[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosmeister1961-Units and 1, M.C. Review” random=”true” style=”width: 600px !important;” use_dataset=”Units 1 and 2 MC Review Dataset”]

[h] Units 1 and 2 (quarter 1) Multiple choice Review Quiz

[i]Biohaiku

Molecules of Life

Make up cellular structures

The basis of life

[x]

[restart]

[/qwiz]

[qwiz qrecord_id=”sciencemusicvideosMeister1961-Units 2 and 2 Guided Recall” style=”width: 600px !important;” use_dataset=”Quarter 1 Guided Recall Dataset”]

[h] AP Bio Units 1 and 2 Guided Recall Questions

[i] Each guided recall question starts by posing a question. Here’s how to maximize your learning.

1. Say the answer out loud to yourself.
2. Click “Show me the answer.”
3. Carefully read the sample answer, comparing it to what you said.
4. If you knew the answer, click “got it.”
5. Otherwise, click “need more practice.”

In addition, there are fill-in-the-blank questions.

[q] Explain how hydrogen bonds come about from water’s chemical structure, and describe hydrogen bonds.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

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[q] Explain why it takes a lot of energy to make water evaporate. How do some organisms use this as an adaptation?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

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[q] In terms of hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions, and pH, describe the difference between an acidic and a basic solution.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q] Describe the functions of  monosaccharides and disaccharides.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q] Describe the basic chemistry, overall structure, and biological importance of lipids.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q] List the four key types of lipids. Briefly describe the function of each.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IExpcGlkcyBpbmNsdWRlIHRyaWdseWNlcmlkZXMgKGZhdHMgYW5kIG9pbHMpLCB3aGljaCBhcmUgdXNlZCBmb3IgZW5lcmd5IHN0b3JhZ2UgYW5kIGluc3VsYXRpb247IHdheGVzLCB3aGljaCBhcmUgdXNlZCBmb3Igd2F0ZXJwcm9vZmluZzsgcGhvc3Bob2xpcGlkcywgd2hpY2ggYXJlIHRoZSBrZXkgc3RydWN0dXJhbCBjb21wb25lbnRzIG9mIGNlbGwgbWVtYnJhbmVzOyBhbmQgc3Rlcm9pZHMsIHdoaWNoIGFyZSBzaWduYWxpbmcgbW9sZWN1bGVzIChzdGVyb2lkIGhvcm1vbmVzKS4=[Qq]

[q] Compare and contrast the chemical structure, properties, and functions of fats and oils.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q] Describe the structure of phospholipids, and explain the relationship between phospholipid structure and the role that these molecules play in cell membranes.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q] Describe the structure and function of steroids and waxes.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q] Name the monomer of proteins, and describe that monomer’s structure.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSBwb2x5bWVycyBvZiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcy4gQW1pbm8gYWNpZHMgYXJlIGJ1aWx0IGFyb3VuZCBhIGNlbnRyYWwgY2FyYm9uLCBhdHRhY2hlZCB0byBhbWlubyBncm91cHMsIGNhcmJveHlsIGdyb3VwcywgYSBoeWRyb2dlbiBhdG9tLCBhbmQgYSB2YXJpYWJsZSBSIGdyb3VwLiBUaGUgUiBncm91cCwgYWxzbyBjYWxsZWQgYSDigJxzaWRlIGNoYWlu4oCdIGNhbiBiZSBwb2xhciwgbm9uLXBvbGFyLCBhY2lkaWMsIG9yIGJhc2ljLiBJbnRlcmFjdGlvbnMgYmV0d2VlbiBhbWlubyBhY2lkcyAoY292ZXJlZCBpbiBhbm90aGVyIGNhcmQpIGRldGVybWluZSB0aGUgcHJvdGVpbiYjODIxNztzIHRocmVlIGRpbWVuc2lvbmFsIHNoYXBlLg==[Qq]

[q] Describe the biological importance of proteins.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[Qq] • information transfer (as in protein hormones like insulin or protein neurotransmitters like serotonin).

[q] Describe the biological importance of nucleic acids.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q]Describe the biological importance of carbon, and explain why carbon plays the role that it does in living things.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IENhcmJvbiBpcyB0aGUgY2VudHJhbCBhdG9tIGluIGJpb2xvZ2ljYWwgbW9sZWN1bGVzLiBJdOKAmXMgY2VudHJhbCB0byB0aGUgc3RydWN0dXJlIG9mIGNhcmJvaHlkcmF0ZXMsIGxpcGlkcywgcHJvdGVpbnMgYW5kIG51Y2xlaWMgYWNpZHMu
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[q] What are monomers? How do they connect to form polymers?

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q]Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q]] Name the monomer of nucleic acids, and describe this monomer’s structure. Describe how these monomers are different in DNA and RNA.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSBtb25vbWVycyBvZiBudWNsZWljIGFjaWRzIGFyZSBudWNsZW90aWRlcywgd2hpY2ggY29uc2lzdCBvZiBhIDUtY2FyYm9uIHN1Z2FyLCBhIHBob3NwaGF0ZSBncm91cCwgYW5kIG9uZSBvZiBmb3VyIG5pdHJvZ2Vub3VzIGJhc2VzLg==
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[q]Explain how the structure and function of a protein emerges from four levels of interactions between the amino acids making up that protein.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3RlaW4gc3RydWN0dXJlIGFuZCBmdW5jdGlvbiBlbWVyZ2VzIGZyb20gYXQgbGVhc3QgdGhyZWUgYW5kIG9mdGVuIGZvdXIgdHlwZXMgb2YgaW50ZXJhY3Rpb25zIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIHRoYXQgbWFrZSB1cCBhIHByb3RlaW4u
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[q] Explain the molecular cause of sickle cell disease.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IEhlbW9nbG9iaW4gaXMgdGhlIHByb3RlaW4gdGhhdCB0cmFuc3BvcnRzIG94eWdlbiBpbiByZWQgYmxvb2QgY2VsbHMuIEl0JiM4MjE3O3MgYSBnbG9idWxhciBwcm90ZWluIHRoYXQgY29uc2lzdHMgb2YgZm91ciBwb2x5cGVwdGlkZSBjaGFpbnMuIFR3byBvZiB0aGVzZSBhcmUgaWRlbnRpY2FsIGFscGhhIGNoYWlucywgYW5kIHR3byBhcmUgaWRlbnRpY2FsIGJldGEgY2hhaW5zLiBUaGUgYmV0YSBjaGFpbiBjb25zaXN0cyBvZiAxNDYgYW1pbm8gYWNpZHMu
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[q]Starch and cellulose are both polysaccharides, yet their biological functions are different. Describe the function of each, and explain their differences.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q]Describe the structure of DNA.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSBjb25zaXN0cyBvZiB0d28gbnVjbGVvdGlkZSBzdHJhbmRzLiBXaXRoaW4gZWFjaCBzdHJhbmQsIHRoZSBkZW94eW51Y2xlb3RpZGUgbW9ub21lcnMgYXJlIGNvbm5lY3RlZCB0byBvbmUgYW5vdGhlciBieSBzdWdhci1waG9zcGhhdGUgYm9uZHMuIFRoZSBzdHJhbmRzIGNvbm5lY3QgdG8gb25lIGFub3RoZXIgYnkgaHlkcm9nZW4gYm9uZHMgYmV0d2VlbiBuaXRyb2dlbm91cyBiYXNlcyB3aXRoIGNvbXBsZW1lbnRhcnkgc2hhcGVzOiBhZGVuaW5lIGJvbmRpbmcgd2l0aCB0aHltaW5lIGFuZCBjeXRvc2luZSBiaW5kaW5nIHdpdGggZ3VhbmluZS4=[Qq]

[q json=”true” unit=”2.Cell_Structure_and_Function” dataset_id=”2019 AP Bio Flashcards|1d5340acab9be4″ question_number=”36″] 1) Describe the endoplasmic reticulum. 2) List the two forms of endoplasmic reticulum, and describe their structural and functional differences.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IDEuIFRoZSBlbmRvcGxhc21pYyByZXRpY3VsdW0gaXMgYW4gaW50ZXJjb25uZWN0ZWQgc2VyaWVzIG9mIGNoYW5uZWxzIGZvdW5kIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIG51Y2xlYXIgbWVtYnJhbmUgYW5kIEdvbGdpIGJvZHkgaW4gZXVrYXJ5b3RpYyBjZWxscy4=
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[q]Describe the structure and function of the Golgi complex.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q]Describe the function of mitochondria.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSBtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWHigJlzIG92ZXJhbGwgZnVuY3Rpb24gaXMgY3JlYXRpb24gb2YgQVRQLCBzb21ldGhpbmcgdGhhdCB3ZeKAmWxsIGxlYXJuIGEgZ3JlYXQgZGVhbCBhYm91dCB0aGlzIHRlcm0u[Qq]

[q]Describe the structure and function of lysosomes.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IEx5c29zb21lcyBhcmUgbWVtYnJhbmUtYm91bmQgb3JnYW5lbGxlcyB0aGF0IGNvbnRhaW4gaHlkcm9seXRpYyBlbnp5bWVzLiBUaGV5JiM4MjE3O3JlIG9ubHkgZm91bmQgb25seSBpbiBhbmltYWwgY2VsbHM7ICh3aGlsZSBwbGFudCB2YWN1b2xlcyBwbGF5IHNpbWlsYXIgcm9sZXMsIHRoZSB0d28gYXJlIGNvbnNpZGVyZWQgdG8gYmUgZGlzdGluY3Qgb3JnYW5lbGxlcyku
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[q]Describe the structure and function of vacuoles.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q]Describe the function of chloroplasts.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSBjaGxvcm9wbGFzdCYjODIxNztzIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGlzIHBob3Rvc3ludGhlc2lzLCBzb21ldGhpbmcgd2XigJlsbCBiZSBsZWFybmluZyBhYm91dCB0aGlzIHRlcm0u[Qq]

[q]Use the relationship between surface area and volume to explain why cells are small.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q]Describe some examples where individual cells or entire organisms need to increase their surface area. Describe how they do this.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IENlbGxzIG9yIG9yZ2FuaXNtcyBtYXkgbmVlZCBhZGRpdGlvbmFsIHN1cmZhY2UgYXJlYSBpbiBvcmRlciB0byBpbmNyZWFzZSB0aGUgYW1vdW50IG9mIG1vbGVjdWxlcyB0aGF0IGNhbiBlbnRlciBvciBsZWF2ZSBieSBkaWZmdXNpb24sIG9yIHRvIGluY3JlYXNlIGF2YWlsYWJsZSBzdXJmYWNlIGZvciByYWRpYXRpb24gb2YgaGVhdCBmcm9tIHRoZSBib2R5IHRvIHRoZSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudC4gQ2VsbHMgbWlnaHQgYWxzbyBuZWVkIG1vcmUgd29ya2luZyBzdXJmYWNlIGZvciBtZW1icmFuZS1lbWJlZGRlZCBlbnp5bWF0aWMgcmVhY3Rpb25zLg==
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[q] Describe the role of phospholipids in cell membranes.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q]Describe the difference between transmembrane, integral, and peripheral proteins.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3RlaW5zIGNhbiBlbWJlZCBpbnRvIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSBpbiBzZXZlcmFsIHdheXMuIFNvbWUgcHJvdGVpbnMgYXJlIA==dHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZQ==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IHByb3RlaW5zLiBOb3RlIHRoYXQgYnkgZGVmaW5pdGlvbiwgdHJhbnNtZW1icmFuZSBwcm90ZWlucyBhcmUgYWxzbyBpbnRlZ3JhbCAoYnV0IHRoZSBvcHBvc2l0ZSBpcyBub3QgdHJ1ZSkuIE90aGVyIHByb3RlaW5zIGFyZSA=[Qq]peripheral, attaching to phospholipid heads that are either on the cytoplasm side of the membrane, or the cell exterior.

[q]Describe the importance of membrane proteins.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFdoaWxlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMgbWFrZSB1cCB0aGUgc3RydWN0dXJhbCBmcmFtZXdvcmsgb2YgdGhlIG1lbWJyYW5lLCBtYW55IG1lbWJyYW5lIGZ1bmN0aW9ucyBhcmUgb25seSBwb3NzaWJsZSBiZWNhdXNlIG9mIG1lbWJyYW5lIHByb3RlaW5zICh3aGljaCBjYW4gb3V0d2VpZ2ggdGhlIHBob3NwaG9saXBpZCBwb3J0aW9uIGJ5IHdlaWdodCkuIEhlcmUgYXJlIHR3byBmdW5jdGlvbnMgeW91IHNob3VsZCBhbHJlYWR5IGtub3cgYWJvdXQu
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[Qq] • Membrane-embedded enzymes. These are involved in cell processes like photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and intracellular digestion.
• Receptors, receiving chemical messages (including hormones) and relaying these messages into the cytoplasm.

[q]Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q]Compare and contrast simple diffusion with facilitated diffusion.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

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[q]Describe the chemical composition and the function of the plant cell wall.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[q]Compare and contrast active and passive transport. As you do, explain what powers each process.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFBhc3NpdmUgdHJhbnNwb3J0IGlzIHRyYW5zcG9ydCB0aGF0IGFsbG93cyBtb2xlY3VsZXMgb3IgaW9ucyB0byBmb2xsb3cgdGhlaXIgZGlmZnVzaW9uIGdyYWRpZW50LCBkaWZmdXNpbmcgZnJvbSBoaWdoIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24gdG8gbG93IGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24uIFBhc3NpdmUgdHJhbnNwb3J0IHJlbGllcyBvbiB0aGUga2luZXRpYyBlbmVyZ3kgaW4gdGhlIGRpZmZ1c2luZyBtb2xlY3VsZXMgb3IgaW9ucywgYW5kIGRvZXNu4oCZdCByZXF1aXJlIGFueSBtZXRhYm9saWMgZW5lcmd5IHRvIGJlIGV4cGVuZGVkIGJ5IHRoZSBjZWxsLg==
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[q]Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q]What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? What is phagocytosis?

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IOKAoiBJbiByZWNlcHRvci1tZWRpYXRlZCBlbmRvY3l0b3NpcywgYSBwaWVjZSBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgcGluY2hlcyBpbiByZXNwb25zZSB0byBzb21lIG1vbGVjdWxlIHRoYXQgYmluZHMgd2l0aCBhIHJlY2VwdG9yIGVtYmVkZGVkIGluIHRoZSBtZW1icmFuZS4gVGhpcyBicmluZ3MgdGhhdCBtb2xlY3VsZSAoYW5kIHRoZSBzdXJyb3VuZGluZyBmbHVpZCkgaW50byB0aGUgY2VsbC4=
CuKAoiBEdXJpbmcgcGhhZ29jeXRvc2lzLCB0aGUgY2VsbCB1c2VzIGl0cyBtZW1icmFuZSB0byBzdXJyb3VuZCBhIHBhcnRpY2xlIChvciBldmVuIGFub3RoZXIgY2VsbCkuIFRoZSBtZW1icmFuZSBwaW5jaGVzIGluIHRvIGZvcm0gYSB2ZXNpY2xlIHdoaWNoIGVudGVycyB0aGUgY3l0b3BsYXNtLiBQaGFnb2N5dG9zaXMgaXMgdXNlZCBieSB3aGl0ZSBibG9vZCBjZWxscyBpbiB0aGUgaW1tdW5lIHJlc3BvbnNlIHRvIHN3YWxsb3cgaW52YWRlcnMuIFNpbmdsZSBjZWxsZWQgb3JnYW5pc21zIGxpa2UgYW1vZWJhcyB1c2UgcGhhZ29jeXRvc2lzIHRvIGVhdC4=[Qq]

[q]Compare and contrast the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic, and use these terms to explain the flow of water into or out of cells.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IEh5cG90b25pYywgaHlwZXJ0b25pYywgYW5kIGlzb3RvbmljIGFyZSBhbGwgcmVsYXRpdmUgdGVybXMuIElmIGEgY2VsbCBpcyBpbiBhIGh5cG90b25pYyBlbnZpcm9ubWVudCwgdGhhdCBtZWFucyB0aGF0IHRoZSBzb2x1dGlvbiB0aGF0IHRoZSBjZWxsIGlzIGluIGhhcyBsZXNzIHNvbHV0ZSBhbmQgbW9yZSB3YXRlciB0aGFuIGRvZXMgdGhlIGNlbGwgdW5kZXIgY29uc2lkZXJhdGlvbi4gQmVjYXVzZSB3YXRlciBhbHdheXMgZmxvd3MgZnJvbSBoeXBvdG9uaWMgKHdoZXJlIHRoZSB3YXRlciBpcyBtb3JlIGNvbmNlbnRyYXRlZCkgdG8gaHlwZXJ0b25pYywgd2F0ZXIgd2lsbCBmbG93IGZyb20gdGhlIGh5cG90b25pYyBzb2x1dGlvbiBpbnRvIHRoZSBjZWxsLiBUaGUgY2VsbCwgaW4gc2hvcnQsIHdpbGwgZ2FpbiB3YXRlci4=
CkEgY2VsbCBpbiBhIGh5cGVydG9uaWMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgaXMgaW4gdGhlIHJldmVyc2Ugc2l0dWF0aW9uLiBJbiB0aGlzIGNhc2UsIHRoZSBjZWxsJiM4MjE3O3MgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgaGFzIHJlbGF0aXZlbHkgbGVzcyB3YXRlciBhbmQgbW9yZSBzb2x1dGUgdGhhbiB0aGUgY2VsbCBkb2VzLiBUaGlzIG1ha2VzIHRoZSBjZWxsIGh5cG90b25pYyB0byBpdHMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQsIGFuZCB3YXRlciB3aWxsIGZsb3cgZnJvbSB0aGUgY2VsbCB0byBpdHMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQuIFRoZSBjZWxsIHdpbGwgbG9zZSB3YXRlci4=
CkEgY2VsbCBpbiBhbiBpc290b25pYyBzb2x1dGlvbiBoYXMgdGhlIHNhbWUgY29uY2VudHJhdGlvbiBvZiBzb2x1dGVzIGFuZCB3YXRlciBhcyB0aGUgc29sdXRpb24gdGhhdCBpdOKAmXMgaW4uIFdhdGVyIHdpbGwgZmxvdyBpbnRvIGFuZCBvdXQgb2YgdGhlIGNlbGwgYXQgdGhlIHNhbWUgcmF0ZSwgc28gaXQgbmVpdGhlciBnYWlucyBvciBsb3NlcyB3YXRlci4=[Qq]

[q]Describe the consequences of being in a hypotonic or hypertonic environment for animal and plant cells.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IEFuIGFuaW1hbCBjZWxsIGluIGEgaHlwb3RvbmljIGVudmlyb25tZW50IHdpbGwgdGFrZSB1cCB3YXRlciBhcyB3YXRlciBmbG93cyBmcm9tIHRoZSBoeXBvdG9uaWMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQgaW50byB0aGUgY2VsbC4gVGhlIGNlbGwgd2lsbCBleHBhbmQsIGFuZCBldmVudHVhbGx5IGJ1cnN0LiBJbiBhIGh5cGVydG9uaWMgZW52aXJvbm1lbnQsIGFuIGFuaW1hbCBjZWxsIHdpbGwgc2hyaW5rIGFuZCBzaHJpdmVsIGFzIGl0IGxvc2VzIHdhdGVyLg==
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[Qq]

[q]Cellular compartmentalization marks a major evolutionary advance. Specify how that advance is thought to have occurred.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q]Describe the advantages of cellular compartmentalization.

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q]Compare compartmentalization in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q]What’s the evidence for the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free living bacterial cells that arose through endosymbiosis?

[c]IFtzaG93X21lX3Bs YWNlaG9sZGVyXQ==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZXJlIGFyZSBhdCBsZWFzdCAzIGxpbmVzIG9mIGV2aWRlbmNlIHN1cHBvcnRpbmcgdGhpcyBpZGVhLg==
CuKAoiBGaXJzdCwgYm90aCBvcmdhbmVsbGVzIChtaXRvY2hvbmRyaWEgYW5kIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0cykgaGF2ZSB0aGVpciBvd24gRE5BLCBhbmQgdGhpcyBETkEgaXMgb3JnYW5pemVkIGludG8gYSBjaXJjdWxhciBjaHJvbW9zb21lIHRoYXQgaXMgc2ltaWxhciB0byBhIGJhY3RlcmlhbCBjaHJvbW9zb21lLg==
CuKAoiBTZWNvbmQgYm90aCBvcmdhbmVsbGVzIHVzZSB0aGVpciBvd24gcmlib3NvbWVzIHRvIHByb2R1Y2Ugc29tZSBvZiB0aGVpciBvd24gcHJvdGVpbnMuIFRoZXNlIHJpYm9zb21lcyByZXNlbWJsZSBiYWN0ZXJpYWwgcmlib3NvbWVzIGluIHRlcm1zIG9mIHRoZWlyIHJSTkEgc2VxdWVuY2UgYW5kIHN0cnVjdHVyZS4=
CuKAoiBGaW5hbGx5LCBib3RoIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0cyBhbmQgbWl0b2Nob25kcmlhIGhhdmUgZG91YmxlIG1lbWJyYW5lcy4gVGhlIG91dGVyIG1lbWJyYW5lIGlzIHRob3VnaHQgdG8gYmUgYSB2ZXN0aWdlIG9mIHRoZSBob3N0IGNlbGwgbWVtYnJhbmUgdGhhdCBlbmd1bGZlZCB0aGUgYW5jZXN0cmFsIG1pdG9jaG9uZHJpb24gYW5kIGNobG9yb3BsYXN0IHdoZW4gdGhlIGVuZG9zeW1iaW90aWMgcmVsYXRpb25zaGlwIGZpcnN0IGFyb3NlIG5lYXJseSB0d28gYmlsbGlvbiB5ZWFycyBhZ28u[Qq]

[q] Water is a [hangman] molecule. The oxygen side has a partially  [hangman] charge. The hydrogen side has a partially [hangman] charge. The bonds that form between water molecules are called [hangman] bonds. These same types of bonds also form between the complementary nitrogenous [hangman] of DNA (such as between adenine and thymine).

[c]IHBvbGFy[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IG5lZ2F0aXZl[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IHBvc2l0aXZl[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGh5ZHJvZ2Vu[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGJhc2Vz[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] It takes a lot of energy to make water evaporate because that requires the breaking of [hangman] bonds.

[c]IGh5ZHJvZ2Vu[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] The monomers of carbohydrates are [hangman]. An example is glucose, a six carbon sugar. Put two of these together and you have a [hangman] like sucrose or lactose. More than three of these monomers together make a [hangman], like starch or cellulose.

[c]IG1vbm9zYWNjaGFyaWRlcw==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IGRpc2FjY2hhcmlkZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IHBvbHlzYWNjaGFyaWRl[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] Cellulose is used by plants to make up their cell [hangman]. It’s a polymer of [hangman]. Humans lack the [hangman] to break down cellulose for energy, but it’s still and important source of [hangman] in the diet. By contrast, humans have the enzymes to break down another plant polysaccharide, [hangman]. This molecule, found in staples like rice, corn, wheat, and potatoes, which is a hugely important source of food energy.

[c]IHdhbGxz[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGdsdWNvc2U=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGVuenltZXM=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGZpYmVy[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IHN0YXJjaA==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] [hangman]are molecules that are nonpolar (or have large nonpolar regions). Fats and oils are both [hangman]. With three [hangman] acids, these molecules have the most energy of any nutrient. Another molecule in this family, [hangman],make up cell membranes.

[c]IExpcGlkcw==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IHRyaWdseWNlcmlkZXM=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IGZhdHR5[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IHBob3NwaG9saXBpZHM=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] The [hangman] of a phospholipid is polar and [hangman]. The [hangman] is hydrophobic.  When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form a [hangman], a structure which is the basis for the cell [hangman] of eukaryotes and bacteria.

[c]IGhlYWQ=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGh5ZHJvcGhpbGlj[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IHRhaWw=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGJpbGF5ZXI=[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IG1lbWJyYW5l[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] Proteins are polymers of [hangman] acids. All of the monomers of proteins have a [hangman] group and an amine group. Each protein monomer, however, has a distinct [hangman] chain, also known as an R group.

[c]IGFtaW5v[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGNhcmJveHls[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IHNpZGU=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] Both DNA and RNA are [hangman] acids. While [hangman] stays within a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus, RNA moves out into the [hangman]. One form of RNA, [hangman] is translated by [hangman] into protein.

[c]IG51Y2xlaWM=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IEROQQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGN5dG9wbGFzbQ==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IG1STkE=[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IHJpYm9zb21lcw==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[q] The molecular building blocks of the molecules of life are called [hangman] When many of these are chained together by enzymes during [hangman] synthesis reactions, they form [hangman].

[c]IG1vbm9tZXJz[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGRlaHlkcmF0aW9u[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IHBvbHltZXJz[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] The monomer of nucleic acids are [hangman]. In DNA, these monomers consist of a 5 carbon sugar called [hangman], one of four nitrogenous [hangman], and a [hangman] group.

[c]IG51Y2xlb3RpZGVz[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IGRlb3h5cmlib3Nl[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGJhc2Vz[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IHBob3NwaGF0ZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] Proteins have four levels of structure. Primary structure is the linear sequence of [hangman] acids. Secondary structure involves interactions between carbonyl groups and amine groups within the polypeptide [hangman]. Secondary interactions result in structures like the corkscrew-like alpha  [hangman] and the folded beta [hangman] sheet. Tertiary structure creates twists and turns in the protein that are caused by interactions among the [hangman] chains. In quaternary structure, two or more folded [hangman] chains interact with each other.

[c]IGFtaW5v[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGJhY2tib25l[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IGhlbGl4[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IHBsZWF0ZWQ=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IHNpZGU=[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IHBvbHlwZXB0aWRl[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[q] DNA is a double [hangman]. If DNA were a ladder, its sides would be made of alternating [hangman] and phosphate groups. The rungs would be made of nitrogenous bases, connected by [hangman] bonds.

[c]IGhlbGl4[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IHN1Z2Fy[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGh5ZHJvZ2Vu[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] Moving from the inside out, the cell’s endomembrane system starts with the [hangman] membrane, which separates the DNA from the cytoplasm. Next comes the [hangman] E.R., which contains many [hangman]. The smooth ER follows: its function includes synthesis of [hangman]. Proteins move from the ER to the [hangman] complex, which packages and processes these proteins. Proteins move from compartment to compartment by means of membrane-bound [hangman].

[c]IG51Y2xlYXI=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IHJvdWdo[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]cmlib3NvbWVz[Qq]

[c]IGxpcGlkcw==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]R29sZ2k=[Qq]

[c]IHZlc2ljbGVz[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[q] Cell membranes can be described by the fluid [hangman] model. The basic idea is that a [hangman] bilayer forms the overall framework. Into this framework are many membrane embedded [hangman] which act as channels, receptors, and attachment points for the cytoskeleton. A lipid molecule called [hangman] has the function of maintaining membrane fluidity and stability.

[c]IG1vc2FpYw==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IHBob3NwaG9saXBpZA==[Qq]

[f]IENvcnJlY3Qh[Qq]

[c]IHByb3RlaW5z[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGNob2xlc3Rlcm9s[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] In [hangman] diffusion, small or nonpolar molecules can diffuse right across the membranes’ phospholipid bilayer. During [hangman] diffusion, molecules diffuse through a protein channel. In [hangman] transport, cells use energy (often in the form of ATP) to pump molecules “uphill,” moving against a [hangman] gradient.

[c]IHNpbXBsZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEV4Y2VsbGVudCE=[Qq]

[c]IGZhY2lsaXRhdGVk[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[c]IGFjdGl2ZQ==[Qq]

[f]IEdyZWF0IQ==[Qq]

[c]IGNvbmNlbnRyYXRpb24=[Qq]

[f]IEdvb2Qh[Qq]

[q] If a cell is in a [hangman] environment, then the environment has less solute than the cell has, and water will flow [hangman] the cell. This will cause an animal cell to [hangman] and ultimately burst. However, this same condition is actually healthy for plant cells because of their cell [hangman].

A cell in an [hangman] environment has the same concentration of solutes inside the cell as outside the cell.

[c]IGh5cG90b25pYw==[Qq]

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[q] One of the biggest difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is the fact that the former have many internal  [hangman], such as the Golgi, the ER, lysosomes and vesicles. These structures can have an internal chemistry that’s very different from the [hangman] as a whole. In lysosomes, for example, the pH is much [hangman] than in the rest of the cell, allowing that organelle to carry out its unique hydrolytic functions

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[q] Multiple lines of evidence support the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once independent prokaryotic cells that were taken up by another cell to form the first [hangman] cells. This relationship between eukaryotes and their prokaryotic inhabitants has two components. A relationship in which one organism lives inside another one is [hangman]. A relationship where two organisms benefit one another is called [hangman].

Here’s the evidence for this idea:
1) Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own [hangman]. organized into a single circular chromosome.
2) Both organelles use their own [hangman] to produce some of their own proteins. These resemble similar structures in bacterial cells.
3) Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have [hangman] membranes. The outer membrane is thought to be a vestige of the membrane  of the host cell that engulfed the ancestral mitochondrion and chloroplast  nearly two billion years ago.

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[q]Cells are small because small objects have a high [hangman] of surface area relative to their [hangman]. Many biological adaptations in large, multicellular organisms are about increasing the amount of internal or external surface area. For example, the intestines have a folded wavy structure to increase the rate of [hangman] of molecules into the bloodstream. The huge ears of elephants are an adaptation for increasing the [hangman] of heat from inside the body.

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[/qwiz]