByZWFjdGlvbnMgb2YgcHJvdGVpbiBzeW50aGVzaXMpLiBCdXQgbW9zdCBlbnp5bWVzIGFyZSBtYWRlIG9mIHNvbWV0aGluZyBlbHNlLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBUaGUgbW9ub21lcnMgbWFraW5nIHVwIG1vc3QgZW56eW1lcyBhcmUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xyz=”2″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”3.Cellular Energetics” topic=”3.1-2.Enzyme_Structure_and_Function” dataset_id=”Unit 3 Cumulative Multiple Choice Dataset, v2.0|1be1557eef2414″ question_number=”2″] The diagram below shows the enzyme-catalyzed breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose by the enzyme sucrase. Which diagram depicts the enzyme when it fits the substrate best?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uIGlzIGFib3V0IHRoZSBpbmR1Y2VkIGZpdCBtb2RlbCBvZiBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aW9uLiBCYXNlZCBvbiB0aGF0IG1vZGVsLCB0aGUgYmluZGluZyBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lIHdpdGggdGhlIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSBjYXVzZXMgYSBjb25mb3JtYXRpb25hbCBjaGFuZ2UgaW4gdGhlIGVuenltZSBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IG1heGltaXplcyB0aGUgZW56eW1lLXN1YnN0cmF0ZSBmaXQuIE9mIHRoZSBjaG9pY2VzIGFib3ZlLCB3aGVyZSB3b3VsZCB0aGF0IGJlIGhhcHBlbmluZz8=[Qq]

[c]IE lJ[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQWNjb3JkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBpbmR1Y2VkIGZpdCBtb2RlbCwgdGhlIGJpbmRpbmcgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZSB3aXRoIHRoZSBzdWJzdHJhdGUgY2F1c2VzIGEgY29uZm9ybWF0aW9uYWwgY2hhbmdlIGluIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgaW4gYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBtYXhpbWl6ZXMgdGhlIGVuenltZS1zdWJzdHJhdGUgZml0LiBUaGF0JiM4MjE3O3Mgd2hhdCB5b3Ugc2VlIGluIElJLg==[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]

[c]IEFsbCB0aHJlZSBzdGFnZXMgZml0IHN1Y3Jvc2UgcGVyZmVjdGx5Lg==[Qq]

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”3.Cellular Energetics” topic=”3.3.Environmental_Impacts_on_Enzyme_Function” dataset_id=”Unit 3 Cumulative Multiple Choice Dataset, v2.0|1be1408a842014″ question_number=”3″] When SARS-CoV-2 infects a cell (as shown below), it uses an enzyme called RNA replicase to synthesize copies of its RNA genome. Scientists studying the antiviral drug Remdesivir are speculating that the drug works by binding with RNA replicase’s active site, preventing RNA replicase from binding with RNA.

RNA replicase is represented by letter “F” above. Based on the scientists’ speculations, Remdesivir works through

[c]IGRlbmF0dXJhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEZW5hdHVyYXRpb24gaW52b2x2ZXMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbCBpbmZsdWVuY2VzIHRoYXQgY2hhbmdlIGFuIGVuenltZSYjODIxNztzIHNoYXBlIHNvIHRoYXQgaXQgY2FuIG5vIGxvbmdlciBiaW5kIHdpdGggaXRzIHN1YnN0cmF0ZS4gV2hpbGUgUmVtZGVzaXZpciBzZWVtcyB0byBiZSBwcmV2ZW50aW5nIFJOQSByZXBsaWNhc2UgYnkgYmluZGluZyB3aXRoIGl0cyBzdWJzdHJhdGUsIGl0JiM4MjE3O3Mgbm90IHRocm91Z2ggZGVuYXR1cmF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGFsbG9zdGVyaWMgaW5oaWJpdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBhbGxvc3RlcmljIGluaGliaXRpb24sIGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgYmluZHMgd2l0aCBhbiBlbnp5bWUgaW4gYSB3YXkgdGhhdCBjaGFuZ2VzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUmIzgyMTc7cyBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZS4gSG93ZXZlciwgdGhlIGJpbmRpbmcgc2l0ZSBpcyBvbiBhbm90aGVyIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIGVuenltZSAobm90IHRoZSBhY3RpdmUgc2l0ZSkuIEZvciBleGFtcGxlLCBpbiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBiZWxvdywgJiM4MjIwO2MmIzgyMjE7IHNob3dzIGFsbG9zdGVyaWMgaW5oaWJpdGlvbi4gUmVtZGVzaXZpciYjODIxNztzIG1vZGUgb2YgYWN0aW9uIGlzIGxpa2UgJiM4MjIwO2ImIzgyMjE7IGJlbG93LiBXaGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgdGhhdCBjYWxsZWQ/

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IGNvbXBldGl0aXZl IGluaGliaXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBUaGUgc2NpZW50aXN0cyBhcmUgc3BlY3VsYXRpbmcgdGhhdCBSZW1kZXNpdmlyIGlzIGFjdGluZyBieSBjb21wZXRpdGl2ZSBpbmhpYml0aW9uLCBzaG93biBpbiAmIzgyMjA7YiYjODIyMTsgYmVsb3cu

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IGltbXVuZSBzeXN0ZW0gYWN0aXZhdGlvbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBWYWNjaW5lcyB3b3JrIGJ5IGltbXVuZSBzeXN0ZW0gYWN0aXZhdGlvbi4gSGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludDogdGhlIHNjaWVudGlzdHMgYXJlIHNwZWN1bGF0aW5nIHRoYXRSZW1kZXNpdmlyJiM4MjE3O3MgbW9kZSBvZiBhY3Rpb24gaXMgbGlrZSAmIzgyMjA7YiYjODIyMTsgYmVsb3cuIFdoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGF0IGNhbGxlZD8=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”3.Cellular Energetics” topic=”3.3.Environmental_Impacts_on_Enzyme_Function” dataset_id=”Unit 3 Cumulative Multiple Choice Dataset, v2.0|1be12b96191c14″ question_number=”4″] A team of students is testing the effect of changes in pH on the function of an enzyme. During their experiment, they plan to use a base and an acid to increase or decrease the pH of a solution, then add the enzyme and substrate to the solution and measure the amount of product formed after a set time interval.

Which of the following graphs will most likely represent their results?

[c]IDEg[Qq][c]IDIg[Qq][c]ID Mg[Qq][c]IDQ=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBNb3N0IGVuenltZXMgaGF2ZSBhIHBIIG9wdGltdW0sIGEgcEggYXQgd2hpY2ggZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IHdpbGwgYmUgaGlnaGVzdC4gQWJvdmUgYW5kIGJlbG93IHRoaXMgb3B0aW11bSwgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGRlY2xpbmVzLiBXaGljaCBncmFwaCBmaXRzIHRoYXQgZGVzY3JpcHRpb24/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHcmFwaCAyIHNob3dzIHRoZSByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXAgYmV0d2VlbiB0ZW1wZXJhdHVyZSBhbmQgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5Lg==

Cg==

SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludC4gTW9zdCBlbnp5bWVzIGhhdmUgYSBwSCBvcHRpbXVtLCBhIHBIIGF0IHdoaWNoIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIGhpZ2hlc3QuIEFib3ZlIGFuZCBiZWxvdyB0aGlzIG9wdGltdW0sIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBkZWNsaW5lcy4gV2hpY2ggZ3JhcGggZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPw==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gQXMgc2hvd24gaW4gR3JhcGggMywgbW9zdCBlbnp5bWVzIGhhdmUgYSBwSCBvcHRpbXVtLCBhIHBIIGF0IHdoaWNoIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSB3aWxsIGJlIGhpZ2hlc3QuIEFib3ZlIGFuZCBiZWxvdyB0aGlzIG9wdGltdW0sIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBkZWNsaW5lcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHcmFwaCA0IHNob3dzIHRoZSByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXAgYmV0d2VlbiBzdWJzdHJhdGUgY29uY2VudHJhdGlvbiBhbmQgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” unit=”3.Cellular Energetics” topic=”3.3.Environmental_Impacts_on_Enzyme_Function” dataset_id=”Unit 3 Cumulative Multiple Choice Dataset, v2.0|1be116a1ae1814″ question_number=”5″] Which of the graphs below best represents the relationship between substrate concentration and enzyme activity?

Which of the following graphs will most likely represent their results?

[c]IDEg[Qq][c]IDIg[Qq][c]IDMg[Qq][c]ID Q=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBGb3IgbW9zdCBlbnp5bWVzLCBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgaW5jcmVhc2VzIHdpdGggaW5jcmVhc2luZyBzdWJzdHJhdGUgY29uY2VudHJhdGlvbiB1bnRpbCB0aGVyZSYjODIxNztzIHNvIG11Y2ggc3Vic3RyYXRlIHRoYXQgYWxsIG9mIHRoZSBlbnp5bWVzIGhhdmUgdGhlaXIgYWN0aXZlIHNpdGVzIGZpbGxlZC4gQXQgdGhhdCBwb2ludCwgdGhlIHJhdGUgb2YgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGNhbiBubyBsb25nZXIgcmlzZSwgY2F1c2luZyB0aGUgY3VydmUgdG8gZmxhdHRlbiBvdXQuIFdoaWNoIGdyYXBoIGZpdHMgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbj8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHcmFwaCAyIHNob3dzIHRoZSByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXAgYmV0d2VlbiBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgYW5kIHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlLg==

Cg==

SGVyZSYjODIxNztzIGEgaGludDogRm9yIG1vc3QgZW56eW1lcywgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGluY3JlYXNlcyB3aXRoIGluY3JlYXNpbmcgc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24gdW50aWwgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBzbyBtdWNoIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSB0aGF0IGFsbCBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lcyBoYXZlIHRoZWlyIGFjdGl2ZSBzaXRlcyBmaWxsZWQuIEF0IHRoYXQgcG9pbnQsIHRoZSByYXRlIG9mIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBjYW4gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIHJpc2UsIGNhdXNpbmcgdGhlIGN1cnZlIHRvIGZsYXR0ZW4gb3V0LiBXaGljaCBncmFwaCBmaXRzIHRoYXQgZGVzY3JpcHRpb24/[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHcmFwaCAzIHNob3dzIHRoZSByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXAgYmV0d2VlbiBlbnp5bWUgYWN0aXZpdHkgYW5kIHBILg==

Cg==

[f]IEdvb2Qgd29yay4gQXMgR3JhcGggNCBzaG93cywgZm9yIG1vc3QgZW56eW1lcywgZW56eW1lIGFjdGl2aXR5IGluY3JlYXNlcyB3aXRoIGluY3JlYXNpbmcgc3Vic3RyYXRlIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24gdW50aWwgdGhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBzbyBtdWNoIHN1YnN0cmF0ZSB0aGF0IGFsbCBvZiB0aGUgZW56eW1lcyBoYXZlIHRoZWlyIGFjdGl2ZSBzaXRlcyBmaWxsZWQuIEF0IHRoYXQgcG9pbnQsIHRoZSByYXRlIG9mIGVuenltZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBjYW4gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIHJpc2UsIGNhdXNpbmcgdGhlIGN1cnZlIHRvIGZsYXR0ZW4gb3V0Lg==[Qq]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Please proceed to the next tutorial: Cell Energy, Basic Concepts