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[h] Flashcards: Mendelian Genetics Vocabulary
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[q]A gene is a ________.
[a]A gene is a unit of heredity.
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[q]”Heredity” is ________.
[a]Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
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[q]An allele is a(n) ________.
[a]An allele is an alternative version of a gene.
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[q]An organism is said to be homozygous when _______.
[a]An organism is said to be homozygous when both of its alleles for a trait are the same.
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[q]An organism is said to be heterozygous when ________.
[a]An organism is said to be heterozygous when the two alleles for a trait are different.
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[q]Define “genotype.”
[a]”Genotype” means the underlying genes that an organism has; an organism’s alleles.
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[q]Define “phenotype.”
[a]Phenotype is an organism’s observable characteristics.
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[q]Define “dominant allele.”
[a]A dominant allele is an allele that is always expressed.
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[q]Define “recessive allele.”
[a]A recessive allele is a type of allele that can fade into the background, masked by a second (dominant) allele.
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[q]When are recessive alleles expressed?
[a]Recessive alleles are expressed only when paired with another copy of the same allele. In other words, only when an organism is homozygous recessive.
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[q]Autosomal means_________.
[a]”Autosomal” means any allele that is on any chromosome except the X chromosome.
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[q]”X-linked” means ______.
[a]”X-linked” means that an allele is on the X chromosome.
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[q]In genetics, “carrier” means ________.
[a]In genetics, “carrier” means a heterozygous individual who possesses the recessive allele (without expressing that allele in his or her phenotype).
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[q]Define “locus.”
[a]A locus is a specific location on a chromosome where a gene is found.
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[q]”Multiple alleles” refers to a situation in which
[a]”Multiple alleles” is a population phenomenon. It refers to a situation in which at a specific locus (spot) on a chromosome, there are more than two possible alleles. Any individual can only have two of these alleles, but a third (or fourth, etc.) might be present at that same locus in another individual.
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[q]”Incomplete dominance” means
[a]”Incomplete dominance” means that the phenotype of a heterozygote is in-between the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes.
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[q]Define “polygenic inheritance.”
[a]Polygenic inheritance is a type of inheritance pattern that involves many genes. Most traits that are not disease-related conditions (cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, dwarfism, etc.) are polygenic.
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[q]Define ‘co-dominance.’
[a]Co-dominance is a system where two alleles both get fully expressed in a the organism’s phenotype. For example, in the ABO blood type system, an individual who is type AB produces both the type “A” glycoprotein and the “type B” glycoprotein.
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[q]What’s an example of co-dominance?
[a]The ABO blood type system is an example of co-dominance. In the ABO blood type system, an individual who is type AB produces both the type “A” glycoprotein and the “type B” glycoprotein.
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[q]Who was the Austrian monk who discovered many of the principles of modern genetics?
[textentry] .
[a]
The Austrian monk who discovered many of the principles of modern genetics was Gregor Mendel.
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[q]The most general word for the unit of heredity is
[a]The most general word for the unit of heredity is gene.
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[q]The passing of traits from parents to offspring is _________.
[a]The passing of traits from parents to offspring is heredity.
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[q]An alternative form of a gene is a(n) ____________.
[a]An alternative form of a gene is an allele.
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[q]When both alleles are the same, the organism is said to be ________.
[a]When both alleles are the same, the organism is said to be homozygous.
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[q]When the two alleles are different, the organism is said to be _________
[a]When the two alleles are different, the organism is said to be heterozygous.
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[q]If you were considering just one gene, a more scientific way of saying ‘purebred’ is _________.
[a]If you were considering just one gene, a more scientific way of saying ‘purebred’ is homozgyous. Note that these terms are only loosely synonymous, and that ‘purebred’ has other meanings in other contexts.
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[q]A much more informal way of saying ‘homozygous’ _________
[a]A much more informal way of saying ‘homozygous’ is purebred.
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[q]If you were considering just one gene, a more scientific way of saying ‘hybrid’ is ________
[a]If you were considering just one gene, a more scientific way of saying ‘hybrid’ is ‘heterozygous.’ Note that these terms are only loosely synonymous, and that ‘hybrid’ has other meanings in other contexts.
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[q]A more informal and less precise way of saying “heterozygous” is _________.
[a]A more informal and less precise way of saying heterozygous is hybrid.
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[q]The underlying genes an organism has is its
[a]The underlying genes an organism has is its genotype.
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[q]An organism’s observable characteristics make up its ________.
[a]An organism’s observable characteristics make up its phenotype.
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[q]When are dominant alleles expressed?
[a]Dominant alleles are always expressed.
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[q]An allele that is always expressed over a second allele is a __________ allele
[a]An allele that is always expressed over a second allele is a dominant allele
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[q]A type of allele that can fade into the background, masked by a second allele, is a ________ allele.
[a]A type of allele that can fade into the background, masked by a second allele, is a recessive allele.
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[q]An allele that is on any chromosome except the sex chromosomes is an ______________ allele ________
[a]An allele that is on any chromosome except the sex chromosomes is an autosomal allele.
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[q]The term ‘X-linked’ is synonymous with ________
[a]The term ‘X-linked’ is synonymous with “sex linked”
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[q]An allele on the X chromosome is said to be __________.
[a]An allele on the X chromosome is said to be X-linked (or ‘sex-linked’).
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[q]A heterozygous individual who possesses the recessive allele (without expressing the allele in his or her phenotype) is also known as a _________.
[a]A heterozygous individual who possesses the recessive allele (without expressing the allele in his or her phenotype) is also known as a carrier.
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[q]The specific location on a chromosome where a gene is found is called a ___________.
[a]The specific location on a chromosome where a gene is found is called a locus.
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[q]When within a population’s gene pool, there are more than two possible alleles at a specific locus (spot) on a chromosome, the gene is said to have _______.
[a]When within a population’s gene pool, there are more than two possible alleles at a specific locus (spot) on a chromosome, the gene is said to have multiple alleles.
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[q]When the phenotype of a heterozygote is in between the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes this is called _______
[a]When the phenotype of a heterozygote is in between the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes this is called incomplete dominance.
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[q]A type of inheritance pattern that involves many genes is
[a]A type of inheritance pattern that involves many genes is polygenic inheritance.
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[q]A genetic system where two alleles are both expressed in an organism’s phenotype is ________.
[a]A genetic system where two alleles are both expressed in an organism’s phenotype is co-dominance.
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