Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer

1. Watch this video

2. Study this summary

  • The Big Picture
    • The cell cycle needs to be precisely regulated.
      • Growth and repair need cells to divide at appropriate times.
      • Unregulated cell growth can lead to cancer.
  • Role of Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle:
    • Checkpoints regulate cell progression by checking internal conditions.
    • Key checkpoints: G1, G2, and M.
    • If conditions are unfavorable, or if the cell’s fate is to develop into a highly specialized, non-dividing state, the the cell enters G0
    • Damage cells can initiate (or be signaled to initiate) apoptosis (programmed cell death). Apoptosis is also a normal part of development (as cells are removed to “sculpt” structures from developing tissues).
  • Apoptosis:
    • A regulated process involving internal signals from the mitochondria and nucleus, as well as external signals from surrounding tissues.
    • Cells break down into fragments called blebs, which are consumed by immune cells to prevent damage to surrounding tissues.
  • Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs):
    • Cyclins: Proteins whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle.
    • CDKs: Enzymes present at constant levels that are activated by binding to cyclins.
    • Cyclin-CDK complexes: Examples include Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF), which regulates progression through checkpoints (e.g., MPF allows the transition from G2 to M phase).
  • Connection Between Cell Division and Cancer:
    • Cancer is caused by unregulated cell division due to genetic mutations.
    • Proto-oncogenes: Mutations increase cell division by producing excessive growth factors.
    • Tumor Suppressor Genes: Mutations fail to inhibit cell division when it is not needed.
  • Specific Mutations Linked to Cancer:
    • RAS Proto-Oncogene:
      • Normal RAS activates cell division only when growth signals are present.
      • Mutated RAS (oncogene) becomes constitutively active, promoting constant cell division without external signals (linked to ~30% of human cancers).
    • p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene:
      • Activated in response to DNA damage to either halt the cell cycle for repair or trigger apoptosis.
      • Nonfunctional p53 leads to uncontrolled division of cells with damaged DNA, increasing cancer risk.

3. Master these flashcards

[qdeck bold_text=”false” style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;”]

[h] Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer

[i]

 

[start]

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1a681dc1f0110″ question_number=”165″ topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle”] What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases?

[a] Cyclins are molecules whose concentration rises and falls throughout the cell cycle. Kinases are a class of molecules that activate other molecules, often by phosphorylating them. Cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs, are kinases that respond to rising and falling cyclin levels.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1a5dc8cd2c510″ question_number=”166″ topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle”] What can happen when the cell cycle is disrupted?

[a] Disruptions to the cell cycle can cause cells to divide when they’re not supposed to. Abnormally accelerated cell division can lead to cancer. Alternatively, if cells don’t divide correctly during embryonic development, the pattern of development might be disrupted, leading to developmental abnormalities.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1a54789d9c510″ question_number=”167″ topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle”] What is apoptosis?

[a]
Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Unlike cell death caused by traumatic injury, apoptosis is highly regulated. Cells are broken down into cytoplasmic fragments called blebs that are consumed by immune cells, preventing cellular debris and enzymes from damaging nearby cells.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|18d87f8574fbc7″ question_number=”168″] Describe the role that checkpoints play in regulating the cell cycle.

[a]
Cell cycle checkpoints are moments when the cell checks its internal conditions and decides whether to progress to the next phase of the cell cycle. If certain molecules are in the right concentration, the cell continues. If not, the cell moves into G0 or, in certain cases, initiates apoptosis. The primary checkpoints occur during G1, G2, and M.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|18d7249a8947c7″ question_number=”169″] Explain how interactions between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control the cell cycle.

[a]
CDKs are present at a constant level throughout the cell cycle. By contrast, cyclin levels rise and fall. When cyclin levels are high, cyclin binds with CDK to form a complex called MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor). MPF allows the cell to pass through the G2 checkpoint and divide. During M phase, cyclin is broken down, allowing the process to repeat in each daughter cell.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|18d5c2b379e7c7″ question_number=”170″] What are the two types of genetic mutations that are connected to cancer?

[a] Disruptions to the cell cycle that increase cell division are often connected to mutations in proto-oncogenes, which mutate to become cancer-causing oncogenes. Disruptions that remove cell division inhibitors are connected to mutations in tumor suppressor genes.

[q json=”true” unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|18606d38d0b46d” question_number=”171″] Using the diagram below, describe how a mutation in the RAS proto-oncogene can induce a noncancerous cell to become cancerous.

[a]
RAS is a G protein. As a proto-oncogene, RAS becomes active only when an outside growth-factor ligand binds to its receptor. It then binds with GTP, initiating a signaling cascade that promotes cell division. A mutation can make RAS constitutively active, leading to constant cell division without external growth signals.

[q json=”true” unit=”4.Cell_Communication,_Cell_Cycle,_Feedback” topic=”4.7.Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|185f71c3cc846d” question_number=”172″] Using the image below, explain how mutations in a tumor suppressor gene such as the p53 gene can contribute to the development of cancer.

[a]
The p53 tumor suppressor gene detects DNA damage. If damage is repairable, p53 halts the cell cycle for repairs. If not, it triggers apoptosis. Mutations in p53 make it non-functional, causing cells with damaged DNA to divide, increasing cancer risk.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Apoptosis Flashcards|e3a976a336fd3″ question_number=”1″] What is cancer? On the most general level, what’s the connection between cancer and the cell cycle?

[a] Cancer is a disease involving uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer comes about when cells acquire mutations that increase their rate of replication. Rather than moving through the cell cycle at appropriate times (usually in response to growth signals from surrounding cells) cancer cells start to divide on their own, ultimately disrupting the tissues where they grow.

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Apoptosis Flashcards|e3a45ec9343d3″ question_number=”7″] Describe the accelerator/brake pedal analogy for cancer.

[a] Normal cells have tumor suppressor genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins which can “put the brakes” on cell division (represented by A) or induce apoptosis. Cancer cells have mutations in which tumor suppressor genes have mutated so that the proteins they code for no longer function, and the cell cycle continues inappropriately. This is equivalent to the broken brake pedal at “C.”

In normal cells, proto-oncogenes promote cell division, but only in appropriate circumstances. That’s akin to a car’s accelerator moving a car forward as needed. In cancer cells, the accelerator is jammed so that it moves the car forward inappropriately. This is analogous to an oncogene, which constantly signals for the cell to divide.
[x][restart]
[/qdeck]

 

4. Tackle these quizzes

4.1 Cell Cycle Regulation

[qwiz random=”true” style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;”]

[h] Regulation of the Cell Cycle

[q] If, in the diagram below, “2” is cyclin, then which number must be cyclin-dependent kinase?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0ISBZb3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IENESyBpbiB0d28gd2F5czogMSkgYnkgdGhlIGZhY3QgdGhhdCBpdCYjODIxNztzIHByZXNlbnQgdGhyb3VnaG91dCB0aGUgZW50aXJlIGNlbGwgY3ljbGUsIGFuZCAyKSBieSB0aGUgZmFjdCB0aGF0IGl0IGNvbWJpbmVzIHdpdGggY3ljbGluIHRvIGZvcm0gTVBGLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBDeWNsaW4tZGVwZW5kZW50IGtpbmFzZSAoQ0RLKSBpcyBwcmVzZW50IGF0IGEgZmFpcmx5IGNvbnN0YW50IGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24gdGhyb3VnaG91dCB0aGUgY2VsbCBjeWNsZS7CoCBMb29rIGZvciBhIG1vbGVjdWxlIHdob3NlIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24gc2VlbXMgdG8gZml0IHRoYXQgZGVzY3JpcHRpb24u[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number represents the G2 checkpoint?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Q=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QhICYjODIyMDs0JiM4MjIxOyBpcyB0aGUgRw==Mg==IGNoZWNrcG9pbnQuwqA=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBMb29rIGZvciBzb21ldGhpbmcgaW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gdGhhdCBpbmRpY2F0ZXMgYSBibG9jayBpbiB0aGUgY2VsbCBjeWNsZSwgb2NjdXJyaW5nIGR1cmluZyBHMg==Lg==[Qq]

[q] Double checking: in the diagram below, which number represents cyclin-dependent kinase?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gWW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSBjeWNsaW4tZGVwZW5kZW50IGtpbmFzZSAoQ0RLKSBiZWNhdXNlIGl0IGlzIGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgdGhhdCBpcyBwcmVzZW50IGF0IGZhaXJseSBjb25zdGFudCBjb25jZW50cmF0aW9ucyB0aHJvdWdob3V0IHRoZSBjZWxsIGN5Y2xlICh1bmxpa2UgY3ljbGluICgmIzgyMjA7MiYjODIyMTspIHdoaWNoIHJpc2VzIGFuZCBmYWxscyB0aHJvdWdob3V0IHRoZSBjZWxsIGN5Y2xlKS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBZb3UgY2FuIGlkZW50aWZ5IGN5Y2xpbi1kZXBlbmRlbnQga2luYXNlIChDREspIGJlY2F1c2UgaXQgaXMgYSBtb2xlY3VsZSB0aGF0IGlzIHByZXNlbnQgYXQgZmFpcmx5IGNvbnN0YW50IGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb25zIHRocm91Z2hvdXQgdGhlIGNlbGwgY3ljbGUuIFdoYXQgbW9sZWN1bGUgZml0cyB0aGF0IGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPw==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number represents MPF?
[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID U=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudDogQ3ljbGluIChhdCAmIzgyMjA7MiYjODIyMTspIGFuZCBjeWNsaW4tZGVwZW5kZW50IGtpbmFzZSAoYXQgJiM4MjIwOzMmIzgyMjE7KSBjb21lIHRvZ2V0aGVyIHRvIGZvcm0gTVBGLCB3aGljaCBpcyBzaG93biBhdCA1Lg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBNUEYgaXMgZm9ybWVkIGJ5IGEgY29tYmluYXRpb24gb2YgY3ljbGluIGFuZCBjeWNsaW4tZGVwZW5kZW50IGtpbmFzZS4gV2hpY2ggaW1hZ2Ugb24gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gY291bGQgcmVwcmVzZW50IGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgYnVpbHQgb2YgdHdvIHN1YnVuaXRzPw==[Qq]

[q] If, in the diagram below, “3” is a cyclin-dependent kinase, then which number must be cyclin?
[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBjeWNsaW4u[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBDeWNsaW4gcmlzZXMgYW5kIGZhbGxzIGluIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24gZHVyaW5nIHRoZSBjZWxsIGN5Y2xlLsKgIExvb2sgZm9yIGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgd2hvc2UgY29uY2VudHJhdGlvbiBzZWVtcyB0byBmaXQgdGhhdCBkZXNjcmlwdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] During M phase, cyclin disintegrates, changing MPF back to cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Which number shows MPF changing back into CDK as cyclin disintegrates?
[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]ID Y=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUuIE51bWJlciAmIzgyMjA7NiYjODIyMTsgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGN5Y2xpbiBwb3J0aW9uIG9mIE1QRiBkaXNpbnRlZ3JhdGluZywgY2hhbmdpbmcgTVBGIGJhY2sgaW50byBDREsu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBNUEYgaXMgY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgdHdvIHN1YnVuaXRzLiBPbmUgaXMgY3ljbGluIChhdCAmIzgyMjA7MiYjODIyMTspLiBXaGljaCBudW1iZXIgc2hvd3MgYSBtb2xlY3VsZSBtYWtlIG9mIHR3byBzdWJ1bml0cywgb25lIG9mIHdoaWNoIGlzIGZhbGxpbmcgYXBhcnQ/[Qq]

[q] Molecule 3 can be referred to by which 3-letter acronym?

[hangman]

[c]IENESw==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] Molecule 2 is
[hangman]

[c]IGN5Y2xpbg==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] Molecule 5 can be referred to by the 3 letter acronym
[hangman]

[c]IE1QRg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q] Molecule 3 is known as cyclin-dependent [hangman].

[c]IGtpbmFzZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q] What molecule is disintegrating in number 6?
[hangman]

[c]IGN5Y2xpbg==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] A dramatic rise in MPF seems to be the trigger for initiation of …

[c]IEc=McKgIA==[Qq][c]IFMg[Qq][c]IEc=MsKgIA==[Qq][c]IE 0=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBKdXN0IGZpbmQgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIE1QRiBpcyBhdCBpdHMgaGlnaGVzdCBsZXZlbC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBKdXN0IGZpbmQgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIE1QRiBpcyBhdCBpdHMgaGlnaGVzdCBsZXZlbC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBKdXN0IGZpbmQgdGhlIHBoYXNlIHdoZXJlIE1QRiBpcyBhdCBpdHMgaGlnaGVzdCBsZXZlbC4=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIFlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIHRoYXQgTVBGIGFjdGl2aXR5IGRyYW1hdGljYWxseSByaXNlcyBhdCB0aGUgc3RhcnQgb2YgTSBwaGFzZSAoYW5kIHRoYXQgaXQmIzgyMTc7cyBhdCB6ZXJvIGR1cmluZyB0aGUgb3RoZXIgcGhhc2VzIG9mIHRoZSBjZWxsIGN5Y2xlLg==[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Which of the statements below seems to make the most sense?

[c]IEEgcmlzZSBpbiBNUEYgYWN0aXZpdHkgdHJpZ2dlcnMgYSByaXNlIGluIGxldmVscyBvZiBtaXRvdGljIGN5Y2xpbg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGVuIE1QRiBsZXZlbHMgcGVhaywgdGhlIGxldmVsIG9mIG1pdG90aWMgY3ljbGluIGZhbGxzIHRvIGl0cyBsb3dlc3QgbGV2ZWwu[Qq]

[c]IEEgcmlzZSBpbiBtaXRvdGljIGN5Y2xpbiB0cmln Z2VycyBhIHJpc2UgaW4gTVBGIGFjdGl2aXR5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGhpZ2hlc3QgbGV2ZWxzIG9mIGN5Y2xpbiBhcmUgYXNzb2NpYXRlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzcGlrZSBpbiBNUEYgYWN0aXZpdHkgdGhhdCBvY2N1cnMgZHVyaW5nIE0gcGhhc2Uu[Qq]

[c]IEEgZHJvcCBpbiBtaXRvdGljIGN5Y2xpbiB0cmlnZ2VycyBhIHJpc2UgaW4gTVBGIGFjdGl2aXR5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGF0IHRoZSBkaWFncmFtLiBXaGVuIG1pdG90aWMgY3ljbGluIGRyb3BzLCBNUEYgYWN0aXZpdHkgZmFsbHMgdG8gemVyby4=[Qq]

[q] A new daughter cell will have very low levels of [hangman]. As the cell moves through G1, S, and G2, the concentration of this molecule will rise. At a certain point, this causes a spike in the activity of [hangman], which enables the cell to enter M phase.

[c]IGN5Y2xpbg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IE1QRg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] After M phase [hangman] disintegrates. As a result, the activity of [hangman] falls, which leads the cell cycle to start again.

[c]IGN5Y2xpbg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IE1QRg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[x]

If you’re satisfied with your score, read below to complete this tutorial.

[restart]

[/qwiz]

 

4. Checking Understanding: Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

[qwiz]

[h] Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

[i]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c8c002febd3″ question_number=”1″] A normally functioning gene that promotes cell division is a [hangman]-[hangman].

[c]IHByb3Rv[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IG9uY29nZW5l[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c82b0005bd3″ question_number=”2″] A mutated version of a cell-division-promoting gene that produces a product that leads to accelerated cell division is called a(n) [hangman].

[c]IG9uY29nZW5l[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c770bc4e7d3″ question_number=”3″] In the diagram below, which letter represents a mutated tumor suppressor gene?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE M=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgJiM4MjIwO0MmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgYSBicm9rZW4gYnJha2UgcGVkYWwsIHdoaWNoIHdvdWxkIGNvcnJlc3BvbmQgdG8gYSBtdXRhdGVkIHR1bW9yIHN1cHByZXNzb3IgZ2VuZSwgbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGFibGUgdG8gcGF1c2Ugb3Igc3RvcCBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiBhIGNlbGwgd2VyZSBsaWtlIGEgY2FyLCBhIG11dGF0ZWQgdHVtb3Igc3VwcHJlc3NvciBnZW5lIHdvdWxkIGJlIGxpa2UgYSBjYXIgdGhhdCBjb3VsZG4mIzgyMTc7dCBzdG9wIGl0c2VsZiBiZWNhdXNlIGl0cyBicmFrZXMgd2VyZSBkYW1hZ2VkLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c6b678973d3″ question_number=”4″] In the diagram below, which letter represents a proto-oncogene?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE I=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UhICYjODIyMDtCJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgZnVuY3Rpb25pbmcgYWNjZWxlcmF0b3IsIHdoaWNoIGNvcnJlc3BvbmRzIHRvIGEgcHJvdG8tb25jb2dlbmU6IGEgZ2VuZSB0aGF0IG1ha2VzIGEgcHJvZHVjdCB0aGF0IHByb21vdGVzIGNlbGwgZGl2aXNpb24u[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiBhIGNlbGwgd2VyZSBsaWtlIGEgY2FyLCBhIHByb3RvLW9uY29nZW5lIHdvdWxkIGFwcHJvcHJpYXRlbHkgbW92ZSB0aGUgY2FyIGZvcndhcmQgdGhyb3VnaCB0aGUgY2VsbCBjeWNsZS4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c621759e3d3″ question_number=”5″] In the diagram below, which letter represents an oncogene?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE Q=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUhICYjODIyMDtEJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIGFuIGFjY2VsZXJhdG9yIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiZWVuIGZvcmNlZCBkb3duLCB3aGljaCBjb3JyZXNwb25kcyB0byBhbiBvbmNvZ2VuZTogYSBnZW5lIHRoYXQgcHJvbW90ZXMgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbiBldmVuIHdoZW4gdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIG5vdCBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhlIGJvZHkgbmVlZHMu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBJZiBhIGNlbGwgd2VyZSBsaWtlIGEgY2FyLCBhbiBvbmNvZ2VuZSB3b3VsZCBwcm9tb3RlIGFjY2VsZXJhdGlvbiwgZXZlbiBpZiB0aGF0IHdvdWxkIHdyZWNrIHRoZSBjYXIu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c56731e6fd3″ question_number=”6″]A gene that codes for a protein that plays a role in a cell cycle checkpoint would most likely be a [hangman] [hangman] gene.

[c]dHVtb3I=[Qq]

[c]c3VwcHJlc3Nvcg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes|e3c3132602fd3″ question_number=”7″]A gene that codes for a [hangman] that encourages the cell to progress through the cell cycle (such as cyclin or a cyclin-dependent kinase) would be classified as a [hangman]-[hangman] gene.

[c]cHJvdGVpbg==[Qq]

[c]cHJvdG8=[Qq]

[c]b25jb2dlbmU=[Qq]

[/qwiz]

 

4.3. Cancer and Apoptosis

[qwiz]

[h]Cancer and Apotosis

[i]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3c19e9e947d3″ question_number=”1″] In the diagram below, which letter represents a ligand that’s inducing the production of molecules that lead to cell division?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE E=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUhICYjODIyMDtBJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgbGlnYW5kIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggYSByZWNlcHRvciwgYWN0aXZhdGluZyBSQVMsIGxlYWRpbmcgdG8gdGhlIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgYSBtb2xlY3VsZSB0aGF0IHdpbGwgc3RpbXVsYXRlIHRoZSBjZWxsIGN5Y2xlLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBBIGxpZ2FuZCBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIGEgcmVjZXB0b3Iu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3c1099b9b7d3″ question_number=”2″]In the diagram below, which letter represents a phosphorylation cascade that leads to cell division?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE U=[Qq]

[f]IEF3ZXNvbWUhICYjODIyMDtFJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgcGhvc3Bob3J5bGF0aW9uIGNhc2NhZGUu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBGaW5kIGEgc2VyaWVzIG9mIGNoZW1pY2FsIHNpZ25hbHMgdGhhdCBsZWFkcyBhIG1lc3NhZ2UgdG8gZW50ZXIgdGhlIG51Y2xldXMu[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3c07498a27d3″ question_number=”3″]The diagram below shows how a [hangman] RAS, coded for by an [hangman] is producing a signal for the cell to [hangman], even in the absence of a growth signal (at J)

[c]bXV0YXRlZA==[Qq]

[c]b25jb2dlbmU=[Qq]

[c]ZGl2aWRl[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3bfba54eb3d3″ question_number=”4″]In the diagram below, a transcription factor is indicated by the letter

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE c=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UhICYjODIyMDtHJiM4MjIxOyByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBmYWN0b3Iu[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBGaW5kIGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGludGVyYWN0aW5nIHdpdGggRE5BLCBsZWFkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSBwcm9kdWN0aW9uIG9mIGEgcHJvdGVpbiAoc3VjaCBhcyB0aGUgb25lIGF0ICYjODIyMDtMLiYjODIyMTspLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3be6b0e3afd3″ question_number=”6″]In the diagram below, which letter would represent the p53 protein?

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IE M=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qgd29yayEgJiM4MjIwO0MmIzgyMjE7IHJlcHJlc2VudHMgcDUzLg==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBGaW5kIGEgbW9sZWN1bGUgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIHByb2R1Y2VkIGluIHJlc3BvbnNlIHRvIEROQSBkYW1hZ2UsIGFuZCB3aGljaCBoYXMgYSB2YXJpZXR5IG9mIGVmZmVjdHMgdGhhdCBwcm90ZWN0IHRoZSBjZWxsIGZyb20gY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3bdb0ca83bd3″ question_number=”7″]The diagram below shows how a(n) [hangman] in the gene for the p53 protein creates a non-functioning [hangman] [hangman] that allows the cell to divide even when there’s been DNA damage.

[c]bXV0YXRpb24=[Qq]

[c]dHVtb3I=[Qq]

[c]c3VwcHJlc3Nvcg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3bc86c491bd3″ question_number=”8″]A mutated p53 gene would best be represented by which letter below?

[c]QQ==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQuIHA1MyBpcyBhIHR1bW9yIHN1cHByZXNzb3IgZ2VuZS4gaXQgaW5oaWJpdHMgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbi4gSW4gYSBjYXIsIHdoYXQgY291bGQgYWxsb3cgYSBjYXIgdG8gbW92ZSBmb3J3YXJkLCBldmVuIHdoZW4gaXQgc2hvdWxkbiYjODIxNzt0Pw==[Qq]

[c]Qg==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQuIHA1MyBpcyBhIHR1bW9yIHN1cHByZXNzb3IgZ2VuZS4gaXQgaW5oaWJpdHMgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbi4gSW4gYSBjYXIsIHdoYXQgY291bGQgYWxsb3cgYSBjYXIgdG8gbW92ZSBmb3J3YXJkLCBldmVuIHdoZW4gaXQgc2hvdWxkbiYjODIxNzt0Pw==[Qq]

[c]Qw ==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiBwNTMgaXMgYSB0dW1vciBzdXBwcmVzc29yIGdlbmUuIGl0IGluaGliaXRzIGNlbGwgZGl2aXNpb24u[Qq]

[c]RA==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQuIHA1MyBpcyBhIHR1bW9yIHN1cHByZXNzb3IgZ2VuZS4gaXQgaW5oaWJpdHMgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbi4gSW4gYSBjYXIsIHdoYXQgY291bGQgYWxsb3cgYSBjYXIgdG8gbW92ZSBmb3J3YXJkLCBldmVuIHdoZW4gaXQgc2hvdWxkbiYjODIxNzt0Pw==[Qq]

[q json=”true” multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”Cancer and Signal Transduction|e3bbcc80da7d3″ question_number=”9″]A normally functioning  RAS gene would best be represented by which letter below?

[c]QQ==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQuIFJBUyBpcyBhIHByb3RvLW9uY29nZW5lLCB3aGljaCBwcm9tb3RlcyBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uLiBJbiBhIGNhciwgaG93IGRvZXMgYSBkcml2ZXIgZ2V0IHRoZSBjYXIgdG8gbW92ZSBmb3J3YXJkPw==[Qq]

[c]Qg ==[Qq]

[f]RXhjZWxsZW50LiBSYXMgaXMgYSBwcm90by1vbmNvZ2VuZSwgYmVzdCByZXByZXNlbnRlZCBieSBhIGZ1bmN0aW9uaW5nIGdhcyBwZWRhbC4=[Qq]

[c]Qw==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQuIFJBUyBpcyBhIHByb3RvLW9uY29nZW5lLCB3aGljaCBwcm9tb3RlcyBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uLiBJbiBhIGNhciwgaG93IGRvZXMgYSBkcml2ZXIgZ2V0IHRoZSBjYXIgdG8gbW92ZSBmb3J3YXJkPw==[Qq]

[c]RA==[Qq]

[f]Tm8uIEhlcmUmIzgyMTc7cyBhIGhpbnQuIFJBUyBpcyBhIHByb3RvLW9uY29nZW5lLCB3aGljaCBwcm9tb3RlcyBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uLiBJbiBhIGNhciwgaG93IGRvZXMgYSBkcml2ZXIgZ2V0IHRoZSBjYXIgdG8gbW92ZSBmb3J3YXJkPw==[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Apoptosis|e3b4f59decbd3″ question_number=”1″]The image below is showing the importance of [hangman] in development.

[c]YXBvcHRvc2lz[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Apoptosis|e3b43b5a357d3″ question_number=”2″] In the diagram below, blebbing is shown at

[textentry single_char=”true”]

[c]IG M=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugd29yay4gQXMgdGhlIGNlbGwmIzgyMTc7cyBjeXRvc2tlbGV0b24gZGlzaW50ZWdyYXRlcywgbWVtYnJhbmUgcHJvdHJ1c2lvbnMgY2FsbGVkICYjODIyMDtibGVicyYjODIyMTsgZm9ybS4=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50LiAmIzgyMjA7QmxlYnMmIzgyMjE7IGFyZSBwcm90cnVzaW9ucyBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgZm9ybWVkIGFzIHRoZSBjeXRvc2tlbGV0b24gZGlzaW50ZWdyYXRlcy4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” dataset_id=”Apoptosis|e3b3a6573c7d3″ question_number=”3″]The cell below is undergoing [hangman]

[c]YXBvcHRvc2lz[Qq]

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]

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