1. Watch this video
2. Study this summary
Genetic Code Overview
- It’s the code used by living organisms to translate nucleotide sequences (RNA) into amino acid sequences (proteins).
- Groups of three RNA nucleotides form codons, each coding for one amino acid.
- The code is:
- Nearly Universal: Almost all organisms use the same genetic code.
- Specific: Each codon codes for one specific amino acid.
- Redundant: Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid (e.g., GGU and GGUU both code for valine).
How to Read the Genetic Code
- Use a genetic code chart (circular or tabular format).
- Match the first, second, and third bases of a codon to determine the amino acid it codes for.
- Example: AUG codes for methionine (met); GUC codes for valine (val).
- Example: AUG codes for methionine (met); GUC codes for valine (val).
Translation Overview
- Translation converts an mRNA sequence into a polypeptide (protein).
- Involves three key players:
- mRNA: Contains codons specifying the order of amino acids.
- tRNA: Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA has:
- An anticodon that pairs with the mRNA codon.
- An amino acid binding site that carries a specific amino acid.
- Ribosome: Synthesizes the polypeptide by forming peptide bonds between amino acids.
Key Steps in Translation
- Initiation:
- Processed mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to the small ribosomal subunit.
- The ribosome identifies the start codon (AUG), where translation begins.
- A tRNA with the anticodon UAC (complementary to AUG) brings methionine to the ribosome.
- The large ribosomal subunit binds, completing the ribosome.
- Elongation:
- A new tRNA enters the ribosome’s A site with the next amino acid.
- The ribosome catalyzes a peptide bond between the amino acid in the P site and the new amino acid in the A site.
- The ribosome shifts (translocates), moving the tRNA to the E site, where it exits.
- This process repeats, adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
- Termination:
- The ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA.
- Stop codons do not have a corresponding tRNA; instead, they recruit a release factor.
- The release factor induces the ribosome to dissociate and release the polypeptide.
- The polypeptide folds into a functional protein.
Key Features of the Ribosome
- Composed of a large subunit and a small subunit.
- Has three tRNA binding sites:
- A site: Accepts new tRNA with an amino acid.
- P site: Holds the growing polypeptide.
- E site: Where tRNA exits after giving up its amino acid.
Summary of Translation
- Translation follows the instructions in mRNA to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a polypeptide.
- The process is highly efficient and precise, converting genetic information into functional proteins.
3. Master these flashcards
[qdeck style=”min-height: 450px width: 650px !important;” bold_text=”false” ]
[h]Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
[i]
[q]Describe the function and structure of the ribosome?
[a]Ribosomes are protein factories capable of reading mRNA instructions and, with the help of tRNAs, assembling any protein the cell needs to make.
Ribosomes are composed of both RNA and protein. They have a small subunit and a large subunit. They also have three tRNA binding sites (which are discussed in another card).
[q junit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] Describe the function of mRNA. Include the concept of a “codon” in your response.
[a]mRNA (messenger RNA) brings instructions from DNA to ribosomes, which translate mRNA into protein. mRNA’s information is encoded in 3 base sequences called codons, each of which codes for an amino acid, a start codon, or a stop codon.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] Describe the function of tRNA, and describe a tRNA’s key parts.
[a]tRNAs (transfer RNAs) bring specific amino acids to ribosomes, allowing the ribosomes to bind amino acids together into polypeptides, following the sequence laid down by mRNA. tRNAs have a region called an anticodon: three RNA nucleotides that complement (and bind with) complementary codons on mRNA (which is the basis of the information transfer between RNA and protein). Another key region is the amino acid binding site, to which a specific amino acid gets attached.
[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|18fecacca9510″ question_number=”215″ topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] Describe the function of rRNA
[a]rRNA (ribosomal RNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosome. The catalytic part of ribosomes that binds amino acids together during protein synthesis is made of rRNA.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.3.Transcription_and_RNA_Processing”] Explain the overall flow of genetic information of cells.
[a] The basic flow of information in cells is captured in the central dogma of molecular genetics: DNA makes RNA makes protein. More specifically, information flows from a sequence of DNA triplets (3 bases in DNA) to mRNA codons to amino acids.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] What is the first phase of translation called? Describe how the process begins.
[a] Translation begins with initiation. The small subunit of the ribosome binds with mRNA, and then slides along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon, AUG. The small subunit pauses, waiting until a tRNA with a matching anticodon and carrying the amino acid methionine binds with the start codon. This sets the stage for the large subunit to bind with the small subunit, ending the initiation phase.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] A ribosome has 3 binding sites. What are they, and what do they do?
[a] The ribosome has 3 binding sites, E, P, and A. The “A” site is where the new tRNA, carrying a new amino acid, binds with the mRNA being read by a ribosome. The “P” site is where the tRNA that’s attached to the growing polypeptide binds with the mRNA. The “E” site is where the tRNA that’s about to leave the ribosome is bound to mRNA.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] Describe the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
[a] During elongation, the ribosome waits until a tRNA with an anticodon that complements the A site codon binds, bringing in a new amino acid. Once that amino acid is in place, the ribosome catalyzes a peptide bond between the P site and A site amino acids. Next, the ribosome translocates, moving over by one codon. The tRNA in the E site breaks away, leaving its amino acid behind. This leaves a tRNA in the P site, and the A site empty. Another tRNA with an anticodon matching the next codon binds at the A site, and elongation continues, codon after codon.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] Describe the termination phase of protein synthesis.
[a] During termination, the ribosome reaches a stop codon. The stop codon has no corresponding amino acid. Instead of another tRNA, a protein called a release factor enters the A site. This causes the polypeptide to dissociate from the last tRNA. The ribosome itself dissociates, breaking into its large and small subunits. Depending on the cell’s needs, the mRNA might be broken down, or it might be translated again.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] The genetic code is said to be universal, specific, and redundant. Explain what the genetic code is, and why it has these properties.
[a] The genetic code specifies which three-letter codon sequence in mRNA is translated into which amino acid. It’s universal in that it’s used by all organisms in all three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya). The code is nearly identical throughout nature (though there are a few differences where, for example, a stop codon in one group of organisms is translated into a specific amino acid in others). It’s specific in that each codon codes for only one amino acid. It’s redundant in that there are synonyms, with multiple codons coding for the same amino acid.
[q unit=”6.Gene_Expression_and_Regulation” topic=”6.4.Translation”] What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
[a] The central dogma is the idea that genetic information in living organisms flows from DNA to RNA to Protein. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein.
[q]Identify 1 through 7in the diagram below.
[a]
1. ribosome; 2. mRNA; 3. anticodon; 4. amino acid; 5. tRNA; 6. peptide bond; 7. polypeptide
[q] Where are two locations within a eukaryotic cell where ribosomes can be found?
Importance for the AP exam: High
[a] Free ribosomes (3) float freely in the cytoplasm (5). Bound ribosomes (4) are connected to the membrane of the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum).
[q]What is a codon, and how does it relate to the genetic code?
[a]A codon is a sequence of three RNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid, a start signal, or a stop signal. Codons are the building blocks of the genetic code, which translates nucleotide sequences into proteins.
[q]Why is the genetic code called redundant?
[a]The genetic code is redundant because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. For example, GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG all code for valine.
[q]What happens during translocation in elongation?
[a]During translocation, the ribosome moves one codon forward on the mRNA. This shifts the tRNA with the growing polypeptide from the A site to the P site, while the empty tRNA exits from the E site.
[q]How does the release factor function during termination?
[a]The release factor binds to the stop codon in the ribosome’s A site, causing the ribosome to release the polypeptide and dissociate into its subunits, ending translation.
[q]How do start codons and stop codons differ in function?
[a]The **start codon (AUG)** signals the beginning of translation and codes for methionine. **Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)** do not code for amino acids but signal the end of translation.
[q]Why is the ribosome called a “universal protein factory”?
[a]The ribosome can take any mRNA and translate it into a specific sequence of amino acids, following the instructions encoded in the mRNA. This versatility makes it universal across all forms of life.
[q]What is the significance of ribosome binding sites (E, P, A) in translation?
[a]- **A site**: Accepts incoming tRNA with its amino acid. – **P site**: Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide. – **E site**: Allows the tRNA that has transferred its amino acid to exit the ribosome.
[x][restart]
[/qdeck]
4. Tackle these quizzes
4.1. Genetic Code Practice Problems 1: mRNA to Protein
Translate the following mRNA sequences into an amino acid sequence. Dictionaries have been provided for each problem. To give you practice with each, some problems use a circular dictionary, and others use a tabular dictionary. Feel free to print out a copy of the genetic code dictionary
[qwiz ]
[h]Genetic Code Practice Problems: mRNA to Protein
[q labels = “top”]
| amino acids | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ |
| mRNA codons | UAC | UGC | AGU | CCC | GUG | UGA |
[l]Ala
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Arg
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Asn
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Asp
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Cys
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Gln
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Glu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Gly
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]His
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Ile
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Leu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Lys
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Met
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Phe
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Pro
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Ser
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Thr
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Trp
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Tyr
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Val
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]STOP
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[q labels= “top”]
| amino acids | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ |
| mRNA codons | GAG | CAU | AUA | CUG | UUU | AGA | UUC |
[l]Ala
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Arg
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Asn
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Asp
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Cys
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Gln
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Glu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Gly
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]His
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Ile
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Leu
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Lys
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Met
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Phe
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Pro
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Ser
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Thr
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Trp
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Tyr
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Val
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]STOP
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
4.2. Genetic Code Practice Problems Set 2: DNA to Protein
In the problems above, you translated sequences of mRNA into the sequences of amino acids that make up a protein.
To demonstrate that you understand molecular biology’s central dogma (DNA makes RNA makes protein), you’ll want to be able to start with sequences of DNA, transcribe them into RNA, and then use a genetic code dictionary to translate the mRNA into protein. In what follows, I’ll mark DNA, RNA, and protein with colors to clarify what’s what.
Let’s use this DNA sequence: CCGGCTAGCGTCTGA as an example.
The first step is to transcribe the DNA into RNA. Remember that T(thymine) in DNA is replaced by U (Uracil) in RNA. That means that during transcription, A in DNA generates a U in RNA, as shown below. For exercises transcribing DNA into RNA, click here.
| mRNA codons | GGC | CGA | UCG | CAG | ACU |
| DNA (triplets) | CCG | GCT | AGC | GTC | TGA |
Next, use the genetic code dictionary to translate the mRNA into an amino acid sequence.
| Amino acids | Gly | Arg | Ser | Glu | Thr |
| mRNA codons | GGC | CGA | UCG | CAG | ACU |
| DNA (triplets) | CCG | GCT | AGC | GTC | TGA |
Ready? Try a few practice problems to see if you’ve got it. I’ve left an empty row in the table to prompt you to remember to transcribe the DNA to RNA before translating. A good technique would be to write down the mRNA codons on scrap paper, and then translate them into amino acids.
[qwiz]
[h]Genetic Code Practice 2: DNA to Protein
[q labels = “top”] Remember to transcribe before translating!
| amino acids | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ |
| mRNA codons | |||||
| DNA | GTA | CTC | TTA | ACC | ACT |
[l]Ala
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Arg
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Asn
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Asp
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Cys
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Gln
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Glu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Gly
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]His
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Ile
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Leu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Lys
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Met
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Phe
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Pro
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Ser
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Thr
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Trp
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Tyr
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Val
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]STOP
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[q labels = “top”]
| amino acids | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ | _____ |
| mRNA codons | |||||
| DNA | CCA | AAG | AAC | TCA | AGT |
[l]Ala
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Arg
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Asn
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Asp
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Cys
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Gln
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]Glu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Gly
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]His
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Ile
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Leu
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Lys
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Met
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Phe
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Pro
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Ser
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Thr
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[l]Trp
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]Tyr
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]Val
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Great!
[l]STOP
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[/qwiz]
4.3. Protein Synthesis Interactive Diagrams
[qwiz style=”min-height: 450px !important; width: 650px !important;”]
[h] Protein Synthesis Interactive Diagrams]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” labels = “top” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14f1c826d059c9″ question_number=”1″]
[l]amino acid
[f*] Great!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]anticodon
[f*] Great!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]mRNA
[f*] Good!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]large ribosomal subunit
[f*] Great!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]small ribosomal subunit
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]polypeptide
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]tRNA
[f*] Good!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” labels = “top” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14f01bbe4479c9″ question_number=”3″]
[l]amino acid
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]anti-codon
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]mRNA
[f*] Great!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]nucleus
[f*] Great!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]protein
[f*] Excellent!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[l]ribosome
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[l]tRNA
[f*] Correct!
[fx] No. Please try again.
[q labels = “top”]
[l]amino acid
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]anticodon
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]mRNA
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]peptide bond
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]polypeptide
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Excellent!
[l]ribosome
[fx] No. Please try again.
[f*] Good!
[l]tRNA
[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.
[f*] Correct!
[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
4.4. Protein Synthesis/Translation Quiz
[qwiz style=”min-height: 450px !important; width: 650px !important;” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Protein Synthesis/Translation Quiz (v2.0)”][h]Protein Synthesis/Translation Quiz]
[i]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14efa753f1f1c9″ question_number=”4″]Translation occurs at a cell part called a [hangman]. During translation, a message in the form of [hangman] is translated into a sequence of [hangman] acids.
[c]cmlib3NvbWU=[Qq]
[c]bVJOQQ==[Qq]
[c]YW1pbm8=[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14ee51111e05c9″ question_number=”7″]In the diagram below, 1 represents a(n) [hangman] [hangman]. 2 is a(n) [hangman]. The entire structure is a(n) [hangman].
[c]YW1pbm8=[Qq]
[c]IGFjaWQ=[Qq]
[c]YW50aWNvZG9u[Qq]
[c]dFJOQQ==[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14ede5f6fb0dc9″ question_number=”8″]In molecular genetics, “translation” is synonymous with [hangman][hangman]. During translation, three mRNA nucleotides, a unit called a [hangman], are translated into one amino acid.
[c]cHJvdGVpbg==[Qq]
[c]c3ludGhlc2lz[Qq]
[c]Y29kb24=[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14eac05ee8e5c9″ question_number=”15″]In the diagram below, the arrow represents a [hangman] bond connecting two [hangman] [hangman]
[c]cGVwdGlkZQ==[Qq]
[c]YW1pbm8=[Qq]
[c]YWNpZHM=[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14e978145c51c9″ question_number=”18″]The idea that DNA makes RNA makes protein is known as the [hangman] [hangman] of molecular genetics.
[c]Y2VudHJhbA==[Qq]
[c]ZG9nbWE=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14e5f55a6e89c9″ question_number=”26″]In mRNA, [hangman] RNA nucleotides code for one amino acid (spell out a number).
[c]dGhyZWU=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14e4a16ba681c9″ question_number=”29″]If a protein was made of 20 amino acids, how many RNA nucleotides would need to code for it? (type out the number)
[hangman]
[c]c2l4dHk=
Cg==Cg==[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14e3c1e73101c9″ question_number=”31″]The structure below is a [hangman]. When it folds up into a specific, functional, 3-dimensional shape, it’s best referred to as a [hangman].
[c]cG9seXBlcHRpZGU=[Qq]
[c]cHJvdGVpbg==[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14e18523c3e9c9″ question_number=”36″]After the small subunit of the ribosome reaches the start codon AUG, what happens next?
[c]QSB0Uk5BIHdpdGjCoGFudGljb2RvbiBBVUcgZm9ybXMgYSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kwqB3aXRoIHRoZSBzdGFydCBjb2RvbiBBVUc=[Qq]
[c]QSB0Uk5BIHdpdGggYW50aWNvZG9uIFVBQyBmb3JtcyBhIGh5ZH JvZ2VuIGJvbmTCoHdpdGggdGhlIHN0YXJ0IGNvZG9uIEFVRw==[Qq]
[c]QcKgdFJOQSB3aXRoIGFudGljb2RvbiBVQUMgZm9ybXMgYSBwZXB0aWRlIGJvbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3RhcnQgY29kb24gQVVHLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBGb3IgdGhlIHRSTkEgdG8gYmluZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzdGFydCBjb2RvbiBBVUcsIGl0IG5lZWRzIHRvIGhhdmUgYW4gYW50aWNvZG9uIHRoYXQmIzgyMTc7cyBjb21wbGVtZW50YXJ5IHRvIEFVRywgbm90IGlkZW50aWNhbCB0byBpdC4gV2hhdCYjODIxNztzIG5lZWRlZCBpcyBzaG93biBiZWxvdy4=
Cg==[Qq]
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Cg==[Qq]
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Cg==[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14dfb1266de5c9″ question_number=”40″]After the small subunit of the ribosome binds with the leading edge of the mRNA, what happens next?
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Cg==[Qq]
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Cg==And that won’t happen until the small subunit reaches the start codon, AUG.
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSBtYWluIHByb2JsZW0gd2l0aCB0aGlzIHJlc3BvbnNlIGlzIHRoYXQgcGVwdGlkZSBib25kc8Kgb25seSBmb3JtIGJldHdlZW4gYWRqYWNlbnQgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgaW4gYSBwb2x5cGVwdGlkZS4gVGhlIG5leHQgc3RlcCBpcyBmb3IgdGhlIHNtYWxsIHN1YnVuaXQgb2YgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIHRvIHNsaWRlIGFsb25nIHRvIGEgc3BlY2lmaWMgcGxhY2Ugb24gdGhlIG1STkEgdGhhdCBzdGFydHMgdGhlIHByb2JsZW0u[Qq]
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Cg==Cg==[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14df2573a475c9″ question_number=”41″]The proteins produced by a cell are specified by the
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[c]bnVjbGVvdGlkZSBzZXF1ZW5jZS BpbiBhIEROQSBtb2xlY3VsZS4=[Qq]
[c]bnVtYmVyIG9mIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpYSBpbiB0aGUgY2VsbC4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSBzdWdhciBhbmQgcGhvc3BoYXRlIGluIEROQSBwbGF5IGEgc3RydWN0dXJhbCByb2xlLiBUaGluayBvZiBob3cgcHJvdGVpbnMgYXJlIGNvZGVkIGZvciwgYW5kIHlvdeKAmWxsIGhhdmUgeW91ciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSByaWJvc29tZXMgd2lsbCB0cmFuc2xhdGUgYW55IG1STkEgaW5zdHJ1Y3Rpb25zIHRoYXQgY29tZSBhdCB0aGVtLiBUaGluayBvZiBob3cgcHJvdGVpbnMgYXJlIGNvZGVkIGZvciwgYW5kIHlvdeKAmWxsIGhhdmUgeW91ciBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBBcyB0aGUgY2VudHJhbCBkb2dtYSBvZiBtb2xlY3VsYXIgZ2VuZXRpY3Mgc3RhdGVzLCBETkEgbWFrZXMgUk5BIG1ha2VzIHByb3RlaW4uIFRoZSBETkEgc2VxdWVuY2UgdWx0aW1hdGVseSBkZXRlcm1pbmVzIHRoZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHNlcXVlbmNlIHRoYXQgbWFrZXMgdXAgYSBzcGVjaWZpYyBwcm90ZWlu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFByb3RlaW4gcHJvZHVjdGlvbiBpcyBub3QgY29ubmVjdGVkIHRvIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpYSAob3RoZXIgdGhhbiBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWEgcHJvdmlkZSB0aGUgZW5lcmd5IGZvciB0aGUgcHJvY2VzcyBieSBwcm9kdWNpbmcgQVRQKS4gVGhpbmsgb2YgaG93IHByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBjb2RlZCBmb3IsIGFuZCB5b3XigJlsbCBoYXZlIHlvdXIgYW5zd2VyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14de92c4b759c9″ question_number=”42″]The function of tRNA molecules is to
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[c]dHJhbnNwb3J0IGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIEROQSBpbiB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cy4=[Qq]
[c]c3ludGhlc2l6ZSBtb3JlIHRyYW5zZmVyIFJOQSBtb2xlY3VsZXMu[Qq]
[c]cHJvdmlkZSBhIHRlbXBsYXRlIGZvciB0aGUgc3ludGhlc2lzIG9mIG1STkEu[Qq]
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[f]Tm8uIHRSTkFzIGFyZSBpbnZvbHZlZCBpbiBwcm90ZWluIHN5bnRoZXNpcy4gV2hlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCBoYXBwZW5pbmc/[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFN5bnRoZXNpcyBvZiB0Uk5BIGhhcHBlbnMgZHVyaW5nIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24sIGFuZCBpdOKAmXMgY2FycmllZCBvdXQgYnkgUk5BIHBvbHltZXJhc2UgKGFsb25nIHdpdGggYSB0ZWFtIG9mIG90aGVyIGVuenltZXMgYW5kIHByb3RlaW5zKS4gdFJOQXMgYXJlIGludm9sdmVkIGluIHByb3RlaW4gc3ludGhlc2lzLiBXaGVyZSBpcyB0aGF0IGhhcHBlbmluZz8=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEROQSBwcm92aWRlcyB0aGUgdGVtcGxhdGUgZm9yIHRoZSBzeW50aGVzaXMgb2YgbVJOQS4gdFJOQXMgYXJlIGludm9sdmVkIGluIHByb3RlaW4gc3ludGhlc2lzLiBXaGVyZSBpcyB0aGF0IGhhcHBlbmluZz8=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14dda79c0665c9″ question_number=”44″]What’s the first thing that happens during the initiation of protein synthesis?
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[c]VGhlIHNtYWxsIHN1YnVuaXQgb2YgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIGJpbm RzIHdpdGggdGhlIG1STkEmIzgyMTc7cyBsZWFkaW5nIGVkZ2Uu[Qq]
[c]VGhlIGxhcmdlIHN1YnVuaXQgb2YgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIGZpbmRzIHRoZSBzdGFydCBjb2RvbiBhbmQgdGhlbiBiaW5kcyB3aXRoIHRoZSBzbWFsbCBzdWJ1bml0[Qq]
[c]VGhlIGxhcmdlIHN1YnVuaXQgb2YgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIGJpbmRzIHdpdGggYSByZWxlYXNlIGZhY3RvciwgZW5hYmxpbmcgdGhlIHNtYWxsIHN1YnVuaXQgdG8gYmluZC4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEJlZm9yZSB0aGlzIGhhcHBlbnMsIHRoZSBzbWFsbCBzdWJ1bml0IG5lZWRzIHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgbVJOQS4=
Cg==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBUcmFuc2xhdGlvbiBiZWdpbnMgd2hlbiB0aGUgc21hbGwgc3VidW5pdCBvZiB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUgYmluZHMgd2l0aCB0aGUgbVJOQSYjODIxNztzIGxlYWRpbmcgZWRnZS4=
Cg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBUaGUgbGFyZ2Ugc3VidW5pdCBvZiB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUgY2FuIG9ubHkgYmluZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzbWFsbCBzdWJ1bml0IGFmdGVyIHRoZSBzbWFsbCBzdWJ1bml0IGJpbmRzIHdpdGggdGhlIG1STkEsIGFuZCB0aGUgZmlyc3QgdFJOQSBiaW5kcy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq]Before that, the small subunit has to bind with the leading edge of the mRNA.
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSByZWxlYXNlIGZhY3RvciBpcyBpbnZvbHZlZCB3aXRoIHRoZSB0ZXJtaW5hdGlvbiBvZiBwcm90ZWluIHN5bnRoZXNpcywgbm90IGl0cyBzdGFydC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14dd3331b3ddc9″ question_number=”45″]During protein synthesis, the molecule that binds with an amino acid and positions it on a ribosome is
[c]dFJO QS4=[Qq]
[c]bVJOQS4=[Qq]
[c]RE5BLg==[Qq]
[c]clJOQQ==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBEdXJpbmcgcHJvdGVpbiBzeW50aGVzaXMsIHRSTkFzIGF0dGFjaCB0byBzcGVjaWZpYyBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyBhbmQgYnJpbmcgdGhlbSB0byB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIG1STkEgaXMgdGhlIGNvZGVkIG1lc3NhZ2UgdGhhdOKAmXMgdHJhbnNsYXRlZCBpbnRvIHByb3RlaW4gYXQgcmlib3NvbWVzLiBXaGljaCBraW5kIG9mIFJOQSBicmluZ3MgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZT8=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFdoaWxlIEROQSB1bHRpbWF0ZWx5IHByb3ZpZGVzIHRoZSByZWNpcGUgZm9yIG1ha2luZyBwcm90ZWlucywgaXTigJlzIG5vdCBpbnZvbHZlZCBpbiBicmluZ2luZyBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyB0byB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUuIFRoYXQgcm9sZSBpcyBwbGF5ZWQgYnkgb25lIG9mIHRoZSBSTkFzLiBXaGljaCBvbmU/[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIHJSTkEsIGFsb25nIHdpdGggcHJvdGVpbiwgbWFrZXMgdXAgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lLiBXaGljaCBraW5kIG9mIFJOQSBicmluZ3MgdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZT8=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14dcc11b6d39c9″ question_number=”46″]Each protein in an organism is coded for by an individual
[c]cmlib3NvbWU=[Qq]
[c]Y2hyb21vc29tZS4=[Qq]
[c]bnVjbGVvdGlkZQ==[Qq]
[c]Z2Vu ZQ==[Qq]
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[f]WWVzLiBFYWNoIHByb3RlaW4gaXMgY29kZWQgZm9yIGJ5IGFuIGluZGl2aWR1YWwgZ2VuZS4=[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14db63dc75a1c9″ question_number=”49″]After the amino acid that a tRNA brings to a ribosome has been attached to a polypeptide, what happens to the tRNA?
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[c]SXQgaXMgZGlnZXN0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIHNvIHRoYXQgaXRzIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIGNhbiBiZSB1c2VkIHRvIGJ1aWxkIG5ldyBSTkE=[Qq]
[c]SXQgZGV0YWNoZXMgZnJvbSB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUg YW5kIG1vdmVzIGludG8gdGhlIGN5dG9wbGFzbS4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoZXJlIGFyZSB0d28gcHJvYmxlbXMgd2l0aCB0aGlzIGFuc3dlci4gMSkgdFJOQXMgZG9uJiM4MjE3O3QgYm9uZCB3aXRoIG9uZSBhbm90aGVyLiAyKSBTdWdhciBwaG9zcGhhdGUgYm9uZHMgYXJlIHRoZSBib25kcyBiZXR3ZWVuIGFkamFjZW50IG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIGluIGEgbnVjbGVpYyBhY2lkLg==[Qq]
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[f]WWVzLiBBZnRlciBkcm9wcGluZyBvZmYgdGhlaXIgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMsIHRSTkFzIGRldGFjaCBmcm9tIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14dae875ff6dc9″ question_number=”50″]Protein has a great potential for variation of structure because
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[c]bWFueSBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyBtYXkgY29tYm luZSBpbiBhIG51bWJlciBvZiB3YXlzLg==[Qq]
[c]bnVjbGVvdGlkZXMgbWF5IHZhcnku[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFBhaXJpbmcgdXAgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgaXMgbm90IGhvdyBwcm90ZWlucyBhcmUgYnVpbHQu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBjb21wb3NlZCBvZiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcywgbm90IGZhdHR5IGFjaWRzLg==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBXaXRoIDIwIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRoYXQgY2FuIGJlIGNvbWJpbmVkIGluIGFueSBvcmRlciwgaW4gc2VxdWVuY2VzIHRoYXQgY2FuIGJlIHVwIHRvIGh1bmRyZWRzIG9mIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGxvbmcsIHByb3RlaW5zIGNhbiBoYXZlIGFuIGVub3Jtb3VzIHZhcmlldHku[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBjb21wb3NlZCBvZiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcywgbm90IG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14da78b3c4adc9″ question_number=”51″]What is the function of DNA molecules in the synthesis of proteins?
[c]RE5BIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBjYXRhbHl6ZSB0aGUgZm9ybWF0aW9uIG9mIHBlcHRpZGUgYm9uZHMu[Qq]
[c]RE5BIG1vbGVjdWxlcyBkZXRlcm1pbmUgdGhlIHNlcXVl bmNlIG9mIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGluIGEgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]
[c]RE5BIG1vbGVjdWxlcyB0cmFuc2ZlciBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyBmcm9tIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gdG8gdGhlIG51Y2xldXMu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIENhdGFseXppbmcgcGVwdGlkZSBib25kcyBpcyB0aGUgam9iIG9mIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4gRE5B4oCZcyByb2xlIGlzIG11Y2ggbW9yZSBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbmFsPw==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBETkEgdWx0aW1hdGVseSBkZXRlcm1pbmVzIHRoZSBzZXF1ZW5jZSBvZiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyBpbiBhIHByb3RlaW4u[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSBtYWpvciBwcm9ibGVtIHdpdGggdGhpcyBjaG9pY2UgaXMgdGhhdCBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyBkbyBnZXQgdHJhbnNmZXJyZWQsIGJ1dCBub3QgdG8gdGhlIG51Y2xldXMuIFRoaW5rIG9mIHRoZSBjZW50cmFsIGRvZ21hIG9mIG1vbGVjdWxhciBnZW5ldGljcyAoRE5BIG1ha2VzIFJOQSBtYWtlcyBwcm90ZWluKSBhbmQgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB5b3VyIGFuc3dlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14da01f56641c9″ question_number=”52″]The following sequence-AUGCGAUUAAUAUUGAAUUAG-indicates a(n)
[c]RE5BIG1vbGVjdWxlLg==[Qq]
[c]RE5BIG1vbGVjdWxlIHdpdGggYSBtdXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[c]Uk5BIG1vbG VjdWxlLg==[Qq]
[c]YW1pbm8gYWNpZCBzZXF1ZW5jZS4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEROQSBtb2xlY3VsZXMgYXJlIGNvbXBvc2VkIG9mIEROQSBudWNsZW90aWRlcyB3aXRoIHRoZSBuaXRyb2dlbm91cyBiYXNlcyBBLCBULCBDLCBhbmQgRy4gV2hpY2ggbnVjbGVpYyBhY2lkIGhhcyB0aGUgbml0cm9nZW5vdXMgYmFzZSBVIChmb3IgdXJhY2lsKT8=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEEgbXV0YXRpb24gd291bGQgc3Vic3RpdHV0ZSBvbmUgRE5BIG51Y2xlb3RpZGUgZm9yIGFub3RoZXIsIGJ1dCB0aGUgcmVzdWx0aW5nIEROQSBtb2xlY3VsZSB3b3VsZCBzdGlsbCBiZSBjb21wb3NlZCBvZiB0aGUgbml0cm9nZW5vdXMgYmFzZXMgQSwgVCwgQywgYW5kIEcuIFdoaWNoIG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZCBoYXMgVT8=[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBSTkEgaXMgY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgUk5BIG51Y2xlb3RpZGVzIHdpdGggdGhlIG5pdHJvZ2Vub3VzIGJhc2VzIEEsIFUsIEMsIGFuZCBHLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEFuIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc2VxdWVuY2UgaXMgY29tcG9zZWQgb2YgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMuIEVhY2ggYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBpcyB1c3VhbGx5IHJlcHJlc2VudGVkIGJ5IGEgdGhyZWUgbGV0dGVyIGFiYnJldmlhdGlvbnMsIGFuZCBhIHNlcXVlbmNlIG9mIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHdvdWxkIGxvb2sgbGlrZSBHTFktU0VSLVBIRS1MRVUuIFRoZSBBLCBVLCBDLCBHIHNlcXVlbmNlIHNob3duIGFib3ZlIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgYSBudWNsZWljIGFjaWQuIFdoaWNoIG9uZT8=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d916ccb54dc9″ question_number=”54″]The bonds between codons and anti-codons are
[c]aHlkcm9nZW 4gYm9uZHM=[Qq]
[c]aW9uaWMgYm9uZHM=[Qq]
[c]c3VnYXItcGhvc3BoYXRlIGJvbmRz[Qq]
[c]cGVwdGlkZSBib25kcw==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBUaGUgYm9uZCBiZXR3ZWVuIGEgY29kb24gYW5kIGFuIGFudGktY29kb24gaXMgYSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIElvbmljIGJvbmRzIGFyZSBib25kcyB0aGF0IG9jY3VyIGJldHdlZW4gaW9ucywgYW5kIGZ1bGx5IGNoYXJnZWQgcGFydGljbGVzLiBUaGUgYm9uZCBiZXR3ZWVuIHNvZGl1bSBhbmQgY2hsb3JpbmUgaW4gdGFibGUgc2FsdCwgTmFDbCBpcyBhbiBpb25pYyBib25kLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFN1Z2FyLXBob3NwaGF0ZSBib25kcyBhcmUgdGhlIGJvbmRzIHRoYXQgY29ubmVjdCBhZGphY2VudCBudWNsZW90aWRlcyBpbiBudWNsZWljIGFjaWRzLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uICYjODIyMDtQZXB0aWRlIGJvbmQmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHRoZSBuYW1lIGdpdmVuIHRvIHRoZSBib25kIGJldHdlZW4gb25lIGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgYW5kIHRoZSBuZXh0IGluIGEgcG9seXBlcHRpZGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d8a70a7a8dc9″ question_number=”55″]Which of the following molecules, along with proteins, makes up ribosomes?
[c]dFJOQQ==[Qq]
[c]Uk5BIHBvbHltZXJhc2U=[Qq]
[c]clJO QQ==[Qq]
[c]bVJOQQ==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIHRSTkEgc3RhbmRzIGZvciDigJx0cmFuc2ZlciBSTkEu4oCdIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBSTkEgKGFsb25nIHdpdGggcHJvdGVpbikgbWFrZXMgdXAgcmlib3NvbWVzPw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFJOQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlIGlzIHRoZSBlbnp5bWUgdGhhdCB0cmFuc2NyaWJlcyBSTkEgZnJvbSBETkEuIFdoYXQga2luZCBvZiBSTkEgKGFsb25nIHdpdGggcHJvdGVpbikgbWFrZXMgdXAgcmlib3NvbWVzPw==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiByUk5BLCBhbG9uZyB3aXRoIHByb3RlaW4sIG1ha2VzIHVwIHJpYm9zb21lcy4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIG1STkEgc3RhbmRzIGZvciDigJxtZXNzZW5nZXIgUk5BLuKAnSBXaGF0IGtpbmQgb2YgUk5BIChhbG9uZyB3aXRoIHByb3RlaW4pIG1ha2VzIHVwIHJpYm9zb21lcz8=[Qq]
[q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d7b2919a09c9″ question_number=”57″]During transcription
[c]Uk5BIHBvbHltZXJhc2Ug YmluZHMgdG8gRE5BLg==[Qq]
[c]dFJOQSBzIGJyaW5nIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZXMu[Qq]
[c]dGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIG1vdmVzIGFsb25nIHRoZSBtUk5BIG9uZSBjb2RvbiBhdCBhIHRpbWUu[Qq]
[c]aGVsaWNhc2UgY2F0YWx5emVzIHRoZSAmIzgyMjA7dW56aXBwaW5nJiM4MjIxOyBvZiBETkEu[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBEdXJpbmcgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiwgUk5BIHBvbHltZXJhc2UgYmluZHMgdG8gRE5BIGFuZCBtYWtlcyBSTkEu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIHRSTkFzIGJyaW5nIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZXMgZHVyaW5nIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uLiBUaGluayBhYm91dCB3aGF04oCZcyBnZXR0aW5nIG1hZGUgZHVyaW5nIHRyYW5zY3JpcHRpb24sIGFuZCB5b3XigJlsbCBoYXZlIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFJpYm9zb21lcyBtb3ZlIGFsb25nIHRoZSBtUk5BIGR1cmluZyB0cmFuc2xhdGlvbi4gVGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgd2hhdOKAmXMgZ2V0dGluZyBtYWRlIGR1cmluZyB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uLCBhbmQgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEhlbGljYXNlIHVuaXppcHMgRE5BIGR1cmluZyByZXBsaWNhdGlvbi4gVGhpbmsgYWJvdXQgd2hhdOKAmXMgZ2V0dGluZyBtYWRlIGR1cmluZyB0cmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uLCBhbmQgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSB0aGUgYW5zd2VyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d7372b23d5c9″ question_number=”58″]The bonds connecting the amino acids in a polypeptide are
[c]aHlkcm9nZW4gYm9uZHM=[Qq]
[c]aW9uaWMgYm9uZHM=[Qq]
[c]c3VnYXItcGhvc3BoYXRlIGJvbmRz[Qq]
[c]cGVwdGlkZS Bib25kcw==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEh5ZHJvZ2VuIGJvbmRzIGFyZSB3ZWFrIGJvbmRzIHRoYXQgb2NjdXIgYmV0d2VlbiBwb2xhciBtb2xlY3VsZXMsIG9yIGJldHdlZW4gcG9sYXIgcGFydHMgb2YgdGhlIHNhbWUgbW9sZWN1bGUuIFRoZSBib25kIGJldHdlZW4gYWRlbmluZSBhbmQgdGh5bWluZSBpbiBETkEgaXMgYSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBJb25pYyBib25kcyBhcmUgYm9uZHMgdGhhdCBvY2N1ciBiZXR3ZWVuIGlvbnMsIGZ1bGx5IGNoYXJnZWQgcGFydGljbGVzLiBUaGUgYm9uZCBiZXR3ZWVuIHNvZGl1bSBhbmQgY2hsb3JpbmUgaW4gdGFibGUgc2FsdCwgTmFDbCBpcyBhbiBpb25pYyBib25kLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFN1Z2FyLXBob3NwaGF0ZSBib25kcyBhcmUgdGhlIGJvbmRzIHRoYXQgY29ubmVjdCBhZGphY2VudCBudWNsZW90aWRlcyBpbiBudWNsZWljIGFjaWRzLg==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiAmIzgyMjA7UGVwdGlkZSBib25kJiM4MjIxOyBpcyB0aGUgbmFtZSBnaXZlbiB0byB0aGUgYm9uZCBiZXR3ZWVuIG9uZSBhbWlubyBhY2lkIGFuZCB0aGUgbmV4dCBpbiBhIHBvbHlwZXB0aWRlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d649ae66fdc9″ question_number=”60″]The movement of a ribosome from one codon to the next down the length of an mRNA strand is called
[c]dHJhbnNsYXRpb24=[Qq]
[c]dHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbg==[Qq]
[c]dHJhbnNsb2 NhdGlvbg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBUcmFuc2xhdGlvbiBpcyB0aGUgbmFtZSBmb3IgdGhlIGVudGlyZSBwcm9jZXNzIG9mIHByb3RlaW4gc3ludGhlc2lzLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBUcmFuc2NyaXB0aW9uIGlzIHRoZSBtYWtpbmcgb2bCoFJOQSBmcm9tIGEgRE5BIHRlbXBsYXRlLg==[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBUcmFuc2xvY2F0aW9uIGlzIHRoZSBtb3ZlbWVudCBvZiBhIHJpYm9zb21lIGRvd24gdGhlIGxlbmd0aCBvZiBhbiBtUk5BIHN0cmFuZC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d5d09bfcadc9″ question_number=”61″]mRNA is responsible for
[c]cHJvZHVjdGlvbiBvZiByaWJvc29tZXMu[Qq]
[c]YnJpbmdpbmcgaW5zdHJ1Y3Rpb2 5zIHRvIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZXMu[Qq]
[c]cmVhZGluZyB0aGUgYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBjb2RlIGZyb20gdFJOQS4=[Qq]
[c]dHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbiBvZiBETkEgaW50byBSTkEu[Qq]
[c]YnJpbmdpbmcgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgdG8gdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lcy4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2Ygcmlib3NvbWVzIGludm9sdmVzIHByb2R1Y2luZyBSTkEgYW5kIHByb3RlaW4uIFByb2R1Y2luZyBSTkEgaXMgYSBmdW5jdGlvbiBvZiBSTkEgcG9seW1lcmFzZS4gUHJvZHVjaW5nIHByb3RlaW4gaW52b2x2ZXMgbVJOQSwgYnV0IGFsc28gdFJOQXMgYW5kIHJpYm9zb21lcy4gbVJOQSBoYXMgYSBrZXkgam9iIGR1cmluZyBwcm90ZWluIHN5bnRoZXNpcy4gV2hhdCBpcyBpdD8=[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBtUk5B4oCZcyBmdW5jdGlvbiBpcyB0byBicmluZyBpbnN0cnVjdGlvbiB0byB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWVzLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoaXMgY2hvaWNlIGhhcyBzZXZlcmFsIHByb2JsZW1zLiAxKSBUaGUgY29kZSBpcyBmb3IgcHJvdGVpbnMsIG5vdCBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyAodGhlIG1vbm9tZXJzIG9mIHByb3RlaW4pLiAyKSBUaGUgY29kZSBpcyBvbiB0aGUgbVJOQSwgbm90IHRSTkEgKGFuZCB0aGF04oCZcyBhIGhpbnQgdG8gdGhlIGFuc3dlciB3aGVuIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbiBsYXRlciku[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSBlbnp5bWUgUk5BIHBvbHltZXJhc2UgdHJhbnNjcmliZXMgRE5BIGludG8gUk5BLiBNZXNzZW5nZXIgUk5BIChtUk5BKSBoYXMgYSBrZXkgam9iIGR1cmluZyBwcm90ZWluIHN5bnRoZXNpcy4gV2hhdCBpcyBpdD8=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIHRSTkEgaXMgdGhlIG1vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQgYnJpbmdzIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRvIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZXMuIE1lc3NlbmdlciBSTkEgKG1STkEpIGhhcyBhIGtleSBqb2IgZHVyaW5nIHByb3RlaW4gc3ludGhlc2lzLiBXaGF0IGlzIGl0Pw==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d5508d6eb1c9″ question_number=”62″]Translation is the process in which
[c]RE5BIG1ha2VzIGFuIGV4YWN0IGNvcHkgb2YgaXRzZWxmLg==[Qq]
[c]dGhlIEROQSBzdHJhbmQgdW53aW5kcyBhbmQgdHJhbnNjcmliZXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gdG8gbVJOQS4=[Qq]
[c]aW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gY29kb25zIGlzIHVzZWQgdG 8gYnVpbGQgY2hhaW5zIG9mIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzLg==[Qq]
[c]Uk5BIGxlYXZlcyB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cyB0aHJvdWdoIG51Y2xlYXIgcG9yZXMu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIENvcHlpbmcgRE5BIGlzIHJlcGxpY2F0aW9uLiBJbiBtb2xlY3VsYXIgZ2VuZXRpY3MsIHdoYXQgaXMgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24gYSBzeW5vbnltIGZvcj8=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFdoZW4gdGhlIEROQSBzdHJhbmQgdW53aW5kcyBhbmQgdHJhbnNjcmliZXMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gdG8gbVJOQSwgdGhhdOKAmXMgdHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbi4gbiBtb2xlY3VsYXIgZ2VuZXRpY3MsIHdoYXQgaXMgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24gYSBzeW5vbnltIGZvcj8=[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBUcmFuc2xhdGlvbiBpcyB3aGVuIGNlbGxzIHVzZSB0aGUgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaW4gUk5BIGNvZG9ucyB0byBidWlsZCBjaGFpbnMgb2YgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFJOQeKAmXMgbW92ZSBpbnRvIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gaGFwcGVucyBiZWZvcmUgdHJhbnNsYXRpb24gb2NjdXJzLiBXaGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgZHVyaW5nIHRyYW5zbGF0aW9uIGl0c2VsZj8=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q xx=”2″ json=”true” dataset_id=”Protein_synth_MC, HM, ID (AP-DS)|14d43b7be7b5c9″ question_number=”64″]A ribosome reaches the stop codon on an mRNA. The next thing that will happen is
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[c]YSByZWxlYXNlIGZhY3RvciBiaW5kcy B3aXRoIHRoZSBzdG9wIGNvZG9uLg==[Qq]
[c]dGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIGZhbGxzIGFwYXJ0[Qq]
[c]dGhlIHBvbHlwZXB0aWRlIGlzIHJlbGVhc2Vk[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBCZWZvcmUgdGhlIHRSTkFzIGRldGFjaCwgc29tZXRoaW5nIGhhcyB0byBiaW5kIHdpdGggdGhlIHN0b3AgY29kb24u[Qq]
[f]WWVzLiBBIHJlbGVhc2UgZmFjdG9yIHdpbGwgYmluZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBzdG9wIGNvZG9uLCBsZWFkaW5nIHRoZSBwb2x5cGVwdGlkZSB0byBkZXRhY2ggYW5kIHRoZSBlbnRpcmUgcmlib3NvbWUgYXNzZW1ibHkgc3RydWN0dXJlIHRvIGZhbGwgYXBhcnQu[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBCZWZvcmUgdGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIGZhbGxzIGFwYXJ0LCBzb21ldGhpbmcgaGFzIHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3RvcCBjb2Rvbi4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uwqBCZWZvcmUgdGhlIHBvbHlwZXB0aWRlIGlzIHJlbGVhc2VkLCBzb21ldGhpbmcgaGFzIHRvIGJpbmQgd2l0aCB0aGUgc3RvcCBjb2Rvbi4=[Qq]
[q]The diagram below represents the end of the [hangman] phase of protein synthesis.
[c]dGVybWluYXRpb24=[Qq]
[q]The diagram below shows the [hangman] phase of protein synthesis.
[c]ZWxvbmdhdGlvbg==[Qq]
[q]Once the tRNA carrying “Val” is in place, the next thing that will happen is
[c]dGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIHdpbGwgdHJhbnNsb2NhdGUgb25lIGNvZG9uIG92ZXIgdG8gdGhlIGNvZG9uICYjODIyMDtVQ0cmIzgyMjE7[Qq]
[c]dGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIHdpbGwgY2F0YWx5emUgYSBwZXB0aWRlIGJvbmQgYmV0 d2VlbiAmIzgyMjA7THlzJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgJiM4MjIwO1ZhbCYjODIyMTs=[Qq]
[c]VGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIHdpbGwgY2F0YWx5emUgYSBwZXB0aWRlIGJvbmQgYmV0d2VlbiAmIzgyMjA7Q0FBJiM4MjIxOyBhbmQgJiM4MjIwO0dVVSYjODIyMTs=[Qq]
[c]VGhlIHRSTkEgYXQgdGhlIFAgc2l0ZSB3aWxsIGxlYXZlIHRoZSByaWJvc29tZS4=[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEJlZm9yZSB0cmFuc2xvY2F0aW9uLCB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUgbmVlZHMgdG8gYXR0YWNoIHRoZSBwb2x5cGVwdGlkZSB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgaGFuZ2luZyBvbiB0byB0aGUgUCBzaXRlIHRSTkEgdG8gdGhlIG5ldyBhbWlubyBhY2lkIHRoYXQgd2lsbCBhcnJpdmUgYXQgdGhlIEEgc2l0ZS4=[Qq]
[f]RXhhY3RseSEgVGhlIHJpYm9zb21lIHdpbGwgY2F0YWx5emUgYSBwZXB0aWRlIGJvbmQgYmV0d2VlbiB0aGUgbmV3bHkgYXJyaXZlZCBhbWlubyBhY2lkIGFuZCB0aGUgcG9seXBlcHRpZGUgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGhhbmdpbmcgb24gdGhlIFAgc2l0ZSB0Uk5BLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIFRoZSBib25kIHRoYXQgZm9ybXMgYmV0d2VlbiBhbnRpY29kb24gQ0FBIGFuZCBjb2RvbiBVQ0cgaXMgYSBoeWRyb2dlbiBib25kLg==[Qq]
[f]Tm8uIEJlZm9yZSBleGl0LCB0aGUgcmlib3NvbWUgbmVlZHMgdG8gY2F0YWx5emUgYSBuZXcgcGVwdGlkZSBib25kLCBhbmQgdGhlbiB0cmFuc2xvY2F0ZS4=[Qq]
[x]
[restart]
[/qwiz]
What’s Next?
Please proceed to our next tutorial: Operons (Bacterial Gene Regulation)