Meiosis: Key Concepts

1. Watch this Video

2. Read This Summary

Introduction to Meiosis

  • Meiosis Definition: Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists) that transmits genes from one generation to the next.
  • Importance of Meiosis:
    • Creates genetic variation among parents and offspring.
    • Ensures chromosome numbers remain constant across generations.
  • Important tip:
    • Meiosis is exclusively eukaryotic, and doesn’t occur in prokaryotes

Key Terms and Concepts

  1. Haploid vs. Diploid:
    • Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent). Most of the cells of the tissues of the body (skin, muscle, bone, and all the non-reproductive organs) are diploid.
    • Haploid cells (gametes) have half the chromosome number. Only sperm cells and egg cells are haploid.
  2. Homologous Chromosomes:
    • Chromosome pairs inherited from each parent.
    • Same genes in the same order but may have different alleles (variations of the gene).
  3. Germ Cells, Gametes, and Somatic Cells:
    • Germ Cells: Diploid cells in testes/ovaries that undergo meiosis to produce gametes.
    • Gametes: Haploid cells (sperm and egg) created by meiosis.
    • Somatic Cells: Diploid body cells that make up tissues and organs.

Stages of Meiosis

  1. DNA Replication:
    • Chromosomes are duplicated, forming two sister chromatids.
  2. Meiosis I:
    • Separates homologous pairs, reducing chromosome number to haploid.
    • Each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.
    • A variety of processes (to be discussed in the next meiosis-related tutorials) ensure that the haploid chromosomes that result are genetically distinct from those of the parents and from the chromosomes created in other gametes.
  3. Meiosis II:
    • Separates sister chromatids, resulting in four unique haploid gametes.

Life Cycle of Sexually Reproducing Eukaryotes

  • Stages:
    1. Specialized tissues (testes and ovaries) produce haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) via meiosis.
    2. Sperm fertilizes the egg to create a diploid zygote.
    3. Zygote undergoes cell division and tissue differentiation to develop into an adult organism.

Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

  • Mitosis:
    • One round of cell division.
    • Maintains diploid chromosome number.
    • Produces identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
  • Meiosis:
    • Two rounds of cell division.
    • Reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
    • Produces genetically unique gametes for sexual reproduction.

3. Complete these flashcards

[qdeck style = “border: 2px solid black; width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;”]

[h]Meiosis Basic Concepts

[q] What is meiosis, and why is it important?
[a] Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing eukaryotes that transmits genes from one generation to the next. It creates genetic variation among parents and offspring and ensures that chromosome numbers remain constant across generations.

[q] What happens during the life cycle of sexually reproducing eukaryotes?
[a]

  1. Specialized tissues (testes and ovaries) produce haploid gametes (sperm and egg) via meiosis.
  2. Sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote.
  3. The zygote undergoes cell division and tissue differentiation, developing into an adult organism.

[q] What are the differences between diploid and haploid cells?
[a]

  • Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
  • Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (a single set)

[q] What are homologous chromosomes?
[a] Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs inherited from each parent. They have the same genes in the same order but may have different alleles (variations of the gene).

[q] What are germ cells, gametes, and somatic cells?
[a]

  • Germ Cells: Diploid cells in testes/ovaries that undergo meiosis to produce gametes.
  • Gametes: Haploid cells (sperm and egg) produced by meiosis.
  • Somatic Cells: Diploid body cells that make up tissues and organs.

[q] What happens during DNA replication in meiosis?
[a] Chromosomes are duplicated, forming two sister chromatids, which are ready for separation in the later stages of meiosis.

[q] What happens during Meiosis I?
[a]

  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated.
  • Chromosome number is reduced to haploid.
  • Each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.

[q] What happens during Meiosis II?
[a]

  • Sister chromatids are separated.
  • The result is four unique haploid gametes.

[q] What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
[a]

  • Mitosis: One round of division, maintains diploid chromosome number, produces identical cells for growth and repair.
  • Meiosis: Two rounds of division, reduces chromosome number to haploid, produces genetically unique gametes for reproduction.

[/qdeck]

4. Complete these quizzes

4.1. Meiosis, Basic Concepts

[qwiz style = “border: 2px solid black; width: 550px !important; min-height: 400px !important;” random=”true”]

[h] Meiosis: Basic Concepts

[i]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The word for “two chromosome sets” is

[c]IGRpcG xvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuICYjODIyMDtEaXBsb2lkJiM4MjIxOyBtZWFucyAmIzgyMjA7dHdvIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgc2V0cy4mIzgyMjE7[Qq]

[c]IGhhcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SGFwbG9pZCYjODIyMTsgbWVhbnMgJiM4MjIwO2Egc2luZ2xlIHNldCBvZiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcy4mIzgyMjE7IEEgcHJlZml4IHVzZWQgdG8gaW5kaWNhdGUgJiM4MjIwO3R3byYjODIyMTsgaXMgJiM4MjIwO2RpLiYjODIyMTsgUmVtZW1iZXIgdGhhdCB0aGUgbmV4dCB0aW1lIHlvdSBzZWUgdGhpcyBxdWVzdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[c]IHRyaXBsb2lk[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7VHJpcGxvaWQmIzgyMjE7IGhhcyB0aGUgcHJlZml4ICYjODIyMDt0cmksJiM4MjIxOyB3aGljaCBtZWFucyAmIzgyMjA7dGhyZWUuJiM4MjIxOyBBIHByZWZpeCB1c2VkIHRvIGluZGljYXRlICYjODIyMDt0d28mIzgyMjE7IGlzICYjODIyMDtkaS4mIzgyMjE7IFJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgdGhlIG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The somatic and germ cells of adult animals (including humans) have

[c]IG9uZSBzZXQgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gSW4gYW4gYWR1bHQgYW5pbWFsLCBvbmUgc2V0IG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIHdhcyBjb250cmlidXRlZCBieSB0aGUgbW90aGVyLCB0aGUgb3RoZXIgYnkgdGhlIGZhdGhlci4gSWYgeW91IGFkZCB0aGVtIHVwLCB5b3UgaGF2ZSBob3cgbWFueSBzZXRzPw==[Qq]

[c]IHR3byBzZXRzIG9m IGNocm9tb3NvbWVz[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEFkdWx0IGFuaW1hbHMgaGF2ZSB0d28gc2V0cyBvZiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcywgd2l0aCBvbmUgc2V0IGNvbnRyaWJ1dGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBtb3RoZXIsIGFuZCB0aGUgb3RoZXIgc2V0IGNvbnRyaWJ1dGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBmYXRoZXIu[Qq]

[c]IHRocmVlIHNldHMgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gSW4gYW4gYWR1bHQgYW5pbWFsLCBvbmUgc2V0IG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIHdhcyBjb250cmlidXRlZCBieSB0aGUgbW90aGVyLCB0aGUgb3RoZXIgYnkgdGhlIGZhdGhlci4gSWYgeW91IGFkZCB0aGVtIHVwLCB5b3UgaGF2ZSBob3cgbWFueSBzZXRzPw==[Qq]

[c]IGZvdXIgc2V0cyBvZiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGluayBvZiBpdCB0aGlzIHdheS4gSW4gYW4gYWR1bHQgYW5pbWFsLCBvbmUgc2V0IG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIHdhcyBjb250cmlidXRlZCBieSB0aGUgbW90aGVyLCB0aGUgb3RoZXIgYnkgdGhlIGZhdGhlci4gSWYgeW91IGFkZCB0aGVtIHVwLCB5b3UgaGF2ZSBob3cgbWFueSBzZXRzPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The word for “one chromosome set” is

[c]IGRpcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7RGlwbG9pZCYjODIyMTsgbWVhbnMgJiM4MjIwO3R3byBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldHMuJiM4MjIxOyBIZXJl4oCZcyBhIGhpbnQuIElmIHlvdSBoYXZlIG9uZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldCwgdGhlbiB5b3UgaGF2ZSBoYWxmIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgYXMgYW4gYWR1bHQgb3JnYW5pc20gd2l0aCB0d28gc2V0cy4gVGhlIHdvcmQgJiM4MjIwO2hhbGYmIzgyMjE7IGJlZ2lucyB3aXRoICYjODIyMDtILUEuJiM4MjIxOyBXaGljaCBvZiB0aGVzZSBjaG9pY2VzIGFsc28gYmVnaW5zIHdpdGggJiM4MjIwO0gtQT8mIzgyMjE7[Qq]

[c]IGhhcG xvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gJiM4MjIwO0hhcGxvaWQmIzgyMjE7IG1lYW5zICYjODIyMDthIHNpbmdsZSBzZXQgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXMuJiM4MjIxOw==[Qq]

[c]IHRyaXBsb2lk[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7VHJpcGxvaWQmIzgyMjE7IGhhcyB0aGUgcHJlZml4ICYjODIyMDt0cmksJiM4MjIxOyB3aGljaCBtZWFucyAmIzgyMjA7dGhyZWUuJiM4MjIxOyBIZXJl4oCZcyBhIGhpbnQuIElmIHlvdSBoYXZlIG9uZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldCwgdGhlbiB5b3UgaGF2ZSBoYWxmIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgYXMgYW4gYWR1bHQgb3JnYW5pc20gd2l0aCB0d28gc2V0cy4gVGhlIHdvcmQgJiM4MjIwO2hhbGYmIzgyMjE7IGJlZ2lucyB3aXRoICYjODIyMDtILUEuJiM4MjIxOyBXaGljaCBvZiB0aGVzZSBjaG9pY2VzIGFsc28gYmVnaW5zIHdpdGggJiM4MjIwO0gtQT8mIzgyMjE7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] If you wanted to use one word to refer to both sperm cells and egg cells, the best word to use would be

[c]IGRpcGxvaWRz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7RGlwbG9pZCYjODIyMTsgbWVhbnMgJiM4MjIwO3R3byBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldHMuJiM4MjIxOyBDaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciB0ZXJtIG5leHQgdGltZS4=[Qq]

[c]IHNleHVhbCBjZWxscw==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7U2V4IGNlbGxzJiM4MjIxOyBtaWdodCBiZSBhIGdvb2QgcmVzcG9uc2UsIGJ1dCB0aGUgYWRqZWN0aXZlICYjODIyMDtzZXh1YWwmIzgyMjE7IGlzIHVzZWQgdG8gZGVzY3JpYmUgYWN0aXZpdGllcywgbm90IGNlbGxzLiBDaG9vc2UgYW5vdGhlciB3b3JkIG5leHQgdGltZS4=[Qq]

[c]IG92YXJ5IGNlbGxz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFZ2cgY2VsbHMgYXJlIG1hZGUgaW4gb3ZhcmllcywgYnV0IHRoZXJl4oCZcyBhIHNpbmdsZSB3b3JkIHRoYXQgY292ZXJzIGJvdGggc3Blcm0gY2VsbHMgYW5kIGVnZyBjZWxscy4gTWFrZSBhbm90aGVyIGNob2ljZSBuZXh0IHRpbWUgeW91IHNlZSB0aGlzIHF1ZXN0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[c]IGdhbW V0ZXM=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVGhlIHdvcmQgZ2FtZXRlIG1lYW5zICYjODIyMDtzZXggY2VsbCwmIzgyMjE7IGFuZCByZWZlcnMgdG8gYm90aCBlZ2cgYW5kIHNwZXJtIGNlbGxzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Chromosomes with the same size, appearance, and pattern of genes, such as the ones shown here, are said to be

[c]IHN5bm9ueW1vdXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7U3lub255bW91cyYjODIyMTsgcmVmZXJzIHRvIHdvcmRzIHRoYXQgaGF2ZSB0aGUgc2FtZSBtZWFuaW5nLiBZb3XigJlyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciBhIG1vcmUgc3BlY2lhbGl6ZWQgdGVybSB1c2VkIG1vc3RseSBpbiBnZW5ldGljcyBhbmQgZXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGJpb2xvZ3ku[Qq]

[c]IGlkZW50aWNhbA==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBIGtleSBwb2ludCBpcyB0aGF0IHdoaWxlIHRoZXNlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGFyZSB2ZXJ5IHNpbWlsYXIsIHRoZXkgYXJlIE5PVCBpZGVudGljYWwuIFlvdeKAmXJlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIGEgc29tZXdoYXQgc3BlY2lhbGl6ZWQgdGVybSB1c2VkIG1vc3RseSBpbiBnZW5ldGljcyBhbmQgZXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGJpb2xvZ3ku[Qq]

[c]IGhvbW9s b2dvdXM=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIENocm9tb3NvbWVzIHdpdGggdGhlIHNhbWUgc2l6ZSwgYXBwZWFyYW5jZSwgYW5kIHBhdHRlcm4gb2YgZ2VuZXMsIGFyZSBzYWlkIHRvIGJlICYjODIyMDtob21vbG9nb3VzLiYjODIyMTs=[Qq]

[c]IHNpbWlsYXI=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVzZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBhcmUsIGluZGVlZCwgc2ltaWxhci4gQnV0IHlvdeKAmXJlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIGEgc29tZXdoYXQgc3BlY2lhbGl6ZWQgdGVybSB1c2VkIG1vc3RseSBpbiBnZW5ldGljcyBhbmQgZXZvbHV0aW9uYXJ5IGJpb2xvZ3ku

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] The cells that make up your kidneys, skin, and brain are

[c]IGRpcG xvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIHJpZ2h0LiBBbGwgb2YgdGhlc2UgY2VsbHMgYXJlIA==c29tYXRpYw==IGNlbGxzLiBTb21hdGljIGNlbGxzIGFyZSBkaXBsb2lkLCB3aXRoIHR3byBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldHMu[Qq]

[c]IGhhcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb25seSBjZWxscyBpbiB5b3VyIGJvZHkgdGhhdCBhcmUgaGFwbG9pZCBhcmUgeW91ciBnYW1ldGVzIChzcGVybSBjZWxscyBvciBlZ2cgY2VsbHMsIGRlcGVuZGluZyBvbiB5b3VyIHNleCkuIEhlcmXigJlzIGEgaGludDogU29tYXRpYyBjZWxscyBhcmUgdGhlIGNlbGxzIHRoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCB5b3VyIGJvZHkuIFRoZXnigJlyZSBhbGwgZGVzY2VuZGVkIGZyb20gYSB6eWdvdGUsIHdoaWNoIGlzIGZvcm1lZCB3aGVuIGEgaGFwbG9pZCBzcGVybSBmZXJ0aWxpemVkIGEgaGFwbG9pZCBlZ2cuIElmIHlvdSBjb21iaW5lIHR3byBoYXBsb2lkIGNlbGxzLCB0aGUgcmVzdWx0aW5nIGNlbGwgaXMmIzgyMzA7[Qq]

[c]IHRyaXBsb2lk[Qq]

[f]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

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] Human somatic cells have ______ chromosomes.

[c]IDY5[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiA2OSB3b3VsZCBiZSBlcXVpdmFsZW50IHRvIHRocmVlIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgc2V0cy4gU29tYXRpYyBjZWxscyAodGhlIGNlbGxzIHRoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCB0aGUgdGlzc3VlcyBvZiB5b3VyIGJvZHkpIGhhdmUgdHdvIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgc2V0cy4gRG8gYSBsaXR0bGUgbWF0aCwgZmlndXJlIG91dCB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGluIG9uZSBodW1hbiBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldCwgbXVsdGlwbHkgYnkgdHdvLCBhbmQgbmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[c]IDIz[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb25seSBjZWxscyBpbiB5b3VyIGJvZHkgdGhhdCBoYXZlIDIzIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGFyZSB5b3VyIGdhbWV0ZXMgKHNwZXJtIGNlbGxzIG9yIGVnZyBjZWxscywgZGVwZW5kaW5nIG9uIHlvdXIgc2V4KS4gSGVyZeKAmXMgYSBoaW50OiBTb21hdGljIGNlbGxzIGFyZSB0aGUgY2VsbHMgdGhhdCBtYWtlIHVwIHlvdXIgYm9keS4gVGhleeKAmXJlIGFsbCBkZXNjZW5kZWQgZnJvbSBhIHp5Z290ZSwgd2hpY2ggaXMgZm9ybWVkIHdoZW4gYQ==wqAgc3Blcm0gd2l0aCAyMyBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBmZXJ0aWxpemVkIGFuIGVnZywgYWxzbyB3aXRoIDIzIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLiBJZiB5b3UgY29tYmluZSB0aGVzZSB0d28gc2V0cywgd2hhdOKAmXMgdGhlIHRvdGFsPw==[Qq]

[c]ID Q2[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIEh1bWFuIHNvbWF0aWMgY2VsbHMgaGF2ZSA0NiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] This image comes from a cell of a human male. Which of the terms below best describes the chromosomal condition of this cell?

[c]IGhhcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7SGFwbG9pZCYjODIyMTsgbWVhbnMgJiM4MjIwO29uZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldC4mIzgyMjE7IFlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIHRoYXQgdGhlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGluIHRoaXMgaW1hZ2UgYXJlIGluIG1hdGNoZWQgcGFpcnMsIHdoaWNoIG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhlcmUgYXJlIHR3byBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldHMuIE5leHQgdGltZSwgc2VsZWN0IGEgdGVybSB0aGF0IGhhcyB0aGUgcHJlZml4IHRoYXQgbWVhbnMg4oCYJiM4MjIxO3R3bywmIzgyMjE7IGFzIGluICYjODIyMDtkaXNhY2NoYXJpZGUuJiM4MjIxOw==[Qq]

[c]IGRpcG xvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlcmUgYXJlIHR3byBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldHMsIHdoaWNoIG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhlIGNlbGwgaXMgZGlwbG9pZC4=[Qq]

[c]IHRyaXBsb2lk[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiAmIzgyMjA7VHJpcGxvaWQmIzgyMjE7IGhhcyB0aGUgcHJlZml4ICYjODIyMDt0cmksJiM4MjIxOyB3aGljaCBtZWFucyAmIzgyMjA7dGhyZWUuJiM4MjIxOyBZb3UgY2FuIHNlZSB0aGF0IHRoZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBpbiB0aGlzIGltYWdlIGFyZSBpbiBtYXRjaGVkIHBhaXJzLCB3aGljaCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoZXJlIGFyZSB0d28gY2hyb21vc29tZSBzZXRzLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIHNlbGVjdCBhIHRlcm0gdGhhdCBoYXMgdGhlIHByZWZpeCB0aGF0IG1lYW5zIOKAmCYjODIyMTt0d28sJiM4MjIxOyBhcyBpbiAmIzgyMjA7ZGlzYWNjaGFyaWRlLiYjODIyMTs=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q multiple_choice=”true”] In human gametes, the chromosome number is

[c]IDY5[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiA2OSB3b3VsZCBiZSBlcXVpdmFsZW50IHRvIHRocmVlIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgc2V0cy4gR2FtZXRlcyAoc3Blcm0gY2VsbHMgb3IgZWdnIGNlbGxzKSBoYXZlIG9uZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldC4gRG8gYSBsaXR0bGUgbWF0aCBhbmQgbmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[c]ID Iz[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gSHVtYW4gZ2FtZXRlcyBoYXZlIDIzIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLg==[Qq]

[c]IDQ2[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiA0NiBpcyB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGZvdW5kIGluIGh1bWFuIHNvbWF0aWMgY2VsbHMgKHRoZSBjZWxscyBpbiBhbGwgb2YgeW91ciBib2R5IHRpc3N1ZXMsIGV4Y2VwdCBmb3Igc3Blcm0gYW5kIGVnZyBjZWxscykuIENlbGxzIHdpdGggNDYgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgYXJlIGRpcGxvaWQsIG1lYW5pbmcgdGhhdCB0aGV5IGhhdmUgdHdvIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgc2V0cy4gR2FtZXRlcyBoYXZlIG9uZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldC4gRG8gYSBsaXR0bGUgbWF0aCBhbmQgbmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, diploid germ cells are represented by the letter

[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE E=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UhIERpcGxvaWQgZ2VybSBjZWxscyBhcmUgZm91bmQgd2l0aGluIHRoZSB0ZXN0ZXMgYW5kIG92YXJpZXMsIGF0IGxldHRlciAmIzgyMjA7QS4mIzgyMjE7[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50IGZvciBuZXh0IHRpbWUuIFNwZXJtIGNlbGxzIChHKSBhbmQgZWdnIGNlbGxzIChIKSBhcmUgaGFwbG9pZC4gV2hpY2ggbGV0dGVyIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgdGhlIG9yZ2FucyBpbiB3aGljaCB0aGVzZSBoYXBsb2lkIGdhbWV0ZXMgYXJlIG1hZGU/[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, haploid gametes are represented by the letter

[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE I=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISBIYXBsb2lkIGdhbWV0ZXMgKHNwZXJtIGFuZCBlZ2cgY2VsbHMpIGFyZSBpbiBjb2x1bW4gJiM4MjIwO0IuJiM4MjIxOw==[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50IGZvciBuZXh0IHRpbWUuIFRoZSB0ZXJtICYjODIyMDtnYW1ldGUmIzgyMjE7IGluY2x1ZGVzIGJvdGggc3Blcm0gY2VsbHMgYW5kIGVnZyBjZWxscy4=[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, diploid somatic cells are represented by the letter

[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE M=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlcnJpZmljISBEaXBsb2lkIHNvbWF0aWMgY2VsbHMgYXJlIGluwqAgY29sdW1uICYjODIyMDtDLiYjODIyMTs=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50IGZvciBuZXh0IHRpbWUuIE1vc3Qgb2YgdGhlIHRpc3N1ZXMgb2YgeW91ciBib2R5IGFyZSBkaXBsb2lkIHNvbWF0aWMgY2VsbHMu[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, meiosis is represented by

[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE Y=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IFdheSB0byBnbyEgTWVpb3NpcyBpcyByZXByZXNlbnRlZCBieSB0aGUgbGV0dGVyICYjODIyMDtGLiYjODIyMTs=[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50IGZvciBuZXh0IHRpbWUuIE1laW9zaXMgY3JlYXRlcyBoYXBsb2lkIHNwZXJtIGNlbGxzIChHKSBhbmQgaGFwbG9pZCBlZ2cgY2VsbHMgKEgpLg==[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, fertilization is represented by the letter

[textentry single_char=”true”]
[c]IE k=

Cg==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IGpvYiEgRmVydGlsaXphdGlvbiBpcyByZXByZXNlbnRlZCBieSAmIzgyMjA7SS4mIzgyMjE7[Qq]

[c]ICo=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIZXJlJiM4MjE3O3MgYSBoaW50IGZvciBuZXh0IHRpbWUuIER1cmluZyBmZXJ0aWxpemF0aW9uLCBhIGhhcGxvaWQgc3Blcm0gZnVzZXMgd2l0aCBhIGhhcGxvaWQgZWdnIHRvIGNyZWF0ZSBhIGRpcGxvaWQgenlnb3RlLg==[Qq]

[q] These two chromosomes can be described as being [hangman].

[c]IGhvbW9sb2dvdXM=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q] A cell with two sets of chromosomes is said to be [hangman]. By contrast, cells with one set of chromosomes (like sperm cells and egg cells) are said to be [hangman].

[c]IGRpcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGhhcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] The term describing both sperm and egg cells (shown in column “B”) is [hangman].

[c]IGdhbWV0ZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] The term [hangman] is used to describe the diploid cells that make up the tissues of the body.

[c]IHNvbWF0aWM=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q] The term [hangman] is used to describe a diploid fertilized egg cell (shown at “J.”)

[c]IHp5Z290ZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

4.2. The life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

[qwiz]

[h]The life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

[i]

[q labels = “top”]

 

[l]adult female

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]adult male

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[l]fertilization

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]egg

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]growth and development

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Excellent!

[l]meiosis

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]ovary

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]sperm

[fx] No. Please try again.

[f*] Great!

[l]testes

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Correct!

[l]zygote

[fx] No, that’s not correct. Please try again.

[f*] Good!

[q] In the diagram below, which number represents fertilization?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[c]IE lJ[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBSb21hbiBudW1lcmFsIEkgc2hvd3MgdGhlIHByb2Nlc3MgYnkgd2hpY2jCoCBnYW1ldGVzIGFyZSBmb3JtZWQgZnJvbSBnZXJtIGNlbGxzIGluIHRoZSBvdmFyaWVzIGFuZCB0ZXN0ZXMuIEZlcnRpbGl6YXRpb24gaXMgd2hlbiB0d28gZ2FtZXRlcyBmdXNlIHRvIGJlY29tZSBhIHp5Z290ZS4gV2hlcmUgaW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gZG8geW91IHNlZSB0d28gY2VsbHMgYmVjb21pbmcgb25lPw==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIElJIHNob3dzIGEgc3Blcm0gYW5kIGFuIGVnZyBjZWxsIGZ1c2luZyB0byBiZWNvbWUgYSB6eWdvdGUu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSUkgc2hvd3MgYSB6eWdvdGUgZ3Jvd2luZyBhbmQgZGV2ZWxvcGluZyB0byBiZWNvbWUgYW4gYWR1bHQgb3JnYW5pc20uIEZlcnRpbGl6YXRpb24gaXMgd2hlbiB0d28gZ2FtZXRlcyBmdXNlIHRvIGJlY29tZSBhIHp5Z290ZS4gV2hlcmUgaW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gZG8geW91IHNlZSB0d28gY2VsbHMgYmVjb21pbmcgb25lPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number represents meiosis?

[c]IE k=[Qq]

[c]IElJ[Qq]

[c]IElJSQ==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gUm9tYW4gbnVtZXJhbCBJIHNob3dzIGEgc3Blcm0gYW5kIGFuIGVnZyBjZWxsIGZvcm1pbmcgZnJvbSB0aXNzdWUgaW4gdGhlIHRlc3RlcyBhbmQgb3Zhcmllcy4gVGhpcyBpcyB3aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgaW4gbWVpb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSSBpcyBzaG93aW5nIGFuIGVnZyBhbmQgYSBzcGVybSBjZWxsIGZ1c2luZyB0byBmb3JtIGEgenlnb3RlLCBhIHByb2Nlc3Mga25vd24gYXMgZmVydGlsaXphdGlvbi4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYSBwcm9jZXNzIHRoYXQgc2hvd3MgdGhlIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBlZ2cgY2VsbHMgb3Igc3Blcm0gY2VsbHMgKHdoaWNoIGlzIHdoYXQgaGFwcGVucyBkdXJpbmcgbWVpb3Npcyku[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSUkgc2hvd3MgYSB6eWdvdGUgZ3Jvd2luZyBhbmQgZGV2ZWxvcGluZyB0byBiZWNvbWUgYW4gYWR1bHQgb3JnYW5pc20uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvb3NlIGEgcHJvY2VzcyB0aGF0IHNob3dzIHRoZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgZWdnIGNlbGxzIG9yIHNwZXJtIGNlbGxzICh3aGljaCBpcyB3aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgZHVyaW5nIG1laW9zaXMpLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number represents mitosis, growth, and development?

[c]IEk=[Qq]

[c]IElJ[Qq]

[c]IElJ SQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJSSBpcyBzaG93aW5nIGFuIGVnZyBhbmQgYSBzcGVybSBjZWxsIGZ1c2luZyB0byBmb3JtIGEgenlnb3RlLCBhIHByb2Nlc3Mga25vd24gYXMgZmVydGlsaXphdGlvbi4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBsb29rIGZvciBhIHByb2Nlc3MgdGhhdCBzaG93cyBhIGNoYW5nZSBmcm9tIGEgc2luZ2xlIGNlbGwgdG8gYSBtdWx0aWNlbGx1bGFyIGFkdWx0LiBUaGlzIGNoYW5nZSB3b3VsZCBjb21lIGFib3V0IHRocm91Z2ggcmVwZWF0ZWQgcm91bmRzIG9mIG1pdG9zaXMsIGNlbGwgZ3Jvd3RoLCBhbmQgY2VsbCBkaWZmZXJlbnRpYXRpb24gYXMgdGhlIG9yZ2FuaXNtIGRldmVsb3BzLg==[Qq]

[f]IFBlcmZlY3QuIElJSSBzaG93cyBhIHp5Z290ZSBncm93aW5nIGFuZCBkZXZlbG9waW5nIHRvIGJlY29tZSBhbiBhZHVsdCBvcmdhbmlzbS4gVGhpcyBjaGFuZ2Ugd291bGQgY29tZSBhYm91dCB0aHJvdWdoIHJlcGVhdGVkIHJvdW5kcyBvZiBtaXRvc2lzLCBjZWxsIGdyb3d0aCwgYW5kIGNlbGwgZGlmZmVyZW50aWF0aW9uIGFzIHRoZSBvcmdhbmlzbSBkZXZlbG9wcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which structure or cell would be haploid?

[c]IDE=[Qq]

[c]ID Q=[Qq]

[c]IDU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLg==wqAgTnVtYmVyIDEgaXMgYW4gb3ZhcnkuIE92YXJpYW4gdGlzc3VlLCBsaWtlIGFsbCBzb21hdGljIHRpc3N1ZSwgaXMgZGlwbG9pZC4gSG93ZXZlciwgc29tZSBjZWxscyBpbiBhbiBvdmFyeSBnbyB0aHJvdWdoIG1laW9zaXMgdG8gYmVjb21lIGhhcGxvaWQgZWdncy4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBtYWtlIGEgZGlmZmVyZW50IGNob2ljZS4=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIE51bWJlciA0IGlzIGFuIGVnZy4gRWdncyBhcmUgaGFwbG9pZCBjZWxscyB0aGF0IHJlc3VsdCBmcm9tIG1laW9zaXMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSBpcyBhIHp5Z290ZS4gQSB6eWdvdGUgaXMgYSBmZXJ0aWxpemVkIGVnZywgd2l0aCB0d28gc2V0cyBvZiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcywgbWFraW5nIGl0IGRpcGxvaWQuIE5leHQgdGltZSwgbWFrZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBjaG9pY2Uu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, is the cell at number 5 haploid or diploid?

[c]IGRpcG xvaWQ=[Qq]

[c]IGhhcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGNlbGwgYXQgbnVtYmVyIDUgaXMgYSB6eWdvdGUuIEEgenlnb3RlIGlzIGEgZmVydGlsaXplZCBlZ2csIHdpdGggdHdvIHNldHMgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXMsIG1ha2luZyBpdCBkaXBsb2lkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgY2VsbCBhdCBudW1iZXIgNSBpcyBhIHp5Z290ZS4gQSB6eWdvdGUgaXMgYSBmZXJ0aWxpemVkIGVnZywgd2l0aCB0d28gc2V0cyBvZiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcywgbWFraW5nIGl0IGRpcGxvaWQu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which structure is a zygote?

[c]IDE=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[c]IDQ=[Qq]

[c]ID U=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMSBpcyB0aGUgb3ZhcnkuIEEgenlnb3RlIGlzIGEgZmVydGlsaXplZCBlZ2csIGFuZCBpdCBjb21lcyBhYm91dCB3aGVuIGEgc3Blcm0gY2VsbCBmZXJ0aWxpemVzIGFuIGVnZy4gV2hlcmUgaW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gZG8geW91IHNlZSB0aGUgY2VsbCB0aGF0IGZvcm1zIHdoZW4gdHdvIGNlbGxzIGZ1c2UgdG8gYmVjb21lIG9uZT8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBhIHRlc3RpcyAoc2luZ3VsYXIgZm9yIHRlc3RlcykuIEEgenlnb3RlIGlzIGEgZmVydGlsaXplZCBlZ2csIGFuZCBpdCBjb21lcyBhYm91dCB3aGVuIGEgc3Blcm0gY2VsbCBmZXJ0aWxpemVzIGFuIGVnZy4gV2hlcmUgaW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gZG8geW91IHNlZSB0aGUgY2VsbCB0aGF0IGZvcm1zIHdoZW4gdHdvIGNlbGxzIGZ1c2UgdG8gYmVjb21lIG9uZT8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNwZXJtIGNlbGwuIEEgenlnb3RlIGlzIGEgZmVydGlsaXplZCBlZ2csIGFuZCBpdCBjb21lcyBhYm91dCB3aGVuIGEgc3Blcm0gY2VsbCBmZXJ0aWxpemVzIGFuIGVnZy4gV2hlcmUgaW4gdGhlIGRpYWdyYW0gZG8geW91IHNlZSB0aGUgY2VsbCB0aGF0IGZvcm1zIHdoZW4gdHdvIGNlbGxzIGZ1c2UgdG8gYmVjb21lIG9uZT8=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhbiBlZ2cgY2VsbC4gQSB6eWdvdGUgaXMgYSBmZXJ0aWxpemVkIGVnZywgYW5kIGl0IGNvbWVzIGFib3V0IHdoZW4gYSBzcGVybSBjZWxsIGZlcnRpbGl6ZXMgYW4gZWdnLiBXaGVyZSBpbiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbSBkbyB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoZSBjZWxsIHRoYXQgZm9ybXMgd2hlbiB0d28gY2VsbHMgZnVzZSB0byBiZWNvbWUgb25lPw==[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDUgaXMgdGhlIHp5Z290ZSwgd2hpY2ggZm9ybXMgd2hlbiBhIHNwZXJtIGNlbGwgZmVydGlsaXplcyBhbiBlZ2cu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, would the adult man and woman shown at the bottom of the diagram be diploid or haploid?

[c]IGRpcG xvaWQ=[Qq]

[c]IGhhcGxvaWQ=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQWR1bHRzIG9mIGFueSBhbmltYWwgc3BlY2llcyBoYXZlIGJvZGllcyB0aGF0IGFyZSBjb21wb3NlZCBvZiBkaXBsb2lkIHRpc3N1ZSwgd2l0aCB0d28gc2V0cyBvZiBjaHJvbW9zb21lcy4gVGhpcyB0aXNzdWUgZGV2ZWxvcGVkIGZyb20gYSB6eWdvdGUsIGEgZGlwbG9pZCBjZWxsIHRoYXQgY2FtZSBhYm91dCBmcm9tIHRoZSBmZXJ0aWxpemF0aW9uIG9mIGFuIGVnZyBmcm9tIGEgc3Blcm0u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBBZHVsdHMgb2YgYW55IGFuaW1hbCBzcGVjaWVzIGhhdmUgYm9kaWVzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGNvbXBvc2VkIG9mIGRpcGxvaWQgdGlzc3VlLCB3aXRoIHR3byBzZXRzIG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLiBUaGlzIHRpc3N1ZSBkZXZlbG9wZWQgZnJvbSBhIHp5Z290ZSwgYSBkaXBsb2lkIGNlbGwgdGhhdCBjYW1lIGFib3V0IGZyb20gdGhlIGZlcnRpbGl6YXRpb24gb2YgYW4gZWdnIGZyb20gYSBzcGVybS4gVGhlIG9ubHkgY2VsbHMgaW4gYW4gYWR1bHQgbWFsZSBvciBmZW1hbGUgdGhhdCBhcmUgaGFwbG9pZCBhcmUgdGhlaXIgZ2FtZXRlcyAoc3Blcm0gb3IgZWdnIGNlbGxzLCBkZXBlbmRpbmcgb24gdGhlIHNleCku

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which structure is an ovary?

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[c]IDQ=[Qq]

[c]IDU=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDEgaXMgdGhlIG92YXJ5Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMiBpcyBhIHRlc3RpcyAoc2luZ3VsYXIgZm9yIHRlc3RlcykuIExvb2sgZm9yIHRpc3N1ZSBpbiBhbiBhZHVsdCB0aGF0IHdvdWxkIGdpdmUgcmlzZSB0byBhbiBlZ2csIHdoaWNoIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIGluIG51bWJlciA0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNwZXJtIGNlbGwuwqAgTG9vayBmb3IgdGlzc3VlIGluIGFuIGFkdWx0IHRoYXQgd291bGQgZ2l2ZSByaXNlIHRvIGFuIGVnZywgd2hpY2ggeW91IGNhbiBzZWUgaW4gbnVtYmVyIDQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhbiBlZ2cgY2VsbC4=wqAgTG9vayBmb3IgdGlzc3VlIGluIGFuIGFkdWx0IHRoYXQgd291bGQgZ2l2ZSByaXNlIHRvIHRoaXMgZWdnLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSBpcyB0aGUgenlnb3RlLCB3aGljaCBmb3JtcyB3aGVuIGEgc3Blcm0gY2VsbCBmZXJ0aWxpemVzIGFuIGVnZy4gVG8gaWRlbnRpZnkgdGhlIG92YXJ5LCBsb29rIGZvciB0aXNzdWUgaW4gYW4gYWR1bHQgdGhhdCB3b3VsZCBnaXZlIHJpc2UgdG8gYW4gdW5mZXJ0aWxpemVkIGVnZywgd2hpY2ggeW91IGNhbiBzZWUgYXQgbnVtYmVyIDQu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which numbers refer to gametes?

[c]IDEgYW5kIDI=[Qq]

[c]IDMgYW 5kIDQ=[Qq]

[c]IDU=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXJzIDEgYW5kIDIgYXJlIHNob3dpbmcgdGhlIG92YXJ5ICgxKSBhbmQgdGhlIHRlc3RlcyAoYXQgMikuIEdhbWV0ZXMgYXJlIHNleCBjZWxscywgd2hpY2ggYXJlIHByb2R1Y2VkIGJ5IG92YXJpZXMgYW5kIHRlc3Rlcy4gV2hpY2ggbnVtYmVycyByZWZlciB0byBzZXggY2VsbHM/[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVyIDMgaXMgYSBzcGVybSBjZWxsLCBhbmQgbnVtYmVyIDQgaXMgYW4gZWdnLiBFZ2cgY2VsbHMgYW5kIHNwZXJtIGNlbGxzIGFyZSBzZXggY2VsbHMgb3IgZ2FtZXRlcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSBpcyBhIHp5Z290ZSwgd2hpY2ggZm9ybXMgd2hlbiBhIHNwZXJtIGNlbGwgZmVydGlsaXplcyBhbiBlZ2cuIEdhbWV0ZXMgYXJlIHNleCBjZWxscywgd2hpY2ggZnVzZSB0byBmb3JtIGEgenlnb3RlLiBXaGljaCBudW1iZXJzIHJlZmVyIHRvIGNlbGxzIHRoYXQgaGF2ZSBmdXNlZCB0byBmb3JtIGEgenlnb3RlPw==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which numbers refer to organs where meiosis would occur?

[c]IDEgYW 5kIDI=[Qq]

[c]IDMgYW5kIDQ=[Qq]

[c]IDU=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTnVtYmVycyAxIGFuZCAyIGFyZSBzaG93aW5nIHRoZSBvdmFyeSAoMSkgYW5kIHRoZSB0ZXN0ZXMgKDIpLiBXaXRoaW4gdGhlc2Ugb3JnYW5zLCBtZWlvc2lzIG9jY3VycywgcHJvZHVjaW5nIHNleCBjZWxscy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgMyBpcyBhIHNwZXJtIGNlbGwsIGFuZCBudW1iZXIgNCBpcyBhbiBlZ2cuIEVnZyBjZWxscyBhbmQgc3Blcm0gY2VsbHMgYXJlIHNleCBjZWxscyBvciBnYW1ldGVzLiBUaGV5IGFyZSBwcm9kdWNlZCBieSBtZWlvc2lzLCBidXQgbWVpb3NpcyBkb2VzbuKAmXQgb2NjdXIgd2l0aGluIHRoZXNlIGNlbGxzLiBNb3ZlIGJhY2t3YXJkIGluIHRoZSBkaWFncmFtIHRvIGZpbmQgdGhlIHRpc3N1ZXMgdGhhdCBwcm9kdWNlZCB0aGVzZSBnYW1ldGVzLCBhbmQgeW914oCZbGwgaGF2ZSBmb3VuZCB0aGUgbG9jYXRpb24gb2YgbWVpb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOdW1iZXIgNSBpcyBhIHp5Z290ZSwgd2hpY2ggZm9ybXMgd2hlbiBhIHNwZXJtIGNlbGwgZmVydGlsaXplcyBhbiBlZ2cuIFRvIGZpbmQgd2hlcmUgbWVpb3NpcyBvY2N1cnMsIGZpbmQgdGhlIG9yZ2FucyB0aGF0IHByb2R1Y2VkIHRoZSBzcGVybSBhbmQgZWdnIHRoYXQgZnVzZWQgdG8gZm9ybSB0aGUgenlnb3RlLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Based on the diagram below (and any other knowledge you may have), which of the following statements is true?

[c]IEJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGVnZyBpcyBzbyBtdWNoIGxhcmdlciB0aGFuIHRoZSBzcGVybSwgbW9yZSBnZW5ldGljIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uIGlzIGNvbnRyaWJ1dGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBtb3RoZXIgdGhhbiBieSB0aGUgZmF0aGVyLg==[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBzcGVybSBwcm92aWRlcyBtb3N0IG9mIHRoZSBnZW5ldGljIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBUaGUgZWdnIHByb3ZpZGVzIHRoZSBjeXRvcGxhc20gdGhhdCBub3VyaXNoZXMgdGhlIHp5Z290ZS4=[Qq]

[c]IFRoZSBlZ2csIHdpdGggaXRzIGxhcmdlciBudWNsZXVzLCBwcm92aWRlcyBtb3N0IG9mIHRoZSBnZW5ldGljIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBUaGUgc3Blcm0gbWVyZWx5IHNlcnZlcyB0byBhY3RpdmF0ZSB0aGUgenlnb3RlIGFuZCBpbmR1Y2UgaXQgdG8gZGV2ZWxvcCBpbnRvIGFuIGVtYnJ5by4=[Qq]

[c]IEJvdGggcGFyZW50cywgdGhyb3VnaCB0aGVpciBzcGVybSBhbmQgZWdnIGNlbGxzLCBjb250cmlidXRl IDEvMiBvZiB0aGUgZ2VuZXRpYyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbiByZWNlaXZlZCBieSB0aGUgb2Zmc3ByaW5nLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBEZXNwaXRlIHRoZWlyIGRpZmZlcmVudCBzaXplcywgYm90aCB0aGUgZWdnIGFuZCBzcGVybSBoYXZlIGVxdWFsIGFtb3VudHMgb2YgZ2VuZXRpYyBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9zZSBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCBhbnN3ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB0aGUgZWdnIGRvZXMgY29udHJpYnV0ZSBtdWNoIG1vcmUgY3l0b3BsYXNtLCBib3RoIHRoZSBlZ2cgYW5kIHNwZXJtIGhhdmUgZXF1YWwgYW1vdW50cyBvZiBnZW5ldGljIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGNob3NlIGEgZGlmZmVyZW50IGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBFdmVuIHRob3VnaCB0aGlzIGRpYWdyYW0gc2hvd3MgYSBtdWNoIGxhcmdlciBudWNsZXVzIGluIHRoZSBlZ2csIHRoZSBlZ2csIGhhcyBubyBtb3JlIGdlbmV0aWMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gdGhhbiB0aGUgc3Blcm0uIE5leHQgdGltZSwgY2hvc2UgYSBkaWZmZXJlbnQgYW5zd2VyLg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEhhbGYgb2YgdGhlIGdlbmV0aWMgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gaXMgY29udHJpYnV0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIG1vdGhlciwgYW5kIGhhbGYgaXMgY29udHJpYnV0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIGZhdGhlci4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Based on the diagram below (and any other knowledge you may have), which of the following statements about fertilization is true?

[c]IER1cmluZyBmZXJ0aWxpemF0aW9uLCB0d28gZGlwbG9pZCB6eWdvdGVzIGZ1c2UgdG8gZm9ybSBoYXBsb2lkIGdhbWV0ZXMu[Qq]

[c]IER1cmluZyBmZXJ0aWxpemF0aW9uLCB0d28gZGlwbG9pZCBnYW1ldGVzIGZ1c2UgdG8gZm9ybSBhIGhhcGxvaWQgenlnb3RlLg==[Qq]

[c]IEZlcnRpbGl6YXRpb24gY3JlYXRlcyBhIGRpcGxvaWQgenlnb3RlIG Zyb20gdGhlIGZ1c2lvbiBvZiB0d28gaGFwbG9pZCBnYW1ldGVzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMb29rIGF0IHRoZSBkaXJlY3Rpb24gb2YgdGhlIGFycm93cyBpbiB0aGUgZGlhZ3JhbS4gVGhlIHNwZXJtIGFuZCBlZ2cgY2VsbCBtb3ZlIGZvcndhcmQgaW4gdGltZSB0byBiZWNvbWUgYSB6eWdvdGUuIEluIGFkZGl0aW9uLCByZW1lbWJlciB0aGF0IGVhY2ggZ2FtZXRlIGhhcyBvbmx5IG9uZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHNldCAobWFraW5nIGl0IGhhcGxvaWQpLCB3aGlsZSB0aGUgenlnb3RlIGhhcyB0d28u[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBXaGlsZSB5b3UgaGF2ZSB0aGUgb3ZlcmFsbCBzZXF1ZW5jZSBjb3JyZWN0IChnYW1ldGVzIGZ1c2UgdG8gZm9ybSBhIHp5Z290ZSksIHlvdSBuZWVkIHRvIGNsYXJpZnkgdGhlIGNocm9tb3NvbWFsIGNvbmRpdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgZ2FtZXRlcyBhbmQgdGhlIHp5Z290ZS4gUmVtZW1iZXJpbmcgdGhhdCB0aGUg4oCYZGnigJkgaW4g4oCYZGlwbG9pZOKAmSBtZWFucyDigJh0d2/igJkgbWlnaHQgaGVscCB5b3UgdGhlIG5leHQgdGltZSB5b3Ugc2VlIHRoaXMgcXVlc3Rpb24u[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhhdOKAmXMgZXhhY3RseSB3aGF0IGhhcHBlbnMgaW4gZmVydGlsaXphdGlvbiB3aGVuIHR3byBoYXBsb2lkIGdhbWV0ZXMgZnVzZSB0byBmb3JtIGEgZGlwbG9pZCB6eWdvdGUu[Qq]

[x]
[restart]

[/qwiz]

4.3. Meiosis 1 v. Meiosis 2

[qwiz]

[h]Quiz: Meiosis 1 v. Meiosis 2

[i]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the separation of homologous pairs?

[c]IDE=[Qq]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBOb3RpY2UgaG93IHRoZSBob21vbG9nb3VzIHBhaXJzICh0aGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgdGhhdCBhcmUgc2hvd24gYXMgYmVpbmcgbWF0Y2hlZCBieSBzaXplIGJ1dCBub3QgY29sb3IpLCBhcmUgc3RpbGwgdG9nZXRoZXIgaW5zaWRlIHRoZSBzYW1lIG51Y2xldXMgYWZ0ZXIgc3RlcCBvbmUuIEZpbmQgYSBzdGVwIHdoZXJlIHRoZXNlIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgaGF2ZSBiZWVuIHNlcGFyYXRlZCBpbnRvIGRpZmZlcmVudCBudWNsZWku[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIFN0ZXAgMiBzaG93cyBob21vbG9nb3VzIHBhaXJzIGJlaW5nIHNlcGFyYXRlZCBpbnRvIGRpZmZlcmVudCBkYXVnaHRlciBjZWxscy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBzdGVwIHRocmVlLCB0aGUgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBwYWlycyBoYXZlIGFscmVhZHkgYmVlbiBzZXBhcmF0ZWQuIFRocmVlIHNob3dzIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzIGJlaW5nIHB1bGxlZCBhcGFydC4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW4gZWFybGllciBzdGVwIGluIHRoZSBwcm9jZXNzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the separation of sister chromatids?

[c]IDE=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiB0aGlzIGZpcnN0IHN0ZXAsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIHNpbmdsZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBiZWNvbWluZyBkb3VibGVkIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLCB3aGljaCBhcmUgY29tcG9zZWQgb2Ygc2lzdGVyIGNocm9tYXRpZHMuIE5leHQgdGltZSwgdHJ5IHRvIGlkZW50aWZ5IGEgc3RlcCB3aGVyZSB0aGVzZSBzaXN0ZXIgY2hyb21hdGlkcyBhcmUgcHVsbGVkIGFwYXJ0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdGVwIDIgc2hvd3MgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBwYWlycyBiZWluZyBzZXBhcmF0ZWQgaW50byBkaWZmZXJlbnQgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY2VsbHMu[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIEluIHN0ZXAgdGhyZWUsIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzIGFyZSBwdWxsZWQgYXBhcnQu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows the duplication of chromosomes?

[c]ID E=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gSW4gdGhpcyBmaXJzdCBzdGVwLCB5b3UgY2FuIHNlZSBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgYmVjb21pbmcgZG91YmxlZCBjaHJvbW9zb21lcywgZWFjaCBvZiB3aGljaCBpcyBjb21wb3NlZCBvZiBzaXN0ZXIgY2hyb21hdGlkcy4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBTdGVwIDIgc2hvd3MgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBwYWlycyBiZWluZyBzZXBhcmF0ZWQgaW50byBkaWZmZXJlbnQgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY2VsbHMuIEZpbmQgYSBzdGVwIHdoZXJlIHNpbmdsZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcywgd2hpY2ggbG9vayBsaWtlIHRoaWNrIGxpbmVzLCBiZWNvbWUgZG91YmxlZCBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyAod2hpY2ggbG9vayBzb21ld2hhdCBsaWtlIGFuIOKAmFjigJkpLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBzdGVwIHRocmVlLCBzaXN0ZXIgY2hyb21hdGlkcyBhcmUgcHVsbGVkIGFwYXJ0LiBXaGF0IHlvdeKAmXJlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9yIGlzIHRoZSBvcHBvc2l0ZS4gRmluZCBhIHN0ZXAgd2hlcmUgc2luZ2xlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLCB3aGljaCBsb29rIGxpa2UgdGhpY2sgbGluZXMsIGJlY29tZSBkb3VibGVkIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzICh3aGljaCBsb29rIHNvbWV3aGF0IGxpa2UgYW4g4oCYWOKAmSku

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows where the cell changes from diploid to haploid?

[c]IDE=[Qq]

[c]ID I=[Qq]

[c]IDM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiB0aGlzIGZpcnN0IHN0ZXAsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIHNpbmdsZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBiZWNvbWluZyBkb3VibGVkIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLCBlYWNoIG9mIHdoaWNoIGlzIGNvbXBvc2VkIG9mIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzLiBZb3XigJlyZSBsb29raW5nIGZvciB0aGUgc3RhZ2Ugd2hlcmUgdGhlIG1hdGNoZWQgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBwYWlycyBnZXQgc2VudCB0byBkaWZmZXJlbnQgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY2VsbHMu[Qq]

[f]IFBlcmZlY3QuIFN0ZXAgMiBzaG93cyBob21vbG9nb3VzIHBhaXJzIGJlaW5nIHNlcGFyYXRlZCBpbnRvIGRpZmZlcmVudCBkYXVnaHRlciBjZWxscy4gQXMgdGhhdCBoYXBwZW5zLCB0aGUgY2VsbCBpcyB0cmFuc2Zvcm1lZCBmcm9tIGhhdmluZyB0d28gY2hyb21vc29tZSBzZXRzIHRvIGhhdmluZyBvbmUuIEFub3RoZXIgd2F5IG9mIHNheWluZyB0aGlzIGlzIHRoYXQgdGhlIGNlbGwgaXMgY2hhbmdpbmcgZnJvbSBkaXBsb2lkIHRvIGhhcGxvaWQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiBzdGVwIHRocmVlLCBzaXN0ZXIgY2hyb21hdGlkcyBhcmUgcHVsbGVkIGFwYXJ0LiBCeSB0aGlzIHBvaW50LCB0aGUgY2VsbHMgYXJlIGFscmVhZHkgaGFwbG9pZCAoYnV0IHRoZWlyIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGFyZSBzdGlsbCBkb3VibGVkKS4gTmV4dCB0aW1lLCBjaG9vc2UgYW4gZWFybGllciBwaGFzZSBpbiB0aGUgcHJvY2Vzcy4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the diagram below, which number shows a process that results in haploid gametes with single chromosomes?

[c]IDE=[Qq]

[c]IDI=[Qq]

[c]ID M=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBJbiB0aGlzIGZpcnN0IHN0ZXAsIHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIHNpbmdsZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBiZWNvbWluZyBkb3VibGVkIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLCBlYWNoIG9mIHdoaWNoIGlzIGNvbXBvc2VkIG9mIHR3byBzaXN0ZXIgY2hyb21hdGlkcy4gWW914oCZcmUgbG9va2luZyBmb3IgYSBsYXRlciBzdGFnZSBpbiB0aGUgcHJvY2Vzcy4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2UuIEluIHN0ZXAgdGhyZWUsIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzIGFyZSBiZWluZyBwdWxsZWQgYXBhcnQsIHNvIHRoZSBkb3VibGVkIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGFyZSBiZWNvbWluZyBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMuIEJ5IHRoaXMgcG9pbnQsIHRoZSBjZWxscyBhcmUgYWxyZWFkeSBoYXBsb2lkLiBUaGUgcmVzdWx0LCBpbiBvdGhlciB3b3JkcywgaXMgZm91ciBoYXBsb2lkIGdhbWV0ZXMgd2l0aCBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process separates homologous pairs?

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIHJpZ2h0LiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgc2VwYXJhdGVzIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcGFpcnMu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDIgc2VwYXJhdGVzIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid?

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIHJpZ2h0LiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgc2VwYXJhdGVzIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcGFpcnMuIEFzIGl0IGRvZXMsIHRoZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIG51bWJlciBpcyByZWR1Y2VkIGZyb20gdHdvIHNldHMgKG9uZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBtb3RoZXIsIG9uZSBmcm9tIHRoZSBmYXRoZXIpLCB0byBvbmUgc2V0Lg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDIgc2VwYXJhdGVzIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzLiBUaGUgY2VsbHMgYXJlIGFscmVhZHkgaGFwbG9pZC4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process results in two haploid cells with doubled chromosomes?

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIHJpZ2h0LiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgc2VwYXJhdGVzIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcGFpcnMuIEFzIGl0IGRvZXMsIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgbnVtYmVyIGdvZXMgZnJvbSBkaXBsb2lkIHRvIGhhcGxvaWQuIEVhY2ggY2hyb21vc29tZSwgaG93ZXZlciwgaXMgc3RpbGwgZG91YmxlZC4=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDIgc2VwYXJhdGVzIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzLiBUaGUgcmVzdWx0IGlzIGZvdXIgaGFwbG9pZCBkYXVnaHRlciBjZWxscywgZWFjaCBvZiB3aGljaCBoYXMgc2luZ2xlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process separates sister chromatids?

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgc2VwYXJhdGVzIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcGFpcnMu[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qgam9iLiBNZWlvc2lzIDIgc2VwYXJhdGVzIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzLg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process results in four haploid cells with single chromosomes?

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgc2VwYXJhdGVzIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcGFpcnMuIFRoZSByZXN1bHQgaXMgdHdvIGhhcGxvaWQgY2VsbHMgd2l0aCBkb3VibGVkIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoYXTigJlzIGNvcnJlY3QuIE1laW9zaXMgMiBzZXBhcmF0ZXMgc2lzdGVyIGNocm9tYXRpZHMuIFRoZSByZXN1bHQgaXMgZm91ciBoYXBsb2lkIGRhdWdodGVyIGNlbGxzLCBlYWNoIG9mIHdoaWNoIGhhcyBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMu

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process reduces chromosomes from two sets to one set?

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIE1laW9zaXMgMSBzZXBhcmF0ZXMgaG9tb2xvZ291cyBwYWlycy4gVGhlIHJlc3VsdCBpcyB0d28gZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY2VsbHMsIGVhY2ggd2l0aCBvbmUgc2V0IG9mIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLiBJbiBlYWNoIHNldCwgdGhlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzIGFyZSBzdGlsbCBkb3VibGVkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDIgc2VwYXJhdGVzIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzLiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgaGFzIGFscmVhZHkgY3V0IHRoZSBudW1iZXIgb2YgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgZG93biB0byBvbmUgc2V0Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which process changes doubled chromosomes into single chromosomes?

[c]IG1laW9zaXMgMQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1laW9z aXMgMg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIDEgc2VwYXJhdGVzIGhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcGFpcnMuIEVhY2ggcmVzdWx0aW5nIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgaXMgc3RpbGwgZG91YmxlZC4=[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gTWVpb3NpcyAyIHNlcGFyYXRlcyBzaXN0ZXIgY2hyb21hdGlkcy4gVGhpcyBjaGFuZ2VzIGRvdWJsZWQgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgKGNvbnNpc3Rpbmcgb2YgdHdvIHNpc3RlciBjaHJvbWF0aWRzKQ==wqAgaW50byBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMu[Qq]

[x]
[restart]

[/qwiz]

4.4. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

[qwiz]

[h]Meiosis Quiz 2: Meiosis v. Mitosis

[i]

[q] The kind of cell division associated with sexual reproduction:
[c]IG1laW 9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IENvcnJlY3QuIFNleHVhbCByZXByb2R1Y3Rpb24gcmVxdWlyZXMgdGhlIHByb2R1Y3Rpb24gb2YgaGFwbG9pZCBnYW1ldGVzLCBhbmQgdGhlc2UgYXJlIHByb2R1Y2VkIHRocm91Z2ggbWVpb3Npcy4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGlzIGFzc29jaWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBhc2V4dWFsIHJlcHJvZHVjdGlvbiAoaW4gdW5pY2VsbHVsYXIgZXVrYXJ5b3RlcykuIEluIG11bHRpY2VsbHVsYXIgb3JnYW5pc21zIGxpa2UgaHVtYW5zLCBtaXRvc2lzIGlzIGhvdyB3ZSBncm93IGFuZCBkZXZlbG9wLg==[Qq]

[q] Somatic cells reproduce themselves through
[c]IG1laW9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG 9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIGlzIGhvdyBzZXggY2VsbHMgKGVnZyBhbmQgc3Blcm0gY2VsbHMpIGFyZSBwcm9kdWNlZC4=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWl0b3NpcyBpcyBob3cgdGhlIHNvbWF0aWMgY2VsbHMgdGhhdCBtYWtlIHVwIG91ciBib2R5IHRpc3N1ZXMgcmVwcm9kdWNlIHRoZW1zZWx2ZXMuIFlvdSBncmV3IGZyb20gYSBzaW5nbGUtY2VsbGVkIHp5Z290ZSBpbnRvIHRoZSB0cmlsbGlvbnMgb2YgY2VsbHMgdGhhdCBtYWtlIHlvdSB1cCB0b2RheSB0aHJvdWdoIG1pdG9zaXMu[Qq]

[q] Gametes are created through
[c]IG1laW 9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWVpb3NpcyBpcyBob3cgZ2FtZXRlcyAoZWdnIGFuZCBzcGVybSBjZWxscykgYXJlIHByb2R1Y2VkLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGlzIGhvdyB0aGUgc29tYXRpYyBjZWxscyB0aGF0IG1ha2UgdXAgb3VyIGJvZHkgdGlzc3VlcyBhcmUgcHJvZHVjZWQu[Qq]

[q] Genetic variation arises through
[c]IG1laW 9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWVpb3NpcyBjcmVhdGVzIHZhcmlhdGlvbi4gTWVpb3NpcyBpbnZvbHZlcyB0d28gcHJvY2Vzc2VzLCBjcm9zc2luZyBvdmVyIGFuZCBpbmRlcGVuZGVudCBhc3NvcnRtZW50LCB0aGF0IG1peCB1cCBnZW5lcyBpbiBhIHdheSB0aGF0IGNyZWF0ZXMgYnJhbmQgbmV3IGNvbWJpbmF0aW9ucyBvZiBnZW5lcy4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGNyZWF0ZXMgYW4gZXhhY3QgZHVwbGljYXRlIG9mIHRoZSBwYXJlbnQgY2VsbC4gVGhlIGRhdWdodGVyIGNlbGxzIHdoaWNoIHJlc3VsdCBmcm9tIG1pdG9zaXMgYXJlIGdlbmV0aWMgY2xvbmVzIG9mIHRoZSBwYXJlbnQgY2VsbC4gTm8gbmV3IGdlbmV0aWMgdmFyaWF0aW9uIGlzIHByb2R1Y2VkLg==[Qq]

[q] Which type of cell division cuts chromosome number in half?
[c]IG1laW 9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWVpb3NpcyByZWR1Y2VzIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgbnVtYmVyIGZyb20gdHdvIHNldHMgdG8gb25lIHNldCAoZnJvbSBkaXBsb2lkIHRvIGhhcGxvaWQpLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGtlZXBzIHRoZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIG51bWJlciB0aGUgc2FtZS4=[Qq]

[q] Which type of cell division creates two daughter cells that are genetic clones of the parent cell?
[c]IG1laW9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG 9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIGNyZWF0ZXMgZm91ciBkYXVnaHRlciBjZWxscyB0aGF0IGFyZSBnZW5ldGljYWxseSBkaXN0aW5jdCBmcm9tIHRoZSBwYXJlbnQgY2VsbC4=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWl0b3NpcyByZXN1bHRzIGluIHR3byBkYXVnaHRlciBjZWxscyB0aGF0IGFyZSBleGFjdCBnZW5ldGljIGNsb25lcyBvZiB0aGUgcGFyZW50IGNlbGwu[Qq]

[q] Animals grow from single-celled zygotes into multicellular organisms through
[c]IG1laW9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG 9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNZWlvc2lzIGlzIGhvdyBtdWx0aWNlbGx1bGFyIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBtYWtlIGdhbWV0ZXMgZm9yIHJlcHJvZHVjdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWl0b3NpcyBpcyBob3cgYW5pbWFscyBncm93IGZyb20gYSBzaW5nbGUtY2VsbGVkIHp5Z290ZSBpbnRvIG11bHRpY2VsbHVsYXIgYWR1bHRzLg==[Qq]

[q] Animals create sperm and egg cells created through
[c]IG1laW 9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWVpb3NpcyBpcyBob3cgZ2FtZXRlcyAoZWdnIGFuZCBzcGVybSBjZWxscykgYXJlIHByb2R1Y2VkLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGlzIGhvdyB0aGUgc29tYXRpYyBjZWxscyB0aGF0IG1ha2UgdXAgb3VyIGJvZHkgdGlzc3VlcyBhcmUgY3JlYXRlZC4=[Qq]

[q] Which type of cell division involves only one round of cell division?
[c]IG1laW9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG 9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBEdXJpbmcgbWVpb3NpcywgY2VsbHMgZGl2aWRlIHR3aWNlIGFzIHRoZXkgcmVkdWNlIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgbnVtYmVyIGZyb20gZGlwbG9pZCB0byBoYXBsb2lkLCBhbmQgdGhlbiBkaXZpZGUgZG91YmxlZCBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBpbnRvIHNpbmdsZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lcy4=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gTWl0b3NpcyBpbnZvbHZlcyBvbmx5IG9uZSByb3VuZCBvZiBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uIGFzIGRvdWJsZWQgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgYXJlIHNwbGl0IGludG8gc2luZ2xlIGNocm9tb3NvbWVzLCBhbmQgdGhlIGNlbGwgc3BsaXRzIGluIGhhbGYu[Qq]

[q] Which type of cell division involves two rounds of cell division?
[c]IG1laW 9zaXM=[Qq]
[c]IG1pdG9zaXM=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gRHVyaW5nIG1laW9zaXMsIGNlbGxzIGRpdmlkZSB0d2ljZSBhcyB0aGV5IHJlZHVjZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIG51bWJlciBmcm9tIGRpcGxvaWQgdG8gaGFwbG9pZCwgYW5kIHRoZW4gZGl2aWRlIGRvdWJsZWQgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgaW50byBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMu[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGludm9sdmVzIG9ubHkgb25lIHJvdW5kIG9mIGNlbGwgZGl2aXNpb24gYXMgZG91YmxlZCBjaHJvbW9zb21lcyBhcmUgc3BsaXQgaW50byBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMsIGFuZCB0aGUgY2VsbCBzcGxpdHMgaW4gaGFsZi4=[Qq]

[q] Which of the numbered diagrams below represents meiosis?

[c]IDE=[Qq]
[c]ID I=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBJbiBkaWFncmFtIDEsIHlvdSBzZWUgb25seSBvbmUgcm91bmQgb2YgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbi4gRHVyaW5nIG1laW9zaXMsIGNlbGxzIGRpdmlkZSB0d2ljZSBhcyB0aGV5IHJlZHVjZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIG51bWJlciBmcm9tIGRpcGxvaWQgdG8gaGFwbG9pZCwgYW5kIHRoZW4gZGl2aWRlIGRvdWJsZWQgY2hyb21vc29tZXMgaW50byBzaW5nbGUgY2hyb21vc29tZXMu[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gRGlhZ3JhbSAyIHJlcHJlc2VudHMgbWVpb3Npcywgd2hpY2ggeW91IGNhbiBzZWUgaXMgaGFwcGVuaW5nIGJlY2F1c2Ugb2YgdGhlIHR3byByb3VuZHMgb2YgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbiB0aGF0IGFyZSBvY2N1cnJpbmcsIGFuZCBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIG51bWJlciBpcyBiZWluZyByZWR1Y2VkIGluIGhhbGYgKGZvdXIgaW4gdGhlIHBhcmVudCBjZWxsLCB0d28gaW4gdGhlIGRhdWdodGVyIGNlbGxzKS4=[Qq]

[q] Which of the numbered diagrams below represents mitosis?

[c]ID E=[Qq]
[c]IDI=[Qq]
[f]IFllcy4gSW4gZGlhZ3JhbSAxLCB5b3Ugc2VlIG9ubHkgb25lIHJvdW5kIG9mIGNlbGwgZGl2aXNpb24uIEluIGFkZGl0aW9uLCB5b3UgY2FuIHNlZSB0aGF0IHRoZSBjaHJvbW9zb21lIG51bWJlciBzdGF5cyB0aGUgc2FtZSBpbiBib3RoIHBhcmVudCBjZWxscyBhbmQgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY2VsbHMuIEJvdGggb2YgdGhlc2UgaW5kaWNhdGUgdGhhdCB3aGF0IHlvdeKAmXJlIHNlZWluZyBpcyBtaXRvc2lzLg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBEaWFncmFtIDIgcmVwcmVzZW50cyBtZWlvc2lzLCB3aGljaCB5b3UgY2FuIHNlZSBpcyBoYXBwZW5pbmcgYmVjYXVzZSBvZiB0aGUgdHdvIHJvdW5kcyBvZiBjZWxsIGRpdmlzaW9uIHRoYXQgYXJlIG9jY3VycmluZywgYW5kIGJlY2F1c2UgdGhlIGNocm9tb3NvbWUgbnVtYmVyIGlzIGJlaW5nIHJlZHVjZWQgaW4gaGFsZiAoZm91ciBpbiB0aGUgcGFyZW50IGNlbGwsIHR3byBpbiB0aGUgZGF1Z2h0ZXIgY2VsbHMpLiBJbiBtaXRvc2lzLCB5b3Ugc2VlIG9ubHkgb25lIHJvdW5kIG9mIGNlbGwgZGl2aXNpb24sIGFuZCB0aGUgY2hyb21vc29tZSBudW1iZXIgc3RheXMgdGhlIHNhbWUu[Qq]

[q] Which of the following statements about mitosis and meiosis is true?
[c]IE1pdG9zaXMgYW5kIG1laW9zaXMgYXJlIHVuaXZlcnNhbCBwcm9jZXNzZXMgdGhhdCBvY2N1ciBpbiBib3RoIHByb2thcnlvdGVzIGFuZCBldWthcnlvdGVzLg==[Qq]
[c]IE1pdG9zaXMgb2NjdXJzIGluIHByb2thcnlvdGVzLiBNZWlvc2lzIG9jY3VycyBpbiBldWthcnlvdGVzLg==[Qq]
[c]IE1pdG9zaXMgYW5kIG1laW9zaXMgb2NjdXIgaW4gcHJva2FyeW90ZXMgb25seS4=[Qq]
[c]IE1pdG9zaXMgYW5kIG1laW9zaXMgb2Nj dXIgaW4gZXVrYXJ5b3RlcyBvbmx5Lg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGFuZCBtZWlvc2lzIG5ldmVyIG9jY3VyIGluIHByb2thcnlvdGVzLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGFuZCBtZWlvc2lzIG5ldmVyIG9jY3VyIGluIHByb2thcnlvdGVzLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[f]IE5vLiBNaXRvc2lzIGFuZCBtZWlvc2lzIG5ldmVyIG9jY3VyIGluIHByb2thcnlvdGVzLiBOZXh0IHRpbWUsIGNob29zZSBhbm90aGVyIGFuc3dlci4=[Qq]
[f]IEV4YWN0bHkuIEJvdGggbWl0b3NpcyBhbmQgbWVpb3NpcyBhcmUgY2VsbCBkaXZpc2lvbiBwcm9jZXNzZXMgdGhhdCBhcmUgdW5pcXVlIHRvIGV1a2FyeW90ZXMu[Qq]
[x]
[restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s Next?

Continue to the next tutorial, How Meiosis Creates Variation