1. Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

[qdeck style=”width: 600px !important; min-height: 450px !important;” bold_text=”false” qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Evidence for Evolution Cumulative Flashcards (v2.0)”]

[h] Evidence for Evolution Cumulative Flashcards

[i] These flashcards cover a lot of information. Work with them slowly and carefully, until you can recall the information at a high level of mastery. You don’t need word-for-word recall. Your goal is a fluent and confident response to each prompt.

[start]

[q] Proving evolution to be true involves finding evidence of

[a] Proving evolution to be true involves finding evidence of descent with modification.

[q] List four examples of evolutionary change that have been directly observed by humans in recent times.

[a] Examples of evolutionary change that have been directly observed by humans in recent times include

Changes leading to new variants in SARS-CoV-2.
The peppered moth’s change in color from light to dark and back to light in response to environmental change in the forests of Northern England.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria, particularly the emergence of MRSA.
Resistance to the pesticide DDT in mosquitoes.

[q] List three examples of vestigial traits.

[a] Note: many answers are possible. The vestigial traits introduced in this topic included

Reduced/non-functioning eyes in cavefish
The coccyx (tail bone) and ear muscles of humans.
The reduced leg bones of whales

[q] What are fossils, and how do they serve as evidence for evolution?

[a] Fossils are the petrified remains of any once-living thing from the past. They serve as evidence for evolution because

They show that life has changed over time.
Their placement in sedimentary strata confirms descent with modification in lineages such as vertebrates and plants. For example, in the fossil record fish precede amphibians, which precede reptiles, which precede birds and mammals.
The existence of transitional fossils, which links ancestral groups with their descendants.

[q] What are the two ways of dating fossils?

[a] Fossils can be dated by

Relative dating, which compares the age of fossils by their position in sedimentary strata
Radiometric dating, which tells the age of a fossil based on the decay of radioactive isotopes in volcanic rocks in strata adjacent to where the fossil was found.

[q] What are analogous forms? List several examples.

[a] Analogous forms or structures are superficially similar forms that result from convergent evolution. Examples include

The streamlined form of dolphins, sharks, and ichthyosaurs
The beaks of a platypus and a duck.
The wings of a bat and a bird.

[q] List two examples of widely shared proteins. How are these molecules evidence for evolution?

[a] Two widely shared proteins are cytochrome c (used in cellular respiration) and hemoglobin (used to transport oxygen in red blood cells) These shared proteins are evidence for evolution because these molecules are homologous. The species that share them must have had a common ancestor.

[q] What are four homologous features shared by all eukaryotes indicating that they share a common ancestor?

[a] What are four homologous features shared by all eukaryotes that indicate common ancestry?

Cells with mitochondria
Complex cells with internal compartments like the E.R., Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
A membrane-bound nucleus that separates chromosomes from the cytoplasm.
Linear chromosomes.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1631f6ffd5d10″ question_number=”289″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] DDT is a pesticide (a substance that kills agricultural pests, usually insects) that was first developed in the 1940s. It was widely used for mosquito control as a way of reducing malaria (because mosquitos are the main vector for spreading the plasmodium parasite that causes malaria). In almost every country where it has been used, however, mosquitoes have developed resistance to this pesticide’s effect. Explain.

[a] Resistance to DDT in mosquito populations evolved through natural selection. Here’s how: In any mosquito population, there is variation in the susceptibility of individuals to the pesticide. Early on in a mosquito control campaign, most of the mosquitoes are killed by DDT (A). However, a small number survive, and they pass on the genes that made their survival possible to their offspring. In addition, in each generation, random mutations result in individuals whose resistance is superior to the mean level of resistance in the previous generation. Over time, mosquito populations come to consist largely of individuals with high levels of resistance (C).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1628370e0b110″ question_number=”290″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] REVIEW: Describe the evolutionary origins of chloroplasts, and provide evidence.

[a] The double membrane of chloroplasts (1), their circular, bacteria-like DNA (3), their bacteria-like ribosomes (4), and their reproduction through binary fission are evidence for the origin of chloroplasts as independent cyanobacteria that were taken up by an early eukaryotic cell.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|16198482fbd10″ question_number=”291″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Define convergent evolution.

[a] Convergent evolution occurs when similar selective pressures result in similar adaptations on the part of populations that are subject to these pressures. These adaptations are analogous (arising in parallel) and not homologous (arising from common ancestry).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|160ee50cbb910″ question_number=”292″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Dolphins and sharks share a similar hydrodynamic shape. Birds and bats have forelimbs that have evolved into wings. In both cases, these adaptations arose separately. Name and explain the type of evolution at work.

[a] The shape of dolphins and sharks and the wings of bats and birds are examples of convergent evolution. Both dolphins and sharks are subject to the selective pressure of having to move efficiently through water: as a result, both have, through natural selection, converged upon a similarly hydrodynamic shape. The wings of birds and bats are a convergent solution to the challenge of flying, a challenge that was met separately in different vertebrate lineages (dinosaurs and mammals, respectively). In both cases, the adaptations are analogous, rather than homologous (deriving from a common ancestor).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|16042055bd110″ question_number=”293″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Use the idea of convergent evolution to explain the loss of pelvic spines (Form B) in separate populations of stickleback fish.

[a] Sticklebacks are small marine fish that migrate up freshwater streams to breed. Thousands of years ago, separate populations of stickleback fish became trapped in freshwater lakes, where they were cut off from their marine predators. Once isolated from these predators, each of these populations lost its protective ventral spines. Genetic analysis shows that the mutations that underlie this loss are different in different populations. In other words, the loss of spines in these freshwater populations occurred independently in each population in response to similar selective pressures. The loss of spines is therefore an analogous feature, caused by convergent evolution.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|15f9f0a1b7910″ question_number=”294″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Describe how homologous features provide evidence for evolution.

[a] Homologous features are traits that share a common underlying structure and a common embryological origin, but which have been modified in different evolutionary lineages, often to serve different functions. For example, in humans, cats, birds, and whales the forelimb is built from the same bones, but these have been modified in each lineage to serve different functions.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|cc18acf96178c” question_number=”295″] Describe how embryological development provides evidence for evolution.

[a] Early embryos of vertebrates look similar. Throughout development, the embryo differentiates, adopting the body form of the adults of that lineage. This similarity of the pattern indicates common ancestry, with subsequent descent with modification in each lineage. In addition, embryos often show vestigial features (a concept addressed in another card) that can only be explained through inheritance from a common ancestor.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|15ef512b77510″ question_number=”296″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What is biogeography? How does biogeography provide evidence for evolution?

[a] Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species and varieties. The pattern of distribution fits the idea that populations first evolve in one area, then spread to adjacent areas, where subsequent evolution occurs.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|15d6b96ddf110″ question_number=”298″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are molecular homologies? How do they serve as evidence for evolution?

[a] Molecular homologies are molecules that, by their structure and monomer sequence, indicate common ancestry. An example is hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in all vertebrates. In all vertebrates, hemoglobin has the same structure (two alpha chains and two beta chains). The differences in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin in different species correspond to morphological similarities and differences among various vertebrate species and the fossil record. This pattern repeats with other proteins, such as cytochrome c; specific gene sequences; and RNA.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|15c09afce9110″ question_number=”300″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are the deep homologies that unify all life? List six.

[a] The best evidence for the idea that all life has a common ancestry is in the molecules and biochemical mechanisms shared by all living things. These include 1) use of DNA as genetic material, 2) use of the same genetic code to convert the information in DNA into proteins, 3) translating RNA into protein through ribosomes, 4) shared metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, 5) use of ATP for cellular energy transfer, and 6) use of chemiosmosis and ATP synthase to generate ATP.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|15b5d645ea910″ question_number=”301″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] Describe how relative dating of fossils works.

[a] Relative dating uses the idea of superposition to determine the relative age of a fossil. The basic idea is that when sedimentary strata (layers) are formed, younger material will be laid on top of older layers. In a bed of fossils, the fossils in deeper layers (C) are going to be older than the fossils in layers that are closer to the surface (A). This analysis is made more complex, however, by geological faults, and layers that can be flipped upside down by geological processes.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|cbc4464a5878c” question_number=”302″] Describe how absolute dating of fossils works.

[a] Absolute dating of fossils is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes in fossilized remains, or in nearby volcanic strata that are interspersed with sedimentary strata. The key idea is half-life: the time it takes for half of a sample of radioactive isotopes to decay from one element to another. For example, the half-life of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If a fossil bone is found in which half of the carbon-14 has decayed to nitrogen, then the bone is 5,730 years old. If 1/4 of the carbon 14 is left, then the bone is 11,460 years (two half-lives) old.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|15a977c6bf510″ question_number=”303″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are vestigial structures, and how do they serve as evidence of evolution?

[a] A vestigial structure has no apparent function but was inherited from an ancestor for whom that structure had a function. For example, whales, have no hind limbs but have a pelvis onto which to attach those limbs. That’s because their ancestors possessed hindlimbs, which were lost as whales adapted to their aquatic lifestyle.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|159e434d86110″ question_number=”304″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] How can DNA and/or amino acid sequences provide evidence for common ancestry?

[a] Shared sequences of DNA, and shared amino acid sequences in proteins, are molecular homologies. In the same way that the forearm of a human and a cat are homologous and show evidence of common ancestry, shared DNA and amino acid sequences were also present in a common ancestor of the species in question. Their differences, if any, are the result of mutations that have occurred over evolutionary time. The closer the sequences of DNA and amino acids are among species, the closer these species can be said to be related.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1594cddd37d10″ question_number=”305″ topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] How can the amino acid sequences of proteins such a cytochrome c provide evidence for common ancestry?

[a] Cytochrome c is a protein that’s 104 amino acids long. It plays a key role in the electron transport chain, and in triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death). The amino acid sequence for cytochrome c in humans and chimpanzees is identical, which corresponds to the close anatomical and physiological similarities between chimps and humans. That sequence, however, is slightly different from the one found in cows, pigs, and sheep (which all have identical sequences to one another). This indicates that humans and chimps have a more recent common ancestor with one another than they do with cows, pigs, or sheep (and vice versa).

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|1580b8f6a9510″ question_number=”307″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are some of the fundamental molecular and cellular features shared across the three domains of life, which provide evidence that life had a single origin.

[a] The list of conserved features that point to a single origin for all living things include 1) use of DNA as genetic material, 2) transcription of DNA into RNA to bring genetic information to ribosomes; 3) a universal genetic code for translating mRNA into protein; 4) chemiosmotic energy production, with the pumping of protons linked to the production of ATP; 5) use of ATP as a common energy currency.

[q json=”true” yy=”4″ dataset_id=”AP_Bio_Flashcards_2022|156e189789510″ question_number=”308″ unit=”7.Evolution_and_Natural_Selection” topic=”7.6-8.Evidence_of_Evolution_and_Common_Ancestry”] What are some of the common features that point to a single origin of all eukaryotes. List six.

[a] Conserved features shared by all eukaryotes include 1) a nucleus that separates the chromosomes from the cytoplasm; 2) mitochondria or organelles derived from mitochondria; 3) membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum of Golgi apparatus; 4) genes with introns that need to be removed before protein synthesis; 5) linear chromosomes, and 6) sexual reproduction involving gamete production and fusion of gametes to form a diploid zygote.

[x] [restart]

[/qdeck]

2. Evidence for Evolution: Cumulative Quiz

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[h] Evidence for Evolution Cumulative Quiz

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|20335ed003ec5a” question_number=”234″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] The diagrams below depict sedimentary rock strata from two different fossil sites. Which of the following conclusions about relative fossil age is best supported by these diagrams?

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|2120fe798e485a” question_number=”161″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] Both sharks and dolphins have a similar streamlined shape.

This is an example of

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[Qq]Adaptive radiation explains homologous traits, but not superficially similar traits that evolve independently in separate evolutionary lineages.

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[Qq]

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[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|2100da3d68d05a” question_number=”172″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] Molecular data indicates that the giant panda is a member of the Ursidae family (the family of bears) while the lesser panda is a member of the Prycyonidae family (the family of raccoons). Which of the following terms best explains the morphological similarities between red pandas (shown on the left) and the giant panda (on the right)?

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[c]IEdlbmV0aWMgZHJpZnQ=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBHZW5ldGljIGRyaWZ0IGlzIHRoZSByYW5kb20gY2hhbmdlIGluIGFsbGVsZSBmcmVxdWVuY2llcyB0aGF0IGNhbiBvY2N1ciBpbiBzbWFsbCwgaXNvbGF0ZWQgcG9wdWxhdGlvbnMuIEhlcmUsIHdlJiM4MjE3O3JlIGxvb2tpbmcgYXQgc29tZXRoaW5nIGRpZmZlcmVudC4gSG93IGNhbiB5b3UgZXhwbGFpbiBzaW1pbGFyIGZlYXR1cmVzIGluIHR3byAob3IgbW9yZSkgc3BlY2llcyB0aGF0IGFyZSBkaXN0YW50bHkgcmVsYXRlZCAoYW5kIHdoaWNoIGRpZCBub3QgaW5oZXJpdCB0aGVzZSBmZWF0dXJlcyBmcm9tIGEgY29tbW9uIGFuY2VzdG9yKT8=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|20e6265509f05a” question_number=”180″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”]

Dinoflagellates and euglenoids are both unicellular eukaryotic organisms. The table above compares three characteristics: habitat, wall structure, and locomotion of these two organisms.
Euglenoid fossils are less common than dinoflagellate fossils. According to the table, this may be because

[c]IGV1Z2xlbm9pZCBmb3NzaWwgZGVwb3NpdHMgYXJlIGRlc3Ryb3llZCBieSBzYWx0d2F0ZXIu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBGaXJzdCBvZiBhbGwsIGFjY29yZGluZyB0byB0aGUgdGFibGUsIGV1Z2xlbm9pZHMgbGl2ZSBpbiBmcmVzaHdhdGVyLiBTZWNvbmQgb2YgYWxsLCB3aHkgd291bGRuJiM4MjE3O3QgdGhleSBiZSBmb3NzaWxpemVkPw==[Qq]

[c]IHRoZSBjZWxsIHdhbGwgaXMgd2Vha2VyIGluIGV1Z2 xlbm9pZHMgdGhhbiBpbiBkaW5vZmxhZ2VsbGF0ZXMu[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIHRhYmxlIHRlbGxzIHlvdSB0aGF0IGRpbm9mbGFnZWxsYXRlcyBoYXZlIGEgY2VsbHVsb3NlIGNlbGwgd2FsbCwgZW5jcnVzdGVkIGJ5IHNhbmQsIHdoaWxlIGV1Z2xlbm9pZHMgbGFjayBzdWNoIGEgd2FsbC4gVGhpcyBjb3VsZCBleHBsYWluIHdoeSB0aGUgZm9ybWVyIGlzIGZvdW5kIGluIGZvc3NpbHMgbXVjaCBtb3JlIHRoYW4gdGhlIGxhdHRlci4=[Qq]

[c]IGRpbm9mbGFnZWxsYXRlIGZvc3NpbHMgYXJlIGVhc2llciB0aGFuIGV1Z2xlbm9pZCBmb3NzaWxzIHRvIHVuZWFydGgu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG5vIGV2aWRlbmNlIGFib3V0IHRoYXQgYWJvdmUuIFRoaW5rIGFib3V0IHdoYXQgZmVhdHVyZXMgbWFrZSBhbiBvcmdhbmlzbSBlYXN5IHRvIGZvc3NpbGl6ZS4=[Qq]

[c]IGRpbm9mbGFnZWxsYXRlcyB3ZXJlIG1vcmUgbGlrZWx5IHRoYW4gZXVnbGVub2lkcyB0byBiZSBjb3ZlcmVkIGJ5IHNlZGltZW50IHdoZW4gdGhleSBkaWVkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGVyZSYjODIxNztzIG5vIGV2aWRlbmNlIHRvIHN1cHBvcnQgdGhhdC4gRnJvbSB3aGF0IHlvdSBjYW4gc2VlIGluIHRoZSB0YWJsZSBhYm92ZSwgdGhleSYjODIxNztyZSBib3RoIGxpdmluZyBpbiB3YXRlcnkgZW52aXJvbm1lbnRzIGFuZCBjb3VsZCBiZSBjb3ZlcmVkIHVwIGJ5IHNlZGltZW50cy4gV2h5IHdvdWxkIG9uZSBmb3NzaWxpemUgbW9yZSBlYXNpbHkgdGhhbiB0aGUgb3RoZXI/[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|2060a9c7533c5a” question_number=”220″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] Basalt is formed over days or weeks when lava cools and solidifies on the Earth’s surface after a volcanic eruption. Sometimes well-preserved fossils have been found in volcanic ash, from the same eruption, deposited near the basalt. Which of the following statements explains why basalt near a fossil site can be used to date the fossils?

[c]IEFuIGluZGV4IGZvc3NpbCBtYXkgYmUgY29udGFpbmVkIGluIHRoZSBiYXNhbHQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBCYXNhbHQgaXMgYSB2b2xjYW5pYyByb2NrLCBmb3JtZWQgZnJvbSBsYXZhLCB3aGljaCB3b3VsZCBkZXN0cm95IGFueSBmb3NzaWxzLiBBcyBpcyBzdGF0ZWQgaW4gdGhlIHF1ZXN0aW9uLCB0aGUgZm9zc2lscyBtaWdodCBiZSBmb3VuZCBpbiB2b2xjYW5pYyBhc2gsIGRlcG9zaXRlZCBuZWFyIHRoZSBiYXNhbHQuIFRha2UgYW5vdGhlciBsb29rIGF0IHRoZXNlIGNob2ljZXMsIGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSBvbmUgdGhhdCB3b3VsZCBoZWxwIHlvdSBkZXRlcm1pbmUgaG93IG9sZCB0aGUgZm9zc2lscyBhcmUu[Qq]

[c]IE9yZ2FuaWMgcmVtYWlucyBhcmUgYmFrZWQgYW5kIHByZXNlcnZlZCBpbiBiYXNhbHQu[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUgb3JnYW5pYyByZW1haW5zIG1pZ2h0IGJlIGZvdW5kIGluIHRoZSBhc2gsIGJ1dCBub3QgaW4gdGhlIGJhc2FsdC4gVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGJlY2F1c2UgYmFzYWx0LCBhcyBzdGF0ZWQgYWJvdmUsIGlzIGEgdm9sY2FuaWMgcm9jayB0aGF0JiM4MjE3O3MgZm9ybWVkIGZyb20gbW9sdGVuIGxhdmEuIFRoZSBsYXZhIHdvbiYjODIxNzt0IGNvbnRhaW4gYW55IGZvc3NpbHMsIGFuZCBuZWl0aGVyIHdpbGwgdGhlIGJhc2FsdCB0aGF0IGZvcm1zIGZyb20gaXQuIFRha2UgYW5vdGhlciBsb29rIGF0IHRoZXNlIGNob2ljZXMsIGFuZCBzZWUgaWYgeW91IGNhbiBpZGVudGlmeSBvbmUgdGhhdCB3b3VsZCBoZWxwIHlvdSBkZXRlcm1pbmUgaG93IG9sZCB0aGUgZm9zc2lscyBhcmUu[Qq]

[c]IEhpc3RvcmljYWwgZGF0YSBjb250YWlucyB0aGUgZGF0ZXMgb2Ygdm9sY2FuaWMgZXJ1cHRpb25zLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBIaXN0b3JpY2FsIHJlY29yZHMgZGF0ZSBiYWNrIG9ubHkgYSBmZXcgdGhvdXNhbmQgeWVhcnMgYXQgbW9zdC4gU2VlIGlmIHlvdSBjYW4gdGhpbmsgb2YgYW5vdGhlciB3YXkgaW4gd2hpY2ggYmFzYWx0IGNhbiBiZSB1c2VkIHRvIGRhdGUgdGhlIGZvc3NpbHMu[Qq]

[c]IFJhZGlvYWN0aXZlIGVsZW1lbnRzIGluIHRoZSBi YXNhbHQgY2FuIGJlIGRhdGVkIGFjY3VyYXRlbHku[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gQnkgdXNpbmcgcmFkaW9hY3RpdmUgZGF0aW5nLCB0aGUgYWdlIG9mIHRoZSB2b2xjYW5pYyBiYXNhbHQgdGhhdCYjODIxNztzIG5lYXIgdGhlIGZvc3NpbHMgY2FuIGJlIGRldGVybWluZWQuIFRoYXQsIGluIHR1cm4sIGFsbG93cyB5b3UgdG8gZGV0ZXJtaW5lIHRoZSBhZ2Ugb2YgdGhlIGZvc3NpbHMu[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|2045f83300405a” question_number=”228″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] The concept of descent with modification is best represented by which of the following examples?

[c]IEFiaWxpdHkgb2YgZmlzaGVzIGFuZCBkb2xwaGlucyB0byBzd2lt[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGluayBhYm91dCB0aGlzIHRlcm0sIA==ZGVzY2VudCB3aXRoIG1vZGlmaWNhdGlvbg==LCB3aGljaCB3YXMgb25lIG9mIERhcndpbiYjODIxNztzIGZhdm9yaXRlIHRlcm1zIGZvciBkZXNjcmliaW5nIGV2b2x1dGlvbi4gRGVzY2VudA==IGlzIGFib3V0IGFuY2VzdHJ5LiBJJiM4MjE3O20gYSBkZXNjZW5kYW50IG9mIG15IGdyYW5kcGFyZW50cy4g[Qq]Modification means change. So, the ability of both dolphins and fish to swim might have come about through descent with modification, but there’s a clearer example of descent with modification in this list of choices.

[c]IENvbG9yIHZhcmlhdGlvbiBpbiBhIHNpbmdsZSBzcGVjaWVzIG9mIGZsb3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBMZXQmIzgyMTc7cyB0aGluayBhYm91dCB0aGlzIHRlcm0sIA==ZGVzY2VudCB3aXRoIG1vZGlmaWNhdGlvbg==LCB3aGljaCB3YXMgb25lIG9mIERhcndpbiYjODIxNztzIGZhdm9yaXRlIHRlcm1zIGZvciBkZXNjcmliaW5nIGV2b2x1dGlvbi4gRGVzY2VudA==IGlzIGFib3V0IGFuY2VzdHJ5LiBJJiM4MjE3O20gYSBkZXNjZW5kYW50IG9mIG15IGdyYW5kcGFyZW50cy4g[Qq]Modification means change. Color variation in a single species of flower might be a result of genetic differences in different individuals within this population, and these differences might or might not be traceable to some evolutionary change. Look over the list of choices for this question, and see if there’s a clearer example of descent with modification that you can choose next time you see this question.

[c]IEVhcmx5IGVtYnJ5b25pYyBmb3JtcyBvZiBiaXJkcyBhbm QgbWFtbWFscyBhcmUgc3RydWN0dXJhbGx5IHNpbWlsYXI=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCEgQm90aCBiaXJkcyBhbmQgbWFtbWFscyBldm9sdmVkIGZyb20gYSBjb21tb24gdmVydGVicmF0ZSBhbmNlc3Rvci4gVGhlIGVtYnJ5b25pYyBmb3JtcyBzaGFyZWQgYnkgYmlyZHMgYW5kIG1hbW1hbHMgc2hvdyB0aGUgZGVlcCBob21vbG9naWVzIGluIG91ciBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUsIHdoaWNoIGxhdGVyIGdldCBlbGFib3JhdGVkIGludG8gbWFtbWFsaWFuIGFuZCBhdmlhbiAoYmlyZC1saWtlKSBmb3Jtcy4gQ29uc2VxdWVudGx5LCBpdCYjODIxNztzIGEgZ3JlYXQgZXhhbXBsZSBvZiBkZXNjZW50IHdpdGggbW9kaWZpY2F0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|2055bfcf967c5a” question_number=”223″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] The figure below represents the fossils found in different rock layers at a specific site. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the information in the figure?

[c]IEZvc3NpbCBBIGlzIGFib3V0IDUgbWlsbGlvbiB5ZWFycyBvbGQu[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IEZvc3NpbHMgQSBhbmQgQyBhcmUgY2xvc2VseSByZWxhdGVkLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBGb3NzaWxzIEEgYW5kIEMgYXJlIGluIHRoZSBzYW1lIGxheWVyLCBidXQgYWxsIHRoYXQgdGVsbHMgeW91IGlzIHRoYXQgdGhleSBsaXZlZCBhdCB0aGUgc2FtZSB0aW1lLg==[Qq]

[c]IEZvc3NpbCBCIGlzIGV4dGluY3Qu[Qq]

[f]IE5vdCBuZWNlc3NhcmlseS4gVGhlIG9yZ2FuaXNtIHRoYXQgd2FzIGZvc3NpbGl6ZWQgdG8gY3JlYXRlIGZvc3NpbCBCIG1heSBiZSBwYXJ0IG9mIGEgc3BlY2llcyB0aGF0IGlzIHN0aWxsIGFsaXZlLiBUaGVyZSBhcmUgc3BlY2llcywgbGlrZSB0aGUgZmFtb3VzIENvZWxhY2FudGggKHNob3duIGJlbG93KSwgdGhhdCBhcmUgYm90aCBsaXZpbmcgdG9kYXkgYW5kIHBhcnQgb2YgdGhlIGZvc3NpbCByZWNvcmQgZnJvbSAzNjAgbWlsbGlvbiB5ZWFycyBhZ28u

Cg==

[Qq]

[c]IEZvc3NpbCBEIGlzIHRoZSB5b3 VuZ2VzdCBmb3NzaWwgc2hvd24u[Qq]

[f]IFllcy4gVGhlIGtleSBwcmluY2lwbGUgaGVyZSBpcyB0aGUgaWRlYSBvZiA=c3VwZXJwb3NpdGlvbg==LiBGb3NzaWxzIGluIGhpZ2hlciBsYXllcnMgYXJlIGxhaWQgZG93biBhYm92ZSB0aGUgZm9zc2lscyBpbiBsb3dlciBsYXllcnMgYW5kIGFyZSB0aGVyZWZvcmUgeW91bmdlci4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|2052809b01885a” question_number=”224″ unit=”7.Evolution” topic=”7.6.Evidence_of_Evolution”] The figure below represents the fossils found in different rock layers at a specific site.

Scientists observed that fossils C and D both have similar, limb-like appendages. If later work shows these structures are analogous, rather than homologous, then one could expect that the living organisms that formed these fossils would have had similar

[c]IGFtaW5vIGFjaWQgc2VxdWVuY2VzLg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHRoaW5nIHRvIGZvY3VzIG9uIGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCB0aGVzZSBsaW1iLWxpa2UgYXBwZW5kYWdlcyBhcmUgYW5hbG9nb3VzLiBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhleSBkb24mIzgyMTc7dCByZXByZXNlbnQgY29tbW9uIGFuY2VzdHJ5ICh3aGljaCB3b3VsZCBiZSBzaG93biBieSBzaGFyZWQgYW1pbm8gYWNpZCBzZXF1ZW5jZXMpLCBidXQgcmF0aGVyIGNvbnZlcmdlbnQgZXZvbHV0aW9uIChzdWNoIGFzIHRoZSBzaW1pbGFyLCBzdHJlYW1saW5lZCBmb3JtcyBvZiBzaGFya3MgYW5kIGRvbHBoaW5zKS4=

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

Look at the choices, and see if there’s one that’s more related to the idea of convergent evolution.

[c]IEROQSBzZXF1ZW5jZXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHRoaW5nIHRvIGZvY3VzIG9uIGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCB0aGVzZSBsaW1iLWxpa2UgYXBwZW5kYWdlcyBhcmUgYW5hbG9nb3VzLiBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhleSBkb24mIzgyMTc7dCByZXByZXNlbnQgY29tbW9uIGFuY2VzdHJ5ICh3aGljaCB3b3VsZCBiZSBzaG93biBieSBzaGFyZWQgRE5BIHNlcXVlbmNlcyksIGJ1dCByYXRoZXIgY29udmVyZ2VudCBldm9sdXRpb24gKHN1Y2ggYXMgdGhlIHNpbWlsYXIsIHN0cmVhbWxpbmVkIGZvcm1zIG9mIHNoYXJrcyBhbmQgZG9scGhpbnMpLg==

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

Look at the choices, and see if there’s one that’s more related to the idea of convergent evolution.

[c]IFJOQSBzZXF1ZW5jZXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5vLiBUaGUga2V5IHRoaW5nIHRvIGZvY3VzIG9uIGhlcmUgaXMgdGhhdCB0aGVzZSBsaW1iLWxpa2UgYXBwZW5kYWdlcyBhcmUgYW5hbG9nb3VzLiBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoYXQgdGhleSBkb24mIzgyMTc7dCByZXByZXNlbnQgY29tbW9uIGFuY2VzdHJ5ICh3aGljaCB3b3VsZCBiZSBzaG93biBieSBzaGFyZWQgUk5BIHNlcXVlbmNlcyksIGJ1dCByYXRoZXIgY29udmVyZ2VudCBldm9sdXRpb24gKHN1Y2ggYXMgdGhlIHNpbWlsYXIsIHN0cmVhbWxpbmVkIGZvcm1zIG9mIHNoYXJrcyBhbmQgZG9scGhpbnMpLg==

Cg==Cg==[Qq]

Look at the choices, and see if there’s one that’s more related to the idea of convergent evolution.

[c]IHNlbGVjdGlvbi BwcmVzc3VyZXM=[Qq]

[f]IE5pY2Ugam9iLiBJZiB0aGVzZSBsaW1iLWxpa2UgYXBwZW5kYWdlcyBhcmUgYW5hbG9nb3VzLCB0aGVuIHRoZXkgY291bGQgaGF2ZSBhcmlzZW4gYnkgdW5yZWxhdGVkIHNwZWNpZXMgZXhwZXJpZW5jaW5nIHNpbWlsYXIgc2VsZWN0aW9uIHByZXNzdXJlcy4gVGhhdCYjODIxNztzIGhvdyB3ZSBleHBsYWluIHRoZSBzaW1pbGFyIHN0cmVhbWxpbmVkIGZvcm0gb2Ygc2hhcmtzIGFuZCBkb2xwaGlucywgYXMgc2hvd24gYmVsb3csIGFuZCBpdCB3b3VsZCBhcHBseSBpbiB0aGlzIGNhc2UgYXMgd2VsbC4=

Cg==Cg==Cg==Cg==

[Qq]

[q json=”true” xx=”1″ multiple_choice=”true” unit=”7.Evolution” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Dataset|22aa77ff06645a” question_number=”34″ topic=”7.8.Continuing_Evolution”] A farmer is applying a pesticide to suppress an insect called a “stem borer.” The farmer has learned that there is an allele that enables stem borers to tolerate the pesticide, and she is concerned that the stem borers will become pesticide-resistant. Which of the following situations would most likely lead to the appearance of pesticide-resistant stem borers?

[c]IElmIG5vbmUgb2YgdGhlIHN0ZW0gYm9yZXJzIGluIHRoaXMgYXJlYSBoYXZlIHRoZSByZXNpc3RhbmNlIGFsbGVsZS4=[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[c]IElmIG5laWdoYm9yaW5nIGZhcm1zIGhhdmUgdXNlZCB0aGlzIHBlc3RpY2lkZSBmb3IgeWVhcnMsIG FuZCBpZiB0aGUgYWR1bHQgc3RlbSBib3JlcnMgY2FuIGVhc2lseSBmbHkgbG9uZyBkaXN0YW5jZXMu[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudC4gVGhpcyBjaG9pY2UgZGVzY3JpYmVzIGEgc2l0dWF0aW9uIHdoZXJlIGlmIHRoZSBwZXN0aWNpZGUgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSBhbGxlbGUgYXJvc2UgaW4gYSBuZWlnaGJvcmluZyBwb3B1bGF0aW9uLCBpdCBjb3VsZCBpbmNyZWFzZSBpbiBmcmVxdWVuY3kgd2l0aGluIHRoYXQgcG9wdWxhdGlvbiBhbmQgc3ByZWFkIHRvIG5laWdoYm9yaW5nIGZhcm1zLg==[Qq]

[c]IElmIHN0ZW0gYm9yZXJzIHRoYXQgaGF2ZSB0aGUgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSBhbGxlbGUgYWxzbyBwcm9kdWNlZCBkaWZmZXJlbnQgcGhlcm9tb25lcywgbWFraW5nIGl0IGRpZmZpY3VsdCBmb3IgdGhlbSB0byBhdHRyYWN0IG1hdGVzLg==[Qq]

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[restart]

[/qwiz]

What’s next?

This flashcard deck and quiz ends Topics 7.7 – 7.8, Evidence for Evolution. You can access the next series of tutorials (Topics 7.10 – 7.12, Speciation, Variation, and Extinction) by returning to the Unit 7 Main menu.